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Trotti RL, Parker DA, Sabatinelli D, Keshavan MS, Keedy SK, Gershon ES, Pearlson GD, Hill SK, Tamminga CA, McDowell JE, Clementz BA. Emotional scene processing in biotypes of psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2023; 324:115227. [PMID: 37121219 PMCID: PMC10175237 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Social-emotional deficits in psychosis may be indexed by deviations in emotional scene processing, but event-related potential (ERP) studies indicate such deviations may not map cleanly to diagnostic categories. Neurobiologically defined psychosis subgroups offer an alternative that may better capture neurophysiological correlates of social-emotional deficits. The current study investigates emotional scene-elicited ERPs in Biotypes of psychosis in a large (N = 622), well-characterized sample. Electroencephalography was recorded in healthy persons (N = 129), Biotype-1 (N = 195), Biotype-2 (N = 131), and Biotype-3 (N = 167) psychosis cases. ERPs were measured from posterior and centroparietal scalp locations. Neural responses to emotional scenes were compared between healthy and psychosis groups. Multivariate group discrimination analyses resulted in two composite variates that differentiated groups. The first variate displayed large differences between low-cognition (Biotype-1, Biotype-2) and intact-cognition groups (Biotype-3, healthy persons). The second indicated a small-to-moderate distinction of Biotypes-2 and -3 from Biotype-1 and healthy persons. Two multivariate correlations were identified indicating associations between 1) self-reported emotional experience and generalized cognition and 2) socio-occupational functioning and late-stage emotional processing. Psychosis Biotypes displayed emotional processing deficits not apparent in DSM psychosis subgroups. Future translational research may benefit from exploring emotional scene processing in such neurobiologically-defined psychosis groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Trotti
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - D A Parker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D Sabatinelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - M S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S K Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G D Pearlson
- Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - S K Hill
- Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - J E McDowell
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - B A Clementz
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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2
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Simonetti A, Lijffijt M, Kurian S, Saxena J, Janiri D, Mazza M, Carriero G, Moccia L, Mwangi B, Swann AC, Soares JC. Neuroanatomical Correlates of the Late Positive Potential in Youth with Pediatric Bipolar Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1617-1630. [PMID: 37056060 PMCID: PMC10472816 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230413104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The late positive potential (LPP) could be a marker of emotion dysregulation in youth with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD). However, the neuroanatomical correlates of the LPP are still not clarified. OBJECTIVE To provide cortical and deep gray matter correlates of the LPP in youth, specifically, youth with PBD. METHODS Twenty-four 7 to 17 years-old children with PBD and 28 healthy controls (HC) underwent cortical thickness and deep gray matter volumes measurements through magnetic resonance imaging and LPP measurement elicited by passively viewing emotional faces through electroencephalography. T-tests compared group differences in LPP, cortical thickness, and deep gray matter volumes. Linear regressions tested the relationship between LPP amplitude and cortical thickness/deep gray matter volumes. RESULTS PBD had a more pronounced LPP amplitude for happy faces and a thinner cortex in prefrontal areas than HC. While considering both groups, a higher LPP amplitude was associated with a thicker cortex across occipital and frontal lobes, and with a smaller right globus pallidus volume. In addition, a higher LPP amplitude for happy faces was associated with smaller left caudate and left globus pallidus volumes across both groups. Finally, the LPP amplitude correlated negatively with right precentral gyrus thickness across youth with PBD, but positively across HC. CONCLUSION Neural correlates of LPP in youth included fronto-occipital areas that have been associated also with emotion processing and control. The opposite relationship between BPD and HC of LPP amplitude and right precentral gyrus thickness might explain the inefficacy of the emotional control system in PBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Simonetti
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marijn Lijffijt
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sherin Kurian
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Johanna Saxena
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Delfina Janiri
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Mazza
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Carriero
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moccia
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Benson Mwangi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alan C. Swann
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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3
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Sabatinelli D, Winker C, Farkas AH, Rehbein MA, Junghoefer M. A 5-min paradigm to evoke robust emotional reactivity in neuroimaging studies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1102213. [PMID: 36960173 PMCID: PMC10027927 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach to funding translational neuroscience has highlighted a need for research that includes measures across multiple task types. However, the duration of any given experiment is quite limited, particularly in neuroimaging contexts, and therefore robust estimates of multiple behavioral domains are often difficult to achieve. Here we offer a "turn-key" emotion-evoking paradigm suitable for neuroimaging experiments that demonstrates strong effect sizes across widespread cortical and subcortical structures. This short series could be easily added to existing fMRI protocols, and yield a reliable estimate of emotional reactivity to complement research in other behavioral domains. This experimental adjunct could be used to enable an initial comparison of emotional modulation with the primary behavioral focus of an investigator's work, and potentially identify new relationships between domains of behavior that have not previously been recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Sabatinelli
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, BioImaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dean Sabatinelli,
| | - Constantin Winker
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrew H. Farkas
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, BioImaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Maimu A. Rehbein
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Junghoefer
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignal Analysis, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Aminoff SR, Onyeka IN, Ødegaard M, Simonsen C, Lagerberg TV, Andreassen OA, Romm KL, Melle I. Lifetime and point prevalence of psychotic symptoms in adults with bipolar disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2022; 52:2413-2425. [PMID: 36016504 PMCID: PMC9647517 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172200201x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms, that we defined as delusions or hallucinations, are common in bipolar disorders (BD). This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to synthesise the literature on both lifetime and point prevalence rates of psychotic symptoms across different BD subtypes, including both BD type I (BDI) and BD type II (BDII). We performed a systematic search of Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and Cochrane Library until 5 August 2021. Fifty-four studies (N = 23 461) of adults with BD met the predefined inclusion criteria for evaluating lifetime prevalence, and 24 studies (N = 6480) for evaluating point prevalence. Quality assessment and assessment of publication bias were performed. Prevalence rates were calculated using random effects meta-analysis, here expressed as percentages with a 95% confidence interval (CI). In studies of at least moderate quality, the pooled lifetime prevalence of psychotic symptoms in BDI was 63% (95% CI 57.5-68) and 22% (95% CI 14-33) in BDII. For BDI inpatients, the pooled lifetime prevalence was 71% (95% CI 61-79). There were no studies of community samples or inpatient BDII. The pooled point prevalence of psychotic symptoms in BDI was 54% (95 CI 41-67). The point prevalence was 57% (95% CI 47-66) in manic episodes and 13% (95% CI 7-23.5) in depressive episodes. There were not enough studies in BDII, BDI depression, mixed episodes and outpatient BDI. The pooled prevalence of psychotic symptoms in BDI may be higher than previously reported. More studies are needed for depressive and mixed episodes and community samples.Prospero registration number: CRD 42017052706.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Aminoff
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Early Intervention in Psychosis Advisory Unit for South East Norway, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - I. N. Onyeka
- Department of Psychology, Sociology & Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - M. Ødegaard
- University of Oslo Library, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - C. Simonsen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Early Intervention in Psychosis Advisory Unit for South East Norway, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - T. V. Lagerberg
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - O. A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K. L. Romm
- Early Intervention in Psychosis Advisory Unit for South East Norway, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - I. Melle
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Clayson PE, Wynn JK, Jimenez AM, Reavis EA, Lee J, Green MF, Horan WP. Intact differentiation of responses to socially-relevant emotional stimuli across psychotic disorders: An event-related potential (ERP) study. Schizophr Res 2022; 246:250-257. [PMID: 35843157 PMCID: PMC10413986 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) studies of motivated attention in schizophrenia typically show intact sensitivity to affective vs. non-affective images depicting diverse types of content. However, it is not known whether this ERP pattern: 1) extends to images that solely depict social content, (2) applies across a broad sample with diverse psychotic disorders, and (3) relates to self-reported trait social anhedonia. We examined late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes to images involving people that were normatively pleasant (affiliative), unpleasant (threatening), or neutral in 97 stable outpatients with various psychotic disorders and 38 healthy controls. Both groups showed enhanced LPP to pleasant and unpleasant vs. neutral images to a similar degree, despite lower overall LPP in patients. Within the patients, there were no significant LPP differences among subgroups (schizophrenia vs. other psychotic disorders; affective vs. non-affective psychosis) for the valence effect (pleasant/unpleasant vs. neutral). Higher social anhedonia showed a small, significant relation to lower LPP to pleasant images across all groups. These findings suggest intact motivated attention to social images extends across psychotic disorder subgroups. Dimensional transdiagnostic analyses revealed a modest association between self-reported trait social anhedonia and an LPP index of neural sensitivity to pleasant affiliative images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Clayson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Jonathan K Wynn
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy M Jimenez
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Reavis
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael F Green
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William P Horan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; VeraSci, Durham, Durham, NC, USA
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6
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Trotti RL, Abdelmageed S, Parker DA, Sabatinelli D, Tamminga CA, Gershon ES, Keedy SK, Keshavan MS, Pearlson GD, Sweeney JA, McDowell JE, Clementz BA. Neural Processing of Repeated Emotional Scenes in Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1473-1481. [PMID: 33693875 PMCID: PMC8379546 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired emotional processing and cognitive functioning are common in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorders, causing significant socioemotional disability. While a large body of research demonstrates abnormal cognition/emotion interactions in these disorders, previous studies investigating abnormalities in the emotional scene response using event-related potentials (ERPs) have yielded mixed findings, and few studies compare findings across psychiatric diagnoses. The current study investigates the effects of emotion and repetition on ERPs in a large, well-characterized sample of participants with schizophrenia-bipolar syndromes. Two ERP components that are modulated by emotional content and scene repetition, the early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP), were recorded in healthy controls and participants with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder with psychosis, and bipolar disorder without psychosis. Effects of emotion and repetition were compared across groups. Results displayed significant but small effects in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, with diminished EPN amplitudes to neutral and novel scenes, reduced LPP amplitudes to emotional scenes, and attenuated effects of scene repetition. Despite significant findings, small effect sizes indicate that emotional scene processing is predominantly intact in these disorders. Multivariate analyses indicate that these mild ERP abnormalities are related to cognition, psychosocial functioning, and psychosis severity. This relationship suggests that impaired cognition, rather than diagnosis or mood disturbance, may underlie disrupted neural scene processing in schizophrenia-bipolar syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Trotti
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 613 Psychology Building, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sunny Abdelmageed
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 613 Psychology Building, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David A Parker
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 613 Psychology Building, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dean Sabatinelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 613 Psychology Building, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Elliot S Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah K Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer E McDowell
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 613 Psychology Building, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 613 Psychology Building, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
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7
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Demchenko I, Debruille JB, Sinha S, Carboni-Jiménez A, Hwang P, Maduro A, Mady N, Tounkara F, Sapkota RP, Brunet A. Letter to the editor: Can early posterior negativity and late posterior potential reduction be state biomarkers of emotional scene processing in bipolar disorder? J Psychiatr Res 2020; 130:41-42. [PMID: 32771680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Demchenko
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - J Bruno Debruille
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sujata Sinha
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Philippe Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Noor Mady
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fama Tounkara
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ram P Sapkota
- Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alain Brunet
- Research Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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8
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Hudgens-Haney ME, Clementz BA, Ivleva EI, Keshavan MS, Pearlson GD, Gershon ES, Keedy SK, Sweeney JA, Gaudoux F, Bunouf P, Canolle B, Tonner F, Gatti-McArthur S, Tamminga CA. Cognitive Impairment and Diminished Neural Responses Constitute a Biomarker Signature of Negative Symptoms in Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1269-1281. [PMID: 32043133 PMCID: PMC7505197 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of negative symptoms (NS) in psychosis represents an urgent unmet medical need given the significant functional impairment it contributes to psychosis syndromes. The lack of progress in treating NS is impacted by the lack of known pathophysiology or associated quantitative biomarkers, which could provide tools for research. This current analysis investigated potential associations between NS and an extensive battery of behavioral and brain-based biomarkers in 932 psychosis probands from the B-SNIP database. The current analyses examined associations between PANSS-defined NS and (1) cognition, (2) pro-/anti-saccades, (3) evoked and resting-state electroencephalography (EEG), (4) resting-state fMRI, and (5) tractography. Canonical correlation analyses yielded symptom-biomarker constructs separately for each biomarker modality. Biomarker modalities were integrated using canonical discriminant analysis to summarize the symptom-biomarker relationships into a "biomarker signature" for NS. Finally, distinct biomarker profiles for 2 NS domains ("diminished expression" vs "avolition/apathy") were computed using step-wise linear regression. NS were associated with cognitive impairment, diminished EEG response amplitudes, deviant resting-state activity, and oculomotor abnormalities. While a connection between NS and poor cognition has been established, association to neurophysiology is novel, suggesting directions for future mechanistic studies. Each biomarker modality was related to NS in distinct and complex ways, giving NS a rich, interconnected fingerprint and suggesting that any one biomarker modality may not adequately capture the full spectrum of symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett A Clementz
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Bio-Imaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Elena I Ivleva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | | | - Sarah K Keedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carol A Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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