Core muscle activity during suspension exercises

Neuromuscular activation following anti-movement and dynamic core training: a randomized controlled comparative study

BACKGROUND

This study investigated the effects of anti-movement and dynamic core training on neuromuscular activation in trained men using surface electromyography (sEMG).

METHODS

Thirty-six participants were randomized into the anti-movement (AMG), traditional dynamic (TDG), or control (CG) groups in a controlled study. Training groups performed core exercises twice weekly for 6 weeks, with standardized time under tension (AMG: 30-s isometric holds; TDG: 30 s with 12 repetitions). Anterior and posterior trunk muscle activation was measured using sEMG during isometric endurance tests pre- and post-intervention.

RESULTS

Significant time and interaction effects were observed for lumbar erector spinae (LES) activation (F = 3.784, p = 0.029), with AMG (p = 0.016) and TDG (p = 0.004) outperforming CG. A significant enhancement in external oblique (EO; η2 = 0.17, p = 0.023) and internal oblique (IO; η2 = 0.30, p = 0.003) activation was observed in the AMG compared to the CG. Both training groups improved LES (η2 = 0.37, p = 0.001) and multifidus (η2 = 0.19, p = 0.016) activation (p < 0.017). Within-group analysis showed significant pre-to-post improvements across all muscles (p < 0.05, effect size r = 0.48-0.63). Greater reductions in muscle activation (22.17%-53%) were demonstrated by the AMG compared to the TDG (16.18%-28.82%), suggesting improved neuromuscular efficiency.

CONCLUSION

Anti-movement core training effectively enhances trunk muscle neuromuscular activation and efficiency, providing a robust alternative to traditional protocols.

Preventing chronic low back pain: investigating the role of Pilates in subacute management-a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Subacute low back pain (LBP) is a critical phase that can determine long-term patient outcomes. Exercise therapy, including Pilates, is widely used to manage LBP, but its effectiveness in the subacute phase remains underexplored. This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of an 8-week Pilates-based intervention versus a home exercise program on pain intensity, functional disability, and quality of life in patients with subacute LBP.

METHODS

Sixty-six participants with subacute LBP were randomized into two groups: a supervised Pilates group and a home exercise group. Pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale), functional disability (Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire), and quality of life (Short Form-36) were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up.

RESULTS

Both groups exhibited significant improvements in all outcome measures (p < 0.001). However, the Pilates group showed superior reductions in pain intensity (p = 0.010 post-treatment, p = 0.002 at follow-up) and functional disability (p = 0.009 and p = 0.002). Additionally, quality of life scores improved more significantly in the Pilates group, particularly in physical function (p = 0.031 and p = 0.025) and general health (p = 0.005 and p = 0.012).

CONCLUSIONS

Pilates-based rehabilitation was more effective than a home exercise program in improving pain, disability, and quality of life in patients with subacute LBP. These findings support the inclusion of Pilates in early-stage rehabilitation to prevent chronicity.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinical Trials Number: NCT06699511.

The Effects of Different Core Stability Training on Trunk Stability and Athletic Performance in Adolescent Female Basketball Players

PURPOSE

Trunk function is not only related to physical fitness performance, but also important for the balance, and stability of the whole body. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 2 training methods on trunk stability and athletic performance in adolescent female basketball players.

METHODS

Fifty-one healthy elite female basketball players (age: 14.76 [1.84] y, body mass index: 21.41 [1.96] kg/m2) were assigned to TRX training (n = 17), Swiss ball training (n = 17), or control groups (n = 17). Participants performed a progressive program of unstable core muscle training consisting of 8 different exercises, with each exercise performed in 3 sets, twice a week for 8 weeks. The outcome measures were a plank test, the modified double leg lowering task, and athletic performance including jumping, speed, agility, cardiopulmonary endurance, and the ankle proprioception.

RESULTS

Significant group and time interaction were identified in the modified double leg lowering task (P = .032, η2 = .134), with post hoc comparisons revealing improvements in the TRX group (P = .014). The TRX group (8.6%) improved significantly more than the Swiss ball group (2.9%) when it comes to the modified double leg lowering average change percentage. The plank test also exhibited a significant group and time interaction (P = .033, partial η2 = .133), with notable improvements in both the Swiss ball (P = .001) and the TRX groups (P = .001). Athletic performance measures showed no significant differences among groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate that both TRX and Swiss ball training can increase core muscle strength and stability without compromising athletic performance after 8 weeks of training. Furthermore, incorporating core muscle training enhances power transmission capabilities. Nevertheless, considering the goal was to improve speed and ankle proprioception during preseason training, careful consideration must be given to the timing and intensity of any intervention involving unstable core muscle training.

Analysis of muscle synergies and muscle network in sling exercise rehabilitation technique

The study assessed motor control strategies across the four sling exercises of supine sling exercise (SSE), prone sling exercise (PSE), left side-lying sling exercise (LLSE), and right side-lying sling exercise (RLSE) positions base on the muscle synergies and muscle network analyses. Muscle activities of bilateral transversus abdominis (TA), rectus abdominis, multifidus (MF), and erector spinae (ES) were captured via surface electromyography. Muscle synergies were extracted through principal components analysis (PCA) and non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF). Muscle synergies number, muscle synergies complexity, muscle synergies sparseness, muscle synergies clusters and muscle networks were calculated. PCA results indicated that SSE and PSE decomposed into 2.88 ± 0.20 and 2.82 ± 0.15 synergies respectively, while the LLSE and RLSE positions decomposed into 3.76 ± 0.14 and 3.71 ± 0.11 muscle synergies, respectively, which were more complex (P = 0.00) but less sparse (P = 0.01). Muscle synergies clusters analysis indicated common muscle synergies among different sling exercises. SSE position demonstrated specific muscle synergies with a strong contribution of the bilateral TA. LLSE-specific synergy has a strong contribution of the left erector spinae (ES). The RLSE-specific synergy has significant contributions from the right ES and multifidus. Muscle networks were functionally organized, with clustering coefficient (F(1.5, 24) = 6.041, P = 0.01) and global efficiency of the undirected network (F(1.5, 24) = 6.041, P = 0.01), and betweenness-centrality of the directed network (F(2.7, 44) = 6.453, P = 0.00). Our research highlights the importance of evaluating muscle synergies and network adaptation strategies in individuals with neuromuscular disorders and developing targeted therapeutic interventions accordingly.

Suspension training improves bilateral isometric strength asymmetry of knee muscles in people with multiple sclerosis

INTRODUCTION

Most people with multiple sclerosis are diagnosed with bilateral strength asymmetry in the lower limbs. Strength asymmetry increases muscle metabolic cost, muscle fatigability, postural instability, gait disturbance, imbalance, and risk of falling, and negatively affects the quality of life in PwMS. So far, the effects of rehabilitation exercises on reducing the asymmetric index in this population has not been studied convincingly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of suspension exercise on bilateral isometric strength asymmetry of knee muscles in patients with multiple sclerosis.

MATERIALS & METHODS

In this randomized controlled trial, twenty-seven female patients were purposively selected as the statistical sample and randomly divided into the control (n = 13, age: 34.72 ± 5.01 years) and exercise (n = 14, age: 37.62 ± 4.58 years) groups. The control group received routine care while the exercise group received the suspension exercise protocol. Isometric muscle strength and bilateral asymmetry were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks. The Biodex isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the flexor and extensor muscles of the knee. The analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS

The isometric strength of the knee extensor muscles in the weak leg at the angle of 20° and in both legs at the angle of 70° in the exercise group improved significantly. Furthermore, the strength of the knee flexor muscles in the exercise group was increased. The amount of bilateral strength asymmetry in the knee flexor and extensor muscles at the angle of 70° significantly decreased in the exercise group.

DISCUSSIONS & CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that suspension training is a practical approach to manage bilateral asymmetry in knee flexor and extensor muscle strength in patients with an EDSS of less than four.

Effects of functional training on muscle strength, jumping, and functional movement screen in wushu athletes: A systematic review

This study aims to analyse the effects of functional training on muscle strength, jumping, and functional movement screen in wushu athletes.

METHODS

This study followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A systematic search of electronic databases was also conducted, including EBSCOhost, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Google Scholar, and Wanfang. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was an effective indicator to evaluate the quality of studies included in the systematic review.

RESULTS

This systematic review included 474 participants aged 8-24 years old. The intervention period for most studies was 12 weeks. Among the included studies, 6 focused on muscle strength, 4 on jumping performance, and 11 on functional movement screen.

CONCLUSION

These articles have been analysed, and the positive impact of functional training interventions on muscle strength, jumping, and functional movement screen of wushu athletes has been verified.

Comparing the effects of suspension and isometric-isotonic training on postural stability, lumbopelvic control, and proprioception in women with diastasis recti abdominis: a randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) affects a significant number of women in the postpartum period.

OBJECTIVE

This study compared the effectiveness of suspension training system (STS) with that of isometric-isotonic (ISoM-ISoT) exercises in the treatment of DRA and its secondary complications.

METHODS

Thirty-six women with DRA participated in this study. They were divided into the three groups of STS, ISoM-ISoT, and control. Inter-recti distance (IRD), proprioception, lumbopelvic control, postural stability, low back pain, and disability were assessed using a digital caliper, a goniometer, a lateral step-down test, a Biodex balance system, a visual analogue scale (VAS), and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), respectively. Two intervention groups underwent training for 8-week and the control group resumed their normal lives.

RESULTS

Positive effects were observed in the STS and ISoM-ISoT groups compared with the control group in: IRD (P = .001); lumbopelvic proprioception (P = .001); lumbopelvic control (P = .001); overall static balance (P = .010); overall dynamic balance (P = .012); low back pain (P = .001); and disability (P = .001). However, there was no significant difference between the training groups in: IRD (P = .12, MD = -2.76); lumbopelvic proprioception (P = .48, MD = -0.50); lumbopelvic control (P = .14, MD = 1.53); static balance (P = .62, MD = 0.07); dynamic balance (P = .27, MD = 0.33); pain (P = .25, MD = -0.52); and disability (P = .48, MD = -1.74). The results of the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and minimal detectable change (MDC) suggested that the STS exercises outperformed ISoM-ISoT training regarding IRD, pain, disability, and proprioception, whereas ISoM-ISoT training had a better effect in lumbopelvic control and balance.

CONCLUSION

The results of our study showed that the STS had a positive effect on women with DRA and like the ISoM-ISoT exercises can be used to treat this dysfunction.

The effect of multi-function swing suspension training on upper and lower extremities function and quality of life in multiple sclerosis women with different disability status

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis (MS) can lead to impaired upper and lower extremity function (ULEF), which reduces the quality of life (QoL). Exercise is beneficial for symptom management, but newer approaches like multi-function swing suspension training (MFSST) need further investigation. Additionally, tailoring exercises to individual needs remains a challenging area of investigation.

AIM

To investigate the effect of an MFSST program on ULEF, and QoL in MS women according to the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score.

METHODS

Forty-seven MS women meeting selection criteria were randomly assigned to intervention groups A (EDSS 2-4) and B (EDSS 4.5-6.5), and the control group (EDSS 2-6.5). Intervention groups did an 8-week MFSST program with 3 × 1hr sessions/week. Prior to the intervention, and after 4, 6, and 8 weeks, the 9-hole peg test (9HPT) and the timed 25-foot walk (T25FW) test were performed for both the intervention groups and the control group. The Short Form questionnaire (SF-36) was used to measure their QoL.

RESULTS

Significant main effects for time were observed in both the 9HPT (F = 52.48, p = 0.001, Pη2 = 0.78) and the T25FW (F = 85.63, p = 0.000, Pη2 = 0.859). Speed increased between the pre-test, 4th week, 6th week, and 8th week in both tests. These tests revealed significant interaction effects between group and time. The 9HPT had an F-value of 9.01 (p = 0.001, Pη2 = 0.392), while the T25FW had an F-value of 13.812 (p = 0.000, Pη2 = 0.497). Across both tests, Group B, with higher EDSS scores, demonstrated greater speed improvement over the three-time measurements (4th week, 6th week, and 8th week) than Group A. The control group did not exhibit any improvement in speed. Intervention groups showed improvement in all QoL subscales except emotional role limitation.

CONCLUSIONS

An 8-week MFSST improves ULEF and QoL in women with MS, particularly those with higher EDSS scores (more than 4.5). Notably, significant improvements were observed after four weeks of the intervention. The incorporation of a variety of exercises in a single device provides a significant advantage over traditional exercise programs. Therefore, MFSST can be a valuable and efficient tool for improving symptoms and QoL in MS patients.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

IRCT20220526054997N1.

Spinal Muscle Thickness and Activation during Abdominal Hollowing and Bracing in CrossFit® Athletes

Exercises that improve muscle activation are essential for maintaining spinal stability and preventing low back pain. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of abdominal hollowing and bracing on the activation of the core muscles in CrossFit® participants using ultrasound and electromyography (EMG). Twenty-four healthy adults aged 21 to 42 years old with at least two years of CrossFit® experience performed three core stability exercises (plank, side plank, bridge) with abdominal hollowing and bracing. We measured the ultrasound relative thickness of the local core muscles (transversus abdominis, internal oblique, and lumbar multifidus), and the EMG percentage of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the global core muscles (rectus abdominis, external oblique, and iliocostalis lumborum). Analysis of variance tests showed that the relative thickness of the local core muscles was greater (p = 0.016) during hollowing (range from 26.8 ± 5.33 to 88.4 ± 11.9% of rest) than bracing (range from 15.9 ± 3.54 to 61.2 ± 15.9% of rest), while the EMG of the global muscles was greater (p = 0.001) in bracing (range from 24.4 ± 7.30 to 72.5 ± 9.17% of MVC) than hollowing (range from 16.4 ± 3.70 to 56.6 ± 7.65% of MVC). These results indicate that the recruitment of spinal muscles during popular exercises is achieved with both hollowing and bracing. Nevertheless, it appears that hollowing tends to recruit more of the local muscles, whilst bracing recruits more of the global muscles. The grading of the exercises varied between muscles and varied between maneuvers, especially for the surface abdominals and lumbar muscles. CrossFit® practitioners can choose to use either hollowing or bracing to activate their core muscles more selectively or more appropriately, depending on the goal and purpose of the exercise.

Superimposed vibration on suspended push-ups

Background

Superimposition of vibration has been proposed in sports training using several devices and methods to enhance muscle activation and strength adaptations. Due to the popularity of suspension training, vibration systems have recently been developed to increase the effects of this training method. The present cross-sectional study aims to examine the effects of superimposing vibration on one of the most popular exercises in strength and conditioning programs: push-ups.

Methods

Twenty-eight physically active men and women executed push-ups in three suspended conditions (non-vibration, vibration at 25 Hz, and vibration at 40 Hz). OMNI-Res scale was registered, and surface electromyographic signals were measured for the activity of the right and left external oblique, anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, sternal, and clavicular heads of the pectoralis major.

Results

A linear mixed model indicated a significant fixed effect for vibration at 25 Hz and 40 Hz on muscle activity. Suspended push-ups with superimposed vibration (25 Hz and 40 Hz) showed a significant higher activity on left (25 Hz: p = 0.036, d = 0.34; 40 Hz: p = 0.003, d = 0.48) and right external oblique (25 Hz: p = 0.004, d = 0.36; 40 Hz: p = 0.000, d = 0.59), anterior deltoid (25 Hz: p = 0.032, d = 0.44; 40 Hz: p = 0.003, d = 0.64), and global activity (25 Hz: p = 0.000, d = 0.55; 40 Hz: p = 0.000, d = 0.83) compared to non-vibration condition. Moreover, OMNI-Res significant differences were found at 25 Hz (6.04 ± 0.32, p = 0.000 d = 4.03 CI = 3.27, 4.79) and 40 Hz (6.21 ± 0.36 p = 0.00 d = 4.29 CI = 3.49, 5.08) compared to the non-vibration condition (4.75 ± 0.32).

Conclusion

Superimposing vibration is a feasible strategy to enhance the muscle activity of suspended push-ups.

Use of acoustic myography to evaluate forelimb muscle function in retriever dogs carrying different mouth weights

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the effect of mouth weight on gait and relative function of forelimb muscles in retriever hunting dogs as a possible explanation for biceps tendinopathy.

METHODS

Ten sound retriever dogs underwent acoustic myography, measuring efficiency (E-score), spatial summation (S-score), and temporal summation (T-score) during walk and trot on a pressure-sensitive walkway while carrying a 0 lb (0 kg), 1 lb (0.45 kg), and 3.2 lb (1.45 kg) mouth weight. Gait data included total pressure index (TPI), step length, and stance time. Statistics included a mixed effects model significant at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

Forelimb TPI increased with increasing weight. There was no significant change in individual muscle parameters in response to weight. Significance was found in between-muscle comparisons. For walk, T-score was significantly lower in triceps vs. brachiocephalicus with 1 lb, not with 3.2 lb., S-score was significantly lower in the biceps at 0, 1 lb, and triceps at 0 lb. when compared to brachiocephalicus, E-score was significantly lower in deltoideus vs. brachiocephalicus at trot with l and 3.2 lb. There was an overall significant effect of muscle on T-score at trot, but no individual muscle comparison was significant.

CONCLUSION

Forelimb load increases with mouth weight. Deltoideus had a longer contraction time in response to increasing weight at trot when compared to brachiocephalicus. The biceps muscle did not show increased work in response to increasing weight.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The underlying etiology of biceps tendinopathies in retriever dogs remains uncertain but is not due to increasing weight.

Changes in Muscular Activity in Different Stable and Unstable Conditions on Aquatic Platforms

The present study aimed to analyse and compare the muscle activity of twelve participants (seven men and five women) (age 20.1 ± 0.9 years; height 170.5 ± 10 cm; body mass: 64.86 ± 8.3 kg) in two exercises, each with two variants: squat (dynamic and static) and plank (hands and elbows) in a stable environment on land and an unstable environment on an aquatic platform. The erector spinae, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles were evaluated using surface electromyography. The dynamic squat increases the recruitment of the biceps femoris and external oblique, while the static squat demands greater activation of the rectus femoris. The elbow plank exercise increases the recruitment of erector spinae muscles, and the hand plank exercise increases the recruitment of the erector spinae and external oblique. In conclusion, performing exercises in unstable conditions on an aquatic platform slightly increases muscle recruitment.

What Does Provide Better Effects on Balance, Strength, and Lower Extremity Muscle Function in Professional Male Soccer Players with Chronic Ankle Instability? Hopping or a Balance Plus Strength Intervention? A Randomized Control Study

Chronic ankle instability (CAI) has a higher frequency in soccer due to the rapid changes in body movement. Thus, this study compared the effects of eight weeks of a hopping protocol and a combined protocol of balance plus strength in a within-between group analysis. Thirty-six male professional soccer players participated in this study and were randomly allocated in three groups: control group (CG, n = 12), hopping group (HG, n = 12), and balance plus strength group (BSG, n = 12). Strength, static and dynamic balance, and function were assessed at baseline and eight weeks post intervention. First, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and FAAM sport scales were applied. Then, a dynamometer was used to measure strength of the muscles around the hip, knee, and ankle joints. The Bass stick measured static balance and the Y balance test measured dynamic balance. Additionally, functional tests were carried out by Triple Hop, the Figure 8 hop, and vertical jump. A repeated measures ANOVA [(3 groups) × 2 moments] was used to compare the within and between group differences. In general, all tests improved after eight weeks of training with both protocols. Specifically, the BSG improved with large ES for all tests, while the HG improved all test with small to large effect sizes (ES). Furthermore, HG showed higher values for vertical jump (p < 0.01, ES = 1.88) and FAAMSPORT (p < 0.05, ES = 0.15) than BSG. BSG showed higher values for hip abduction (p < 0.05, ES = 2.77), hip adduction (p < 0.05, ES = 0.87), and ankle inversion (p < 0.001, ES = 1.50) strength tests, while HG showed higher values for knee flexion [ES = 0.86, (0.02, 1.69)] and ankle plantarflexion [ES = 0.52, (−0.29, 1.33)]. Balance plus strength protocol showed more positive effects than the hopping protocol alone for soccer players with CAI.

Improvement in the multiple sclerosis functional composite score by multi-function swing suspension training program

BACKGROUND

Physical activity has been considered as a promising approach to slow down the disease process in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. The functional impairments of MS have been studied in detail, while evidence of the efficacy of exercise training interventions on the Multiple Sclerosis functional composite (MSFC) score in these patients is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the improvement in MSFC score by multi-function swing suspension training program (MFSST) in the women with MS.

METHODS

The patients were divided into two groups as the intervention and control groups. A total of 47 MS patients completed the MSFC components at baseline and after the intervention: the timed 25-foot walk (T25FW); the 9-hole peg test (9HPT); and paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT). Z scores were created for each test based on control means.

RESULTS

The MSFC score, 9HPT, T25FW, and PASAT showed a significant increment in comparison with the baseline levels in the four, six, and eight weeks following the first exercise session (all p<0.05). These differences in the control group were not significant. The improvement in the MSFC score and the component Z-scores in the intervention groups was found from the fourth week onwards.

CONCLUSIONS

The study findings highlight that the progression of MS disability can be partially compensated by physical exercise. Overall, these results indicate that MFSST can be used as an effective treatment method in patients suffering from MS. Longer (years) exercise studies with larger samples of MS patients, with different MS subtypes, and of different sex, are needed to evaluate the effect of other types of exercise interventions on the MSFC score in MS patients with different disabilities.

Strength training in elderly: An useful tool against sarcopenia

The loss of muscle mass and strength in elderly population (especially after the age of 65-70) represents a public health problem. Due to the high prevalence of frailty in older adults, cardiovascular or low-intensity exercise is implemented as first choice option. Although beneficial these training schemes are not as effective as strength-based resistance training for increasing muscle strength and hypertrophy. In fact, when performed progressively and under professional supervision, strength-based training has been proposed as an important and valid methodology to reduce sarcopenia-related problems. In this mini-review, we not only summarize the benefits of weight resistance training but also highlight practical recommendations and other non-conventional methods (e.g., suspension training) as part of an integral anti-sarcopenia strategy. Future directions including cluster set configurations and high-speed resistance training are also outlined.

Non randomised trial of GRAVITY system therapy effectiveness in chronic, low intensity low back disc disease

Study aim: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a therapeutically challenging pain syndrome. Physical exercises are the most common therapy used in CLBP treatment. The aim of the study was to verify if GRAVITY system exercise can be effective in the therapy of chronic discogenic low back pain. The GRAVITY system exercise aims at strengthening full body muscles using the trainee’s own body weight only.

Material and methods: The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04765293. We used TREND statement. The study populations were 50 patients with CLBP. The study population (group I) consisted of 25 patients who had GRAVITY system exercise. The clinical control group were 25 patients who received standard treatment in an outpatient clinic of National Health Fund. Before the start of the training, the patients’ had their muscle strength responsible for stabilizing the lumbar segment measured. We also measured patients’ Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) prior to and after the therapy cycle. The therapy was conducted twice a week for 40 minutes over the period of 4 weeks. The clinical control group were 25 patients who received treatment from the National Health Fund and had only standardised physical therapy (laser, ultrasound, cryotherapy and magnetic therapy) sessions for two weeks.

Results. We found statistically significant reduction in pain and disability in the study population after the treatment, but muscle strength did not increase significantly.

Conclusions: 1. GRAVITY system exercise might efficient in pain and disability reduction. Muscle strength did not increase after therapy. 2. Pain and disability had positive correlation with female sex, decreased physical activity and sedentary work.

Effects of sling exercise therapy on post-stroke walking impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Walking impairment is a common consequence of stroke, resulting in long-term disability. Trunk muscle strength has been proven to be associated with post-stroke walking performance. As a type of trunk training, sling exercise therapy (SET) has been widely used to improve the trunk function in stroke patients. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the efficacy of SET on post-stroke walking impairment. Seven databases were systematically searched for eligible studies from their inception to 1 August 2021. Review Manager 5.3 software was used for this meta-analysis. The overall quality of included studies was evaluated by the physiotherapy evidence database scale. Twenty-five randomized controlled trials involving 1504 patients were included (23 in China and two in South Korea). In summary, SET more effectively improved the walking ability of post-stroke patients than conventional physical therapy or trunk training. The pooled analysis demonstrated that SET had positive effects on the 10 m maximum walking speed, integrated electromyography value of rectus femoris, biceps femoris and gastrocnemius, functional ambulation category, timed up and go test, and step length. At least in East Asia, our findings support SET to manage the post-stroke walking impairment.

The Effects of Whole-Body Vibration Exercise on Anticipatory Delay of Core Muscles in Patients with Nonspecific Low Back Pain

Objective

The objective of this study is to determine the effect of whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise on the anticipatory delay of core muscles in nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) patients.

Methods

Forty participants with NSLBP were randomly divided into the WBV group and the control group. The sEMG signals of deltoid, erector spines (ES), multifidus (MF), rectus abdominis (RA), and transversus abdominus/internal oblique muscles (TrA/IO) were recorded before and after the intervention in the weight-shifting task. The relative activation time of each muscle was calculated.

Results

In the WBV group, the relative activation time of bilateral MF and bilateral TrA/IO was significantly reduced on shoulder flexion (right MF: P=0.014; left MF: P=0.011; right TrA/IO: P=0.008; left TrA/IO: P=0.026). As for shoulder abduction, except for the left TrA/IO and the left RA, the relative activation time of other muscles was significantly reduced (right ES: P=0.001; left ES: P < 0.001; right MF: P=0.001; left MF: P=0.009; right TrA/IO: P < 0.001; right RA: P=0.001). In the control group, there was no significant difference in the relative activation time of each muscle before and after the intervention (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

WBV exercise can effectively alleviate the anticipatory delay of core muscles in NSLBP patients, but the long-term effects still need further study. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-TRC-13003708.

Evaluation of Training Load During Suspension Exercise

ABSTRACT

Giancotti, GF, Fusco, A, Varalda, C, Capelli, G, and Cortis, C. Evaluation of training load during suspension exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2151-2157, 2021-The aims of this study were to evaluate body inclination and ground reaction force and to predict equations to estimate the training load distribution during suspension training (ST) static back-row at different lengths of the straps. Thirty volunteers (men = 16 and women = 14; age = 23.3 ± 1.7 years; body mass = 63.9 ± 13.3 kg; height = 167.9 ± 9.2 cm; body mass index [BMI] = 22.5 ± 3.4 kg·m-2) performed 14 static back-rows at 7 different lengths of the straps in 2 different elbow positions (flexed and extended). When the length of the straps increased, ground reaction force and body inclination decreased. Moreover, in the flexed elbow position, higher ground reaction force values were recorded with respect to the extended one. Two multilevel regression models (p < 0.05) were created. In the first one, ground reaction force was used as a dependent variable, whereas body inclination angle, body mass, height, BMI, and elbow position were used as independent variables. Significant (p < 0.05) effects were found for all variables included in the model, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.31. In the second model, the body inclination angle was replaced by the length of the ST device. Significant (p < 0.05) effects were found also in the second model for all variables included, with an ICC of 0.37. The proposed models could provide different methods to quantify the training load distribution, even if the use of the straps' length could result easier and faster than body inclination angle, helping practitioners and instructors to personalize the workout to reach specific purposes and provide load progression.

Maintenance of Muscle Mass and Cardiorespiratory Fitness to Cancer Patients During COVID-19 Era and After SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

There is emerging evidence that decreased muscle mass and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with increased risk of cancer-related mortality. This paper aimed to present recommendations to prescribe effective and safe exercise protocols to minimize losses, maintain or even improve muscle mass, strength, and CRF of the cancer patients who are undergoing or beyond treatment during the COVID-19 era. Overall, we recommend performing exercises with bodyweight, elastic bands, or suspension bands to voluntary interruption (i.e., interrupt the exercise set voluntarily, according to their perception of fatigue, before concentric muscular failure) to maintain or increase muscle strength and mass and CRF during COVID-19 physical distancing. Additionally, rest intervals between sets and exercises (i.e., long or short) should favor maintaining exercise intensities between 50 and 80% of maxHR and/or RPE of 12. In an exercise program with these characteristics, the progression of the stimulus must be carried out by increasing exercise complexity, number of sets, and weekly frequency. With feasible exercises attainable anywhere, modulating only the work-to-rest ratio and using voluntary interruption, it is possible to prescribe exercise for a wide range of patients with cancer as well as training goals. Exercise must be encouraged; however, exercise professionals must be aware of the patient's health condition even at a physical distance to provide a safe and efficient exercise program. Exercise professionals should adjust the exercise prescription throughout home confinement whenever necessary, keeping in mind that minimal exercise stimuli are beneficial to patients in poor physical condition.

The Effect of Total Body Resistance Exercise on Mobility, Proprioception, and Muscle Strength of the Knee in People With Multiple Sclerosis

CONTEXT

Muscle weakness and sensory deficits cause impaired balance and walking abilities that are prerequisites for independent activity of daily living in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent physical exercises tailored to improve the activity of daily living people with MS have focused on the functional training.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of total body resistance exercise suspension training on mobility, proprioception, and muscle strength of the knee in people with MS.

DESIGN

Single-blind pretest and posttest control group design.

SETTING

Referral Center of Multiple Sclerosis Society.

PARTICIPANTS

Thirty-four women with relapsing-remitting MS were participated in this study. The mean (SD) of their age was 36.44 (4.88) years, and the Expanded Disability Status Scale was 2.35 (0.94). The participants were divided into 2 groups: control group (n = 15) and training group (n = 19).

INTERVENTION

The training group performed the total body resistance exercise program for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The control group received their usual care and daily activities. Outcomes were measured presessions and postsessions.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Mobility was assessed with Timed Up and Go test, 10-m walk maximum test, 2 minute walk test, and 5-time sit-to-stand test. Knee proprioception absolute error and isometric strength of knee flexor and extensor muscles were measured by using a biodex isokinetic dynamometer.

RESULTS

In the training group, mobility (P = .001), maximal voluntary isometric contraction of knee flexor and extensor muscles in both legs (P > .05), and the knee proprioception absolute error in nondominant leg at 60° knee flexion (P = .02) improved significantly compared with the control group.

CONCLUSION

Total body resistance exercise is a functional and safe intervention that can improve the mobility and muscles strength of the knee in a short period in people with MS.

CORE STABILITY MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING STANDING LOWER BODY TWISTING EXERCISES

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the activity of the abdominal internal oblique (IO) and lumbar multifidus (LM) muscles relative to kinetic chain exercises performed in a standing position.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to identify the activity of the IO and the LM muscles during weight-bearing exercises. The authors hypothesized that IO and LM muscle activity would vary with lower body positions during the kinetic chain exercises.

METHODS

Nineteen healthy, young, active subjects volunteered to participate. The electromyographic (EMG) activity (via surface EMG) of the abdominal external oblique (EO), IO, and LM muscles on both sides and the rectus femoris and semitendinosus muscles on the dominant side was determined during rhythmical lower body twisting exercise with three lower body positions: straight leg (SL), athletic position (AP), dynamic knee extension (DE) at two exercise speeds: 150 and 90 beats per min. These were reported as % maximum voluntary contraction. Mean EO, IO, and LM muscle activities were also compared with those of common core stability exercises.

RESULTS

IO EMG activity was significantly greater in SL than that of AP (p < 0.05). In contrast, LM EMG activity was significantly greater in the DE position than that of both SL and AP positions (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

IO muscle activity could be attenuated by the contraction of lower body extensor muscles during the standing position.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Basic Laboratory Study, Level 3b.

Core muscle activation during Pilates exercises on the Wunda chair

OBJETIVES

The Pilates method, developed by Joseph Pilates (1886-1967), has been widely used to improve trunk stability, muscle flexibility and strength, physical fitness, and body awareness. To measure the electromyography of four trunk muscles during three Pilates exercises carried out of the wunda chair. DESING: cross-section study.

METHODS

Sixteen women participated in this study with a height and body weight of 1.64 ± 0.04 m and 58.7 ± 7.4 kg, respectively, and a mean age of 27.6 ± 3.7 years. Rectus abdominis (RA), internal oblique (IO), longissimus (LO), and multifidus (MU) muscles was evaluated by electromyographic (EMG) tests activity during three Pilates exercises: going up front (GF), mountain climb (MC), and swan (SW). EMG was normalized and expressed in the time domain, by the RMS.

RESULTS

The highest EMG values concerning the four muscles were observed for the MC exercise, followed by GF and SW (ANOVA: p = 0.0001, p = 0.04, p = 0.0002, and p = 0.0013, respectively). Our results show that the three Pilates exercises could recruit all the muscles, with a moderate activity intensity. The ANOVA; p < 0.05 showed significant difference between the muscles, concerning SW (p = 0.0002).

CONCLUSION

Our results show that the three Pilates exercises could recruit all the muscles, with a moderate activity intensity.

Inspiratory Muscle Training in Rehabilitation of Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

CONTEXT

People with chronic low back pain (CLBP) suffer from weaknesses in their core muscle activity and dysfunctional breathing. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) was recently developed to treat this condition.

OBJECTIVES

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of IMT on core muscle activity, pulmonary parameters, and pain intensity in athletes with CLBP.

DESIGN

This study was designed as a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial.

SETTING

Clinical rehabilitation laboratory.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 23 male and 24 female athletes with CLBP were randomly divided into the experimental and control groups.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The experimental group performed IMT for 8 weeks, 7 days per week and twice daily, using POWERbreathe KH1, beginning at 50% of maximum inspiratory pressure with a progressively increasing training load. The surface electromyography muscle activity of the erector spinae, multifidus, transverse abdominis and rectus abdominis, respiratory function and Visual Analogue Scale score were also measured before and after the intervention in both groups. The repeated-measures analysis of variance and 1-way analysis of covariance were further used to compare the intragroup and intergroup results following the intervention.

RESULTS

The findings of the study revealed that multifidus and transverse abdominis activity, as well as respiratory function, increased significantly in the IMT group (P < .05). Moreover, a descending trend was observed in the Visual Analogue Scale score in the experimental group (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

The results showed that IMT can improve respiratory function, increase core muscle activity, and, consequently, reduce pain intensity in athletes with CLBP.

The effect of static and dynamic core exercises on dynamic balance, spinal stability, and hip mobility in female office workers

Objectives

This study aims to compare the effect of static and dynamic core exercises in terms of dynamic balance, spinal stability, and hip mobility in female office workers.

Patients and methods

Between May 2018 and June 2018, a total of 34 women (mean age 36.4±6.5 years; range, 28 to 54 years) who worked for a bank and exercised in the fitness center of the work place were recruited. The women were divided into two groups including 17 women in each as static and dynamic core groups and administered sessions of 20 to 30 min twice a week for six weeks. Both groups were tested for dynamic balance (Y-balance test), spinal stability (functional reach test), and hip mobility (active flexion and extension) before and after six weeks of exercise.

Results

A statistically significant improvement was found in both groups between the pre- and post-test results in terms of spinal stability, hip mobility, and dynamic balance (p<0.05). The only exception was the right and left leg anterior balance in the static core group. Dynamic core exercises seemed to be more effective than static core exercises in improving the right and left leg anterior balance. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of spinal stability, hip mobility, and dynamic balance according to the mean absolute change (p>0.05).

Conclusion

Our study results indicate that both types of exercises are effective in improving dynamic balance, spinal stability, and hip mobility in female office workers. Therefore, the expected benefits from core exercises are to enhance dynamic balance, spinal stability, and hip mobility. Female workers can perform both types of exercises safely and effectively.

Suspension training vs. traditional resistance training: effects on muscle mass, strength and functional performance in older adults

PURPOSE

We compared the effects of suspension training (ST) with traditional resistance training (TRT) on muscle mass, strength and functional performance in older adults.

METHODS

Forty-two untrained older adults were randomized in TRT, ST (both performed 3 sets of whole body exercises to muscle failure) or control group (CON). Muscle thickness (MT) of biceps brachii (MT_BB) and vastus lateralis (MT_VL), maximal dynamic strength test (1RM) for biceps curl (1RM_BC) and leg extension exercises (1RM_LE), and functional performance tests (chair stand [CS], timed up and go [TUG] and maximal gait speed [MGS]) were performed before and after 12 weeks of training.

RESULTS

MT_BB increased significantly and similarly for all training groups (TRT 23.35%; ST 21.56%). MT_VL increased significantly and similarly for all training groups (TRT 13.03%; ST 14.07%). 1RM_BC increased significantly and similarly for all training groups (TRT 16.06%; ST 14.33%). 1RM_LE increased significantly and similarly for all training groups (TRT 14.89%; ST 18.06%). MGS increased significantly and similarly for all groups (TRT 6.26%; ST 5.99%; CON 2.87%). CS decreased significantly and similarly for all training groups (TRT - 20.80%; ST - 15.73%). TUG decreased significantly and similarly for all training groups (TRT - 8.66%; ST - 9.16%).

CONCLUSION

Suspension training (ST) promotes similar muscle mass, strength and functional performance improvements compared to TRT in older adults.

Core Muscle Activity During Physical Fitness Exercises: A Systematic Review

The aim of this study was to systematically review the current literature on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of six core muscles (the rectus abdominis, the internal and external oblique, the transversus abdominis, the lumbar multifidus, and the erector spinae) during core physical fitness exercises in healthy adults. A systematic review of the literature was conducted on the Cochrane, EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases for studies from January 2012 to March 2020. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. The inclusion criteria were as follows: a) the full text available in English; b) a cross-sectional or longitudinal (experimental or cohorts) study design; c) the reporting of electromyographic activity as a percentage of maximum voluntary contraction (% MVIC), millivolts or microvolts; d) an analysis of the rectus abdominis (RA), transversus abdominis (TA), lumbar multifidus (MUL), erector spinae (ES), and the internal (IO) or external oblique (EO); e) an analysis of physical fitness exercises for core training; and f) healthy adult participants. The main findings indicate that the greatest activity of the RA, EO, and ES muscles was found in free-weight exercises. The greatest IO activity was observed in core stability exercises, while traditional exercises showed the greatest MUL activation. However, a lack of research regarding TA activation during core physical fitness exercises was revealed, in addition to a lack of consistency between the studies when applying methods to measure EMG activity.

Effect of Global Postural Reeducation Exercise on Pain and Hip Muscle Flexibility in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain and Movement Control Dysfunction

Introduction: Patients with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) and movement control dysfunction demonstrate alternation in hip muscles flexibility and spinal movement patterns. Therapeutic modalities that augment hip muscles flexibility could help these patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of global postural reeducation (GPR) on pain and hip muscle flexibility in patients with NSLBP and movement control dysfunction. Materials and Methods: A total of 27 men with a mean age of 31.21±2.5147 years, height of 166.44±6.11 cm, and weight of 64.21±5.25 kg participated in this study. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate pain. The flexibility of hip muscles (rectus femoris, tensor fasciae latae, external rotators and hamstring) was measured using universal goniometer. All data were assessed at baseline and after the intervention. The Shapiro-Wilk test and paired t test were used for statistical analysis at significance level of P=0.05. Results: Our results revealed a decline in pain (P<0.004) and an increase in the flexibility of the hamstring muscles in the right (P<0.003) and left (P<0.003) legs. There were no statistically significant differences in the flexibility of rectus femoris muscle, external rotators, and tensor fasciae latae. Conclusion: The results suggest that GPR had a significant effect on the level of pain. Further, it affected the flexibility of hamstring muscles in legs. Using GPR is recommended for pain relief and improving the flexibility of hamstring muscles in patients with NSLBP.

Efficacy of whole-body suspension training on enhancing functional movement abilities following a supervised or home-based training program

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of suspension training on functional movement and body composition, and to compare the effectiveness of home-based training to supervised training.

METHODS

Seventeen healthy subjects (8 males, 9 females, age=21.8±3.4 y) with no recent history of resistance training were randomly assigned to a home-based or supervised training group. Subjects performed an 8-week suspension training program consisting of 10 exercises targeting major muscle groups, twice per week for the duration of the study. Pre- and post-intervention testing included body composition using air displacement plethysmography, and a functional movement screen (FMS) to measure functional movement abilities.

RESULTS

The 8-week training program significantly improved total FMS scores across the whole sample of subjects (Pre=16.4; Post=17.5; P=0.004), with no differences in improvements between groups. When compared separately, only the supervised group significantly improved FMS scores. There was also a significant increase in lean mass across the total sample of subjects (Pre=52.4 kg; Post=53.3 kg; P=0.03) with no differences between groups. But when compared independently, neither group exhibited a significant increase in lean mass.

CONCLUSIONS

When completed as a whole-body exercise program over an 8-week period, suspension training can improve functional ability and increase lean mass in both a supervised and a home-based setting.

The Acute Effects of Different Forms of Suspension Push-Ups on Oxygen Consumption, Salivary Testosterone and Cortisol and Isometric Strength

Suspension exercise systems are being used in strength and conditioning facilities, fitness centers, rehabilitation centers and home gyms. Though some evidence exists regarding the impact of training with these systems, more work is needed for a better understanding. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the acute effects of an exercise session with 2 (hands only) and 4 straps (hands and feet) in the push-up exercise compared to a work-matched bench press exercise session. The participants for this repeated measures, cross-over investigation were 18 healthy college-aged males (age: 24.8 ± 3.5 yrs, body mass: 81.8 ± 7.8 kg, body height: 178.9 ± 4.5 cm). The conditions were 6 sets of 10 repetitions of suspension push-ups using two straps (DUAL) for the hands, fours straps (QUAD) for hands and feet and a traditional bench press exercise matched to the average resistance during the suspension push-up. The participants performed all repetitions at a controlled cadence. Expired gases, and heart rate were monitored continuously during the exercise session. Pre and post exercise saliva samples were collected to quantify changes in testosterone and cortisol. Upper body isometric strength tests ( UBIST) were performed (Post, 1 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr) to evaluate changes in force production during recovery. Data analysis via repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant trend for increased oxygen consumption in the QUAD condition compared to the bench press (p = 0.019). Additionally, both suspension conditions resulted in a reduced respiratory exchange ratio as compared to the bench press (p < 0.05). A significant main effect was noted for time in all conditions regarding isometric strength (p < 0.001), but no differences between conditions were revealed. Testosterone and cortisol responses did not differ between conditions. Based upon these data, it appears that when matched for work, suspension exercise results in equivalent reductions in muscle force, but greater oxygen consumption compared to isotonic exercise.

Short-Term Effects of Suspension Training on Strength and Power Performances

Suspension Training (ST) workouts include a variety of movements requiring the individual to maintain balance while performing various resistance exercises in an interval fashion. Although ST is thought to elicit higher muscle activations than traditional exercises, only limited information is available on its acute effects on strength and power performances, especially in relation to gender. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the strength and power acute responses after ST, also in relation to gender. Eighty-eight (46 males, 42 females) participants were administered countermovement jumps (CMJ), squat jumps (SJ), lower limb Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) at 90° angle knee extension, and grip strength (handgrip) before (PRE) and after (POST) a 50 min ST session involving upper, lower body and core exercises. ANOVA for repeated measures was used to evaluate the differences (p < 0.05) in relation to gender and experimental session. After ST session, significantly higher values emerged in males, whereas no significant changes were found in females. Findings indicate that ST as a form of exercise is useful to maintain and improve acute strength and power performances, especially in male participants. Future studies should be carried out to explore the gender-related differences in response to acute bout of ST exercises.

Muscle activation in suspension training: a systematic review

Suspension training is an adjunct to traditional strength and conditioning. The effect of added instability on muscle activation during traditional exercises is unclear and depends on the exercise and type of instability. The purpose of this review was to compare the activations of different muscles in suspension training exercises and their traditional counterparts. A search of the current literature was performed without language restrictions using the electronic databases PubMed (1969-12 January 2017), SPORTDiscus (1969-12 January 2017) and Scopus (1969-12 January 2017). The inclusion criteria were: (1) descriptive studies; (2) physically active participants; and (3) studies that analysed muscle activation using normalised electromyographic signals during different suspension training exercises. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. For the push-up, inverted row, prone bridge and hamstring curl in suspension, the activation of upper-body and core muscles ranged between moderate (21-40% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC)) and very high (>60% MVIC). Muscle activation in these same muscle groups was greater with suspension exercises relative to comparable traditional exercises, except for the inverted row. Muscle activation in the upper extremity and core muscles varied greatly amongst studies.

Trunk muscle activity during different variations of the supine plank exercise

BACKGROUND

Exercises providing neuromuscular challenges of the spinal muscles are desired for core stability, which is important for workers with heavy manual labour as well as people recovering from back pain.

PURPOSE

This study evaluated whether using a suspended modality increases trunk muscle activity during unilateral or bilateral isometric supine planks.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional.

METHODS

Twenty university students participated in this cross-sectional study. Each subject performed four different conditions: bilateral stable supine plank, unilateral stable supine plank, bilateral suspended supine plank and unilateral suspended supine plank. Surface electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded for the upper rectus abdominis (UP ABS), lower rectus abdominis (LOW ABS), external oblique (OBLIQ) and lumbar erector spinae (LUMB). Peak EMG of the filtered signals were normalized to the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC).

RESULTS

No differences between exercises were found for UP ABS, LOW ABS and OBLIQ muscle activity. The unilateral suspended supine plank provided the highest LUMB activity (20% of MVIC) whiles the bilateral stable supine plank provided the lowest activity (11% of MVIC).

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of unilateral variations with a suspended support provides the greatest LUMB muscle activity, while using these variations separately only provides advantages when compared with regular planks.

Core Muscle Activation in Suspension Training Exercises

A quantitative observational laboratory study was conducted to characterize and classify core training exercises executed in a suspension modality on the base of muscle activation. In a prospective single-group repeated measures design, seventeen active male participants performed four suspension exercises typically associated with core training (roll-out, bodysaw, pike and knee-tuck). Surface electromyographic signals were recorded from lower and upper parts of rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, lower and upper parts of erector spinae muscles using concentric bipolar electrodes. The average rectified values of electromyographic signals were normalized with respect to individual maximum voluntary isometric contraction of each muscle. Roll-out exercise showed the highest activation of rectus abdominis and oblique muscles compared to the other exercises. The rectus abdominis and external oblique reached an activation higher than 60% of the maximal voluntary contraction (or very close to that threshold, 55%) in roll-out and bodysaw exercises. Findings from this study allow the selection of suspension core training exercises on the basis of quantitative information about the activation of muscles of interest. Roll-out and bodysaw exercises can be considered as suitable for strength training of rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles.

Effect of core muscle thickness and static or dynamic balance on prone bridge exercise with sling by shoulder joint angle in healthy adults

[Purpose] To date, core muscle activity detected using ultrasonography during prone bridge exercises has not been reported. Here we investigated the effects of core muscle thickness and balance on sling exercise efficacy by shoulder joint angle in healthy individuals. [Subjects and Methods] Forty-three healthy university students were enrolled in this study. Ultrasonography thickness of external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis during sling workouts was investigated. Muscle thickness was measured on ultrasonography imaging before and after the experiment. Dynamic balance was tested using a functional reaching test. Static balance was tested using a Tetrax Interactive Balance System. [Results] Different muscle thicknesses were observed during the prone bridge exercise with the shoulder flexed at 60°, 90° or 120°. Shoulder flexion at 60° and 90° in the prone bridge exercise with a sling generated the greatest thickness of most transversus abdominis muscles. Shoulder flexion at 120° in the prone bridge exercise with a sling generated the greatest thickness of most external oblique muscles. [Conclusion] The results suggest that the prone bridge exercise with shoulder joint angle is an effective method of increasing global and local muscle strength.

The Activity of Surface Electromyographic Signal of Selected Muscles during Classic Rehabilitation Exercise

Objectives. Prone bridge, unilateral bridge, supine bridge, and bird-dog are classic rehabilitation exercises, which have been advocated as effective ways to improve core stability among healthy individuals and patients with low back pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the activity of seven selected muscles during rehabilitation exercises through the signal of surface electromyographic. Approaches. We measured the surface electromyographic signals of four lower limb muscles, two abdominal muscles, and one back muscle during rehabilitation exercises of 30 healthy students and then analyzed its activity level using the median frequency method. Results. Different levels of muscle activity during the four rehabilitation exercises were observed. The prone bridge and unilateral bridge caused the greatest muscle fatigue; however, the supine bridge generated the lowest muscle activity. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between left and right body side muscles in the median frequency slope during the four rehabilitation exercises of seven muscles. Conclusions. The prone bridge can affect the low back and lower limb muscles of most people. The unilateral bridge was found to stimulate muscles much more active than the supine bridge. The bird-dog does not cause much fatigue to muscles but can make most selected muscles active.

Core Muscle Activity during TRX Suspension Exercises with and without Kinesiology Taping in Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain: Implications for Rehabilitation

This study aimed to examine the effects of kinesiology taping (KT) and different TRX suspension workouts on the amplitude of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the core muscles among people with chronic low back pain (LBP). Each participant (total n = 21) was exposed to two KT conditions: no taping and taping, while performing four TRX suspension exercises: (1) hamstring curl, (2) hip abduction in plank, (3) chest press, and (4) 45-degree row. Right transversus abdominis/internal oblique (TrAIO), rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), and superficial lumbar multifidus (LMF) activity was recorded with surface EMG and expressed as a percentage of the EMG amplitude recorded during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the respective muscles. Hip abduction in plank increased TrAIO, RA, and LMF EMG amplitude compared with other TRX positions (P < 0.008). Only the hamstring curl was effective in inducing a high EMG amplitude of LMF (P < 0.001). No significant difference in EMG magnitude was found between the taping and no taping conditions overall (P > 0.05). Hip abduction in plank most effectively activated abdominal muscles, whereas the hamstring curl most effectively activated the paraspinal muscles. Applying KT conferred no immediate benefits in improving the core muscle activation during TRX training in adults with chronic LBP.

Comparison of the thicknesses of the transversus abdominis and internal abdominal obliques during plank exercises on different support surfaces

[Purpose] This study applied variable plank exercises on a stable surface consisting of a mat, on an unstable surface consisting of a dynamic cushion placed under the upper extremities and lower extremities. [Subjects] Forty-three healthy male and female subjects in their 20s voluntarily consented to participate in this study. [Methods] The subjects performed the plank exercises on the three support surfaces. Ultrasound imaging was conducted while they carried out plank exercises. [Results] The changes in the thicknesses of both the transversus abdominis and internal abdominal obliques were statistically more significant for LEDCP than for MatP. In addition, the changes in the thickness of the transversus abdominis were statistically more significant for LEDCP than for UEDCP. [Conclusion] Therefore, applying an unstable condition to the lower limbs using a dynamic cushion is considered more effective during plank exercises.