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Maurer JM, Anderson NE, Allen CH, Kiehl KA. Examining the Association between Psychopathic Traits and Fearlessness among Maximum-Security Incarcerated Male Adolescents. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:65. [PMID: 38255377 PMCID: PMC10814550 DOI: 10.3390/children11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Studies have reported positive associations between youth psychopathy scores and measures of 'fearlessness'. However, prior studies modified fearlessness items to be age appropriate, shifting from assessing hypothetical, extreme forms of physical risk-taking (e.g., flying an airplane) to normative risk-taking (e.g., riding bicycles downhill). We hypothesize that associations between youth psychopathy scores and alternative forms of sensation seeking (i.e., Disinhibition) have been conflated under a false fearlessness label. We tested this hypothesis among incarcerated male adolescents, investigating whether youth psychopathy scores were significantly associated with two different forms of sensation seeking: Disinhibition and Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS). Youth psychopathic traits were assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV), Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD), Child Psychopathy Scale (CPS), Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits (ICU), and Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). Disinhibition and fearlessness (i.e., TAS) were assessed using an unmodified version of the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS). Consistent with hypotheses, youth psychopathy scores were associated with higher Disinhibition and lower TAS scores. Our results contribute to a growing body of literature suggesting that psychopathic traits, including among adolescents, are not concomitant with physical risk-taking and descriptions of psychopathy including fearlessness distort a precise understanding of psychopathy's core features.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Maurer
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
| | - Nathaniel E. Anderson
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
| | - Corey H. Allen
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
| | - Kent A. Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; (J.M.M.)
- Departments of Psychology, Neuroscience and Law, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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Bernoster I, De Groot K, Wieser MJ, Thurik R, Franken IH. Birds of a feather flock together: Evidence of prominent correlations within but not between self-report, behavioral, and electrophysiological measures of impulsivity. Biol Psychol 2019; 145:112-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Levy HC, Katz BW, Das A, Stevens MC, Tolin DF. An investigation of delay and probability discounting in hoarding disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 109:89-95. [PMID: 30513489 PMCID: PMC6312474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral impulsivity may be a mechanism of hoarding disorder (HD). A commonly used and well-validated measure of impulsivity is the delay and probability discounting task, which consists of making decisions about receiving monetary rewards after varying delay intervals and delivery probabilities. We compared delay and probability discounting and self-reported behavioral impulsivity in 81 patients with a primary diagnosis of HD and 45 nonclinical controls. HD participants completed the impulsivity measures before and after 16 weekly sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), whereas control group participants completed the measures before and after a 16-week waiting period. Despite the fact that self-reported impulsivity was greater in the HD group than the control group, delay and probability discounting did not differ between groups. Additionally, while self-reported behavioral impulsivity improved over the course of CBT in HD participants, delay and probability discounting did not change during treatment. Furthermore, higher delay discounting scores (i.e., greater preference for immediate rewards, indicating greater impulsivity) were associated with lower hoarding symptom severity. The findings suggest that self-reported impulsivity, but not objective performance on a behavioral impulsivity task, may be impaired in HD, and are discussed in terms of cognitive and affective factors in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Levy
- The Institute of Living, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA.
| | - Benjamin W Katz
- The Institute of Living, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA
| | - Akanksha Das
- The Institute of Living, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA; Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N. Patterson Avenue, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Michael C Stevens
- The Institute of Living, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - David F Tolin
- The Institute of Living, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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Halcomb M, Argyriou E, Cyders MA. Integrating Preclinical and Clinical Models of Negative Urgency. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:324. [PMID: 31191369 PMCID: PMC6541698 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence suggests that negative urgency is robustly associated with rash, ill-advised behavior, and this trait may hamper attempts to treat patients with substance use disorder. Research applying negative urgency to clinical treatment settings has been limited, in part, due to the absence of an objective, behavioral, and translational model of negative urgency. We suggest that development of such a model will allow for determination of prime neurological and physiological treatment targets, the testing of treatment effectiveness in the preclinical and the clinical laboratory, and, ultimately, improvement in negative-urgency-related treatment response and effectiveness. In the current paper, we review the literature on measurement of negative urgency and discuss limitations of current attempts to assess this trait in human models. Then, we review the limited research on animal models of negative urgency and make suggestions for some promising models that could lead to a translational measurement model. Finally, we discuss the importance of applying objective, behavioral, and translational models of negative urgency, especially those that are easily administered in both animals and humans, to treatment development and testing and make suggestions on necessary future work in this field. Given that negative urgency is a transdiagnostic risk factor that impedes treatment success, the impact of this work could be large in reducing client suffering and societal costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Halcomb
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Evangelia Argyriou
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Melissa A Cyders
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Yun JY, Choi Y, Kwon Y, Lee HY, Choi SH, Jang JH. Hubness of strategic planning and sociality influences depressive mood and anxiety in College Population. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17856. [PMID: 29259322 PMCID: PMC5736715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depressive mood and anxiety can reduce cognitive performance. Conversely, the presence of a biased cognitive tendency may serve as a trigger for depressive mood-anxiety. Previous studies have largely focused on group-wise correlations between clinical-neurocognitive variables. Using network analyses for intra-individual covariance, we sought to decipher the most influential clinical-neurocognitive hub in the differential severity of depressive-anxiety symptoms in a college population. Ninety college students were evaluated for depressive-anxiety symptoms, Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2(MMPI-2), and neuro-cognition. Weighted and undirected version of the intra-individual covariance networks, comprised of 18 clinical-neurocognitive variables satisfied small-worldness and modular organization in the sparsity range of K = 0.20-0.21. Furthermore, betweenness centrality of perseverative error for the Wisconsin card sorting test was reduced in more depressive individuals; higher anxiety was related to the increased betweenness centrality of MMPI-2 clinical scale 0(Si). Elevated edge-betweenness centrality of covariance between the MMPI-2 clinical scale 7(Pt) versus commission error of the continuous performance test predicted more anxiety higher than depressive mood. With intra-individual covariance network of clinical-neurocognitive variables, this study demonstrated critical drivers of depressive mood[attenuated influence of strategic planning] or anxiety[domination of social introversion/extroversion, in addition to the influence of compulsivity-impulsivity covariance as a shortcut component among various clinical-neurocognitive features].
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Yeon Yun
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoobin Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhee Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Health Service Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Health Service Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Health Service Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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