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Wang L, Xi C, Zheng X, Huang Y, Xu H, Miao Y, Cheng Y. Familial 46, XY Disorder of Sexual Development identified in a Ph+ BCR::ABL1P210+ Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia septuagenarian female with RCBTB2::LPAR6 fusion gene: a case report. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1339737. [PMID: 39091920 PMCID: PMC11291305 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1339737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Familial 46, XY Disorder of Sexual Development (DSD) was discovered in a Ph+, BCR::ABL1P210+ Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) female with RCBTB2::LPAR6 fusion gene. Siblings developing 46, XY DSD are extremely rare. Patients with 46, XY DSD have much higher rates of gonadal cancers. Nevertheless, the incidence of hematologic malignancies in patients with DSDs has received little attention. RCBTB2::LPAR6 is a rarely reported fusion gene in ALL. Case presentation Herein, we report a rare case of a newly diagnosed Ph+, BCR::ABL1P210+ ALL patient who was 77 years old and female by social sex. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing revealed TET2 and NF1 mutations in addition to a rarely reported RCBTB2::LPAR6 fusion gene and 17 other genes with uncertain clinical significance. The patient was surprisingly found to have a male karyotype. On ultrasound, neither the uterus nor the ovaries were discernible. A detailed family and marital history revealed that the patient had undergone surgery at an early age for an unexplained inguinal mass. She had slow pubertal development, scanty menstruation, and few overtly feminine characteristics. She had three marriages, but none succeeded in getting pregnant. The patient had never sought therapy for infertility due to the inaccessibility of medical treatment and a lack of medical knowledge. Her sister, 73 years old and female by social sex, who had amenorrhea in adolescence and was unable to conceive, had the same experience. To our surprise, she also had a male karyotype. Conclusions Due to the absence of long-term social attention and follow-up, studies on the incidence of hematologic malignancies in patients with 46, XY DSD are incredibly uncommon. Siblings developing 46, XY DSD is extremely rare. We report the oldest patient diagnosed with 46, XY DSD. There have not yet been any reports of familial 46, XY DSD with a concurrent diagnosis of Ph+BCR::ABL1P210+ ALL with a rarely reported RCBTB2::LPAR6 fusion gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Conglin Xi
- Department of Oncology, The Second People’s Hospital of Huai’an, The Affiliated Huaian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yongfen Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Yuexin Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The First People’s Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
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Zuloaga DG, Lafrican JJ, Zuloaga KL. Androgen regulation of behavioral stress responses and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Horm Behav 2024; 162:105528. [PMID: 38503191 PMCID: PMC11144109 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Testosterone is a powerful steroid hormone that can impact the brain and behavior in various ways, including regulating behavioral and neuroendocrine (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis) stress responses. Early in life androgens can act to alter development of brain regions associated with stress regulation, which ultimately impacts the display of stress responses later in life. Adult circulating androgens can also influence the expression of distinct genes and proteins that regulate stress responses. These changes in the brain are hypothesized to underlie the potent effects of androgens in regulating behaviors related to stress and stress-induced activation of the HPA axis. Androgens can induce alterations in these functions through direct binding to the androgen receptor (AR) or following conversion to estrogens and subsequent binding to estrogen receptors including estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), beta (ERβ), and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1). In this review, we focus on the role of androgens in regulating behavioral and neuroendocrine stress responses at different stages of the lifespan and the sex hormone receptors involved in regulating these effects. We also review the specific brain regions and cell phenotypes upon which androgens are proposed to act to regulate stress responses with an emphasis on hypothalamic and extended amygdala subregions. This knowledge of androgen effects on these neural systems is critical for understanding how sex hormones regulate stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Zuloaga
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
| | | | - Kristen L Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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Rybka KA, Lafrican JJ, Rosinger ZJ, Ariyibi DO, Brooks MR, Jacobskind JS, Zuloaga DG. Sex differences in androgen receptor, estrogen receptor alpha, and c-Fos co-expression with corticotropin releasing factor expressing neurons in restrained adult mice. Horm Behav 2023; 156:105448. [PMID: 38344954 PMCID: PMC10861933 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Gonadal hormone actions through androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) regulate sex differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responsivity and stress-related behaviors. Here we tested whether corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) expressing neurons, which are widely known to regulate neuroendocrine and behavioral stress responses, co-express AR and ERα as a potential mechanism for gonadal hormone regulation of these responses. Using Crh-IRES-Cre::Ai9 reporter mice we report high co-localization of AR in CRF neurons within the medial preoptic area (MPOA), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), medial amygdala (MeA), and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), moderate levels within the central amygdala (CeA) and low levels in the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN). Sex differences in CRF/AR co-expression were found in the principal nucleus of the BST (BSTmpl), CeA, MeA, and VMH (males>females). CRF co-localization with ERα was generally lower relative to AR co-localization. However, high co-expression was found within the MPOA, AVPV, and VMH, with moderate co-expression in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), BST, and MeA and low levels in the PVN and CeA. Sex differences in CRF/ERα co-localization were found in the BSTmpl and PVN (males>females). Finally, we assessed neural activation of CRF neurons in restraint-stressed mice and found greater CRF/c-Fos co-expression in females in the BSTmpl and periaqueductal gray, while co-expression was higher in males within the ARC and dorsal CA1. Given the known role of CRF in regulating behavioral stress responses and the HPA axis, AR/ERα co-expression and sex-specific activation of CRF cell groups indicate potential mechanisms for modulating sex differences in these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna A Rybka
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J Lafrican
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America
| | - Zachary J Rosinger
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America
| | - Deborah O Ariyibi
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America
| | - Mecca R Brooks
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America
| | - Jason S Jacobskind
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America
| | - Damian G Zuloaga
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, United States of America.
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Chen Z, Li P, Lyu Y, Wang Y, Gao K, Wang J, Lan F, Chen F. Molecular genetics and general management of androgen insensitivity syndrome. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2023; 12:71-77. [PMID: 37287652 PMCID: PMC10242393 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2023.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the development of the male reproductive system in individuals with a 46,XY karyotype. In addition to physical impacts, patients with AIS may face psychological distress and social challenges related to gender identity and acceptance. The major molecular etiology of AIS results from hormone resistance caused by mutations in the X-linked androgen receptor (AR) gene. Depending on the severity of androgen resistance, the wide spectrum of AIS can be divided into complete AIS (CAIS), partial AIS (PAIS), or mild AIS (MAIS). Open issues in the treatment and management of AIS include decisions about reconstructive surgery, genetic counseling, gender assignment, timing of gonadectomy, fertility and physiological outcomes. Although new genomic approaches have improved understanding of the molecular causes of AIS, identification of individuals with AIS can be challenging, and molecular genetic diagnosis is often not achievable. The relationship between AIS genotype and phenotype is not well established. Therefore, the optimal management remains uncertain. The objective of this review is to outline the recent progress and promote understanding of AIS related to the clinical manifestation, molecular genetics and expert multidisciplinary approach, with an emphasis on genetic etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhong Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center for Hypospadias Pediatric College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Urogenital Development Research Center, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Lyu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexin Gao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuying Lan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center for Hypospadias Pediatric College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Esteban C, Ortiz-Rodz DI, Muñiz-Pérez YI, Ramírez-Vega L, Jiménez-Ricaurte C, Mattei-Torres E, Finkel-Aguilar V. Quality of Life and Psychosocial Well-Being among Intersex-Identifying Individuals in Puerto Rico: An Exploratory Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2899. [PMID: 36833596 PMCID: PMC9957316 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intersex is an umbrella term used to describe the diversity or differences in the characteristics of physical sexual development. Approximately 1.7% of the population are born intersex, and 1 in every 2000 babies at birth presents genital variation. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research on the health of intersex-identifying persons in Latin America. This study aimed to document experiences of discrimination and violence among self-identifying intersex individuals in Puerto Rico and to determine if there is a significant difference in the quality of life, psychological well-being, and social well-being between intersex-identifying and endosex individuals. METHODS This was a quantitative method pilot study with a cross-sectional approach and exploratory comparative group design. An online survey was used, where a total of 12 self-identifying intersex adult participants were recruited, and 126 endosex adult participants served as a comparative group. RESULTS The findings show that 83% of the participants reported experiences of discrimination and different types of violence due to their intersexuality. There was a significant difference between the intersex-identifying and endosex groups in psychological well-being, including in three of its dimensions (positives relations, autonomy, and environmental mastery). However, there were no significant differences between the groups in quality of life or social well-being. CONCLUSION The findings of this study provide a preliminary understanding of the health disparities of intersex-identifying individuals in Puerto Rico and suggest the need for more profound research, especially the inclusion of other Caribbean and Hispanic countries. The findings also preliminarily imply the need for local and global interventions to reduce physical and mental health disparities and to improve health, quality of life, and well-being among intersex-identifying individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Esteban
- Ponce Campus, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR 00716, USA
| | - Derek Israel Ortiz-Rodz
- Ponce Campus, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR 00716, USA
| | - Yesibelle I. Muñiz-Pérez
- Ponce Campus, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR 00716, USA
| | - Luis Ramírez-Vega
- Ponce Campus, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR 00716, USA
| | - Coral Jiménez-Ricaurte
- Ponce Campus, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR 00716, USA
| | - Edna Mattei-Torres
- Ponce Campus, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR 00716, USA
| | - Victoria Finkel-Aguilar
- Río Piedras Campus, Department of Psychology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
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Identification of the Rare Ala871Glu Mutation in the Androgen Receptor Gene Leading to Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome in an Adolescent Girl with Primary Amenorrhea. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121900. [PMID: 36553343 PMCID: PMC9777019 DOI: 10.3390/children9121900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS) is a rare genetic condition by mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene resulting in target issue resistance to androgens and a female phenotype in genetically male individuals. A 16-year-old phenotypically female individual presented to our clinic with primary amenorrhea. Her clinical evaluation showed normal female external genitalia, Tanner III breast development and sparse pubic and axillary hair (Tanner stage II). Hormonal assessment revealed increased concentrations of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Testosterone and Antimüllerian Hormone (AMH). Image studies detected no uterus or gonads, but a blind vagina and the karyotype was 46, XY. These findings suggested the diagnosis of CAIS, and genetic testing of the AR gene revealed a rare pathogenic mutation of cytosine to adenine (c.2612C>A) replacing alanine with glutamic acid at position 871 (p.Ala871Glu) in the AR, previously described once in two adult sisters. The patient underwent gonadectomy and received hormonal replacement therapy. This study expands the AR mutation database and shows the complexity and the importance of prompt diagnosis, proper management, and follow-up for CAIS patients, underlining the need for standardized protocols.
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7
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Moreno-Begines MDLN, Arroyo-Rodríguez A, Borrallo-Riego Á, Guerra-Martín MD. Intersexuality/Differences of Sex Development through the Discourse of Intersex People, Their Relatives, and Health Experts: A Descriptive Qualitative Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:671. [PMID: 35455848 PMCID: PMC9032209 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10040671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intersex/differences of sex development (DSD) conditions are divergences among genitalia, gonads, and chromosome patterns. These variances have been present for millennia and socially defined according to the cultural system established. The aim of this study is to describe the perspectives of adult intersex/DSD people, their relatives, and intersex/DSD expert professionals in Spain. A descriptive qualitative study design was adopted. The study was carried out in several locations in Spain. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted and addressed to 12 participants (4 intersex/DSD people, 3 relatives, and 5 professional experts). A total of 4 spheres, 10 categories, and 26 subcategories were obtained. The number of verbatims obtained in each of the spheres described were intersex/DSD as a community (n = 54), health sphere approach (n = 77), law sphere approach (n = 12), and psychosocial approach (n = 73). Regarding intersex/DSD as a community sphere, there is a clear need of promoting education on sex and body diversity. With respect to the health sphere, it is mentioned the inadequacy of services and how this has a negative impact on the health of intersex/DSD people. Regarding the law sphere, it is highlighted the need of designing legislations at a national level which protect and defend the rights of intersex/DSD people. Regarding the psychosocial sphere, these people suffer from social isolation, secrecy, shame, self-identity questioning, and mental disorders that negatively impact their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Álvaro Borrallo-Riego
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain;
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Uhlenbusch N, Swaydan J, Höller A, Löwe B, Depping MK. Affective and anxiety disorders in patients with different rare chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2731-2741. [PMID: 34583798 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721003792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to identify the prevalence of affective and anxiety disorders across different rare disease and identify correlates of psychopathology. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched Medline, PSYNDEX, PsycINFO for observational studies examining clinically diagnosed affective and/or anxiety disorders in adults with rare chronic diseases. Two researchers reviewed titles and abstracts independently and, for eligible studies, independently extracted data. The prevalence rates were pooled using a random intercept logistic regression model. We published a review protocol (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42018106614CRD42018106614). We identified and screened 34 402 records for eligibility and considered 39 studies in the qualitative and 37 studies in the quantitative analysis, including N = 5951 patients with 24 different rare diseases. Heterogeneity between studies was large. Prevalence rates ranged widely between studies, with pooled prevalence estimates of 13.1% (95% CI 9.6-17.7%; I2 = 87%, p < 0.001) for current and 39.3% (95% CI 31.7-47.4%; I2 = 84%, p < 0.001) for lifetime major depressive disorder, 21.2% (95% CI 15.4-28.6%; I2 = 90%, p < 0.001) for current and 46.1% (95% CI 35.8-56.8%; I2 = 90%, p < 0.001) for lifetime affective disorders, and 39.6% (95% CI 25.5-55.6%; I2 = 96%, p < 0.001) for current and 44.2% (95% CI 27.0-62.9%; I2 = 94%, p < 0.001) for lifetime anxiety disorders. Sensitivity analyses excluding studies of low quality revealed nearly the same results. We conducted the first systematic review examining affective and anxiety disorders in adults with different rare diseases and found high prevalence rates. Supporting patients in disease adjustment can be crucial for their overall health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Uhlenbusch
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Swaydan
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Höller
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Löwe
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246Hamburg, Germany
| | - M K Depping
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246Hamburg, Germany
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Manzato E, Gualandi M, Roncarati E. Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) and eating disorders: a case report. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2421-2426. [PMID: 33201394 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome represents a disorder due to partial (PAIS), mild (MAIS) or complete (CAIS) resistance to androgens caused by X-linked mutations of androgen receptor gene. CAIS is characterized by a female phenotype and XY karyotype. Cases of patients with CAIS and associated obesity have been reported, while to date, there are no reports about the onset of an Eating Disorder (ED) in the carriers of this condition. We describe the case of a patient affected by CAIS and Anorexia Nervosa (AN) restricting type later shifted to Bulimia Nervosa (BN). A previous overweight was present since childhood, contributing to severe Body Dissatisfaction (BD) and consequent restrictive behaviour in adolescence. Beyond its peculiarity, this case highlights also the importance of diagnosing and monitoring the overweight and BD in CAIS patients to avoid the onset of an ED.Level of Evidence: V, descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Manzato
- Psychiatrist, Former University of Ferrara and Former Chief of Eating and Weight Disorders Center, University Hospital S. Anna, chief of Eating and Weight Disorders Unit"L'Albero", Private Hospital "Salus", Via Arianuova 38, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - M Gualandi
- Medical Doctor, Former Responsible of Day Hospital of Internal Medicine and Eating Disorders, University Hospital S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - E Roncarati
- Dietitian, University of Ferrara, Dietitian of Eating and Weight Disorders "L'Albero", Private Hospital "Salus", Ferrara, Italy
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Gong XL, Raile K, Slowikowska-Hilczer J, Pienkowski C, Quinkler M, Roehle R, Nordenström A, Neumann U. Physical and Reported Subjective Health Status in 222 Individuals with XY Disorder of Sex Development. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab103. [PMID: 34258493 PMCID: PMC8271184 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Little is known about the physical health of individuals with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD). OBJECTIVE To assess physical and reported subjective health of individuals with XY DSD. METHODS As part of the dsd-LIFE study, patients with an XY DSD condition were analyzed in different diagnosis groups for metabolic parameters, comorbidities, metabolic syndrome, bone outcomes, and reported subjective health. Findings were evaluated by descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 222 patients with XY DSD were included with a mean age of 28.8 ± 12.2 years, mean height of 175.3 ± 7.7 cm, mean weight of 74.3 ± 20.0 kg, and mean body mass index of 24.1 ± 6.0 kg/m2. Obesity rate was not increased when descriptively compared with Eurostat data. Fourteen patients had metabolic syndrome (14/175; 8.0%). In descriptive comparison with data from the DECODE study and World Health Organization, subjects fared better in the categories waist circumference, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein. Of participants with available bone health data, 19/122 (15.6%) patients had a Z-score ≤ -2.0 at lumbar spine indicating lowered bone mineral density (BMD). Mostly gonadectomized individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) and no estrogen therapy had lowered BMD at lumbar spine. Individuals with XY DSD performed poorly in the category subjective health in descriptive comparison with Eurostat data. CONCLUSION Participants reported a lower subjective health status than Eurostat data but their overall metabolic health status was good. Decreased BMD at lumbar spine was especially present in gonadectomized individuals with CAIS and no estrogen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li Gong
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klemens Raile
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Catherine Pienkowski
- Reference Center for Rare Gynecological Pathologies, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Children’s Hospital, CHU Toulouse, France
| | | | - Robert Roehle
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Coordinating Center for Clinical Studies, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Nordenström
- Women´s and Children´s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Uta Neumann
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Center for chronic sick children, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Şentürk Pilan B, Özbaran B, Çelik D, Özcan T, Özen S, Gökşen D, Ulman İ, Avanoğlu A, Tiryaki S, Onay H, Çoğulu Ö, Özkınay F, Darcan Ş. Psychiatric view for disorders of sex development: a 12-year experience of a multidisciplinary team in a university hospital. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:605-611. [PMID: 32238607 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Psychiatric consultation is important in the follow-up of disorders of sex development (DSD) patients. In this study, we aimed to present the 12-year psychiatric follow-up data of the patients who were referred by Ege University Medical Faculty DSD Multidisciplinary Team and followed up in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Methods Psychiatric data of 118 patients, who were followed by the DSD multidisciplinary team between 2007 and 2019, were reviewed retrospectively. The psychiatric diagnoses of the patients were evaluated according to semi-structured interview form Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children/Present and Lifetime Turkish Version. Results The mean age of the 118 cases was 13.21 years (±7.18). Endocrine diagnoses of the cases were 46 XX DSD in 35 (29.6%), 46 XY DSD in 81 (68.7%), and chromosome disorders in 2 (1.7%). There was at least psychiatric diagnosis in 36 (30.5%) cases. The most common psychiatric diagnosis was attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 18, 15.3%). ADHD was most common in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (n = 4, 22.4%) and androgen synthesis defects (ASD) (n = 4, 22.4%); depression was most common in complete gonadal dysgenesis and ASD (n = 3, 23.1%); and mental retardation was most common in ASD (n = 3, 37.5%). Conclusions In order to provide a healthy perspective for cases with DSD, it is important to make a psychiatric evaluation and to share observations and clinical findings in regular team meetings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Şentürk Pilan
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Özbaran
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Didem Çelik
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Özcan
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Samim Özen
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Damla Gökşen
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Ulman
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Avanoğlu
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sibel Tiryaki
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Onay
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Medical Genetics, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Özgür Çoğulu
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Medical Genetics, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ferda Özkınay
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Medical Genetics, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şükran Darcan
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
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12
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Wisniewski AB, Batista RL, Costa EMF, Finlayson C, Sircili MHP, Dénes FT, Domenice S, Mendonca BB. Management of 46,XY Differences/Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) Throughout Life. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1547-1572. [PMID: 31365064 DOI: 10.1210/er.2019-00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Differences/disorders of sex development (DSD) are a heterogeneous group of congenital conditions that result in discordance between an individual's sex chromosomes, gonads, and/or anatomic sex. Advances in the clinical care of patients and families affected by 46,XY DSD have been achieved since publication of the original Consensus meeting in 2006. The aims of this paper are to review what is known about morbidity and mortality, diagnostic tools and timing, sex of rearing, endocrine and surgical treatment, fertility and sexual function, and quality of life in people with 46,XY DSD. The role for interdisciplinary health care teams, importance of establishing a molecular diagnosis, and need for research collaborations using patient registries to better understand long-term outcomes of specific medical and surgical interventions are acknowledged and accepted. Topics that require further study include prevalence and incidence, understanding morbidity and mortality as these relate to specific etiologies underlying 46,XY DSD, appropriate and optimal options for genitoplasty, long-term quality of life, sexual function, involvement with intimate partners, and optimizing fertility potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Wisniewski
- Psychology Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Rafael L Batista
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine M F Costa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Courtney Finlayson
- Division of Endocrinology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Helena Palma Sircili
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tibor Dénes
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sorahia Domenice
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Kosti K, Athanasiadis L, Goulis DG. Long-term consequences of androgen insensitivity syndrome. Maturitas 2019; 127:51-54. [PMID: 31351520 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is one of the most common sexual developmental disorders. According to the grade of the remaining androgen receptor (AR) function, AIS is classified as complete (CAIS), partial (PAIS) or mild (MAIS). In CAIS, the prevalence of germ cell tumours is increased compared with the general population. Although patients with CAIS used to undergo gonadectomy before puberty, nowadays a gonadectomy is recommended after spontaneous puberty, and up to 15% of patients retain their gonads. Nevertheless, the risk of germ cell tumour increases gradually after puberty. Annual follow-up with ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended. Unfortunately, these imaging methods are not sensitive enough for the diagnosis of an in situ germ cell tumour. In PAIS, the risk of germ cell tumour is higher than in CAIS; therefore, an early gonadectomy or an orchidopexy is indicated. Optimal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is necessary for long-term health. The risks of osteopenia and of regimen osteoporosis are higher, ESPECIALLY in patients with early gonadectomy. Infertility is the rule in CAIS and PAIS. A few mutations do not affect fertility detrimentally, and these are responsible for MAIS. In PAIS leading to a predominantly male phenotype or ambiguous genitalia, multiple surgical procedures for gynaecomastia and/or hypospadias are required. Some small studies have found a higher risk of obesity, hyperlipidaemia and impaired insulin sensitivity. Psychological support is essential, as the prevalence of psychiatric disorders is increased. In conclusion, the diagnosis of AIS has long-term consequences for which shared decision-making (physicians, patients, parents) is appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantia Kosti
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1(st) Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Loukas Athanasiadis
- Third Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1(st) Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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14
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Ernst MM, Gardner M, Mara CA, Délot EC, Fechner PY, Fox M, Rutter MM, Speiser PW, Vilain E, Weidler EM, Sandberg DE. Psychosocial Screening in Disorders/Differences of Sex Development: Psychometric Evaluation of the Psychosocial Assessment Tool. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 90:368-380. [PMID: 30783028 PMCID: PMC6512800 DOI: 10.1159/000496114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Utilization of a psychosocial screener to identify families affected by a disorder/difference of sex development (DSD) and at risk for adjustment challenges may facilitate efficient use of team resources to optimize care. The Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT) has been used in other pediatric conditions. The current study explored the reliability and validity of the PAT (modified for use within the DSD population; PAT-DSD). METHODS Participants were 197 families enrolled in the DSD-Translational Research Network (DSD-TRN) who completed a PAT-DSD during a DSD clinic visit. Psychosocial data were extracted from the DSD-TRN clinical registry. Internal reliability of the PAT-DSD was tested using the Kuder-Richardson-20 coefficient. Validity was examined by exploring the correlation of the PAT-DSD with other measures of caregiver distress and child emotional-behavioral functioning. RESULTS One-third of families demonstrated psychosocial risk (27.9% "Targeted" and 6.1% "Clinical" level of risk). Internal reliability of the PAT-DSD Total score was high (α = 0.86); 4 of 8 subscales met acceptable internal reliability. A priori predicted relationships between the PAT-DSD and other psychosocial measures were supported. The PAT-DSD Total score related to measures of caregiver distress (r = 0.40, p < 0.001) and to both caregiver-reported and patient self-reported behavioral problems (r = 0.61, p < 0.00; r = 0.37, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for the reliability and validity of the PAT-DSD. Given variability in the internal reliability across subscales, this measure is best used to screen for overall family risk, rather than to assess specific psychosocial concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Ernst
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio and Disorders of Sex Development Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Melissa Gardner
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases and the Child Health Evaluation & Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Constance A. Mara
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Emmanuèle C. Délot
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Patricia. Y. Fechner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s DSD Program, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michelle Fox
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Meilan. M. Rutter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio and Disorders of Sex Development Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Phyllis W. Speiser
- Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York and Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra University, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Eric Vilain
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Erica M. Weidler
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona; Accord Alliance, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
| | | | - David E. Sandberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases and the Child Health Evaluation & Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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