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Bonell Monsonís O, Spörri J, Gouttebarge V, Bolling C, Verhagen E. A Survey on Current Practices, Needs, Responsibilities and Preferences for Knowledge Dissemination in the Field of Injury and Illness Prevention Among Competitive Snow Sports Stakeholders. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2025; 11:17. [PMID: 39971816 PMCID: PMC11839548 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-025-00818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2025] [Indexed: 02/21/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury and illness prevention practices in competitive snow sports must be better understood among stakeholders. In particular, there is a need for a greater understanding of what context-specific stakeholders require for prevention. Therefore, this study surveyed stakeholders' current practices, needs, responsibilities and knowledge dissemination preferences related to injury and illness prevention in competitive snow sports and described the main commonalities and differences between stakeholder groups. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study that used an online survey developed using Kipling's principle (the "5W1H" method) and targeted athletes, coaches, team staff, ski racing suppliers, and representatives from all competition levels and all competitive snow sports governed by the International Ski and Snowboard Federation. The data were analysed following both quantitative and qualitative descriptive analyses. RESULTS Most of the 436 respondents believed in and reported needing more information on injury and illness prevention. The participants stated that the main goal of prevention was to avoid injuries and minimise their time away from being on snow, and they stressed their different underlying motivations. Despite the differences across subgroups, participants highlighted knee and head injuries and concussions as their primary injury prevention targets and priorities for additional information. Respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses were reported as their main targets of illness prevention, but more information on all illnesses was reported. Current practices and priorities for additional information fell under athlete-, equipment-, snow/environment-, and course-related prevention areas. Moreover, stakeholders highlighted their need for more information on mental health and training. Shared responsibilities were identified across the development, dissemination, and implementation of prevention, along with stakeholders' preferred communication channels. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides meaningful insights across athlete, equipment-, snow/environment-, and course-related prevention areas related to snow sports, roles, and competition levels. These insights may inform the development, dissemination and further implementation of any tailored and context-driven preventive measure by better addressing end-users' needs. These findings may support successful future preventive interventions by providing key elements and a clear path to improve athletes' health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Bonell Monsonís
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centres - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health and Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health and Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Caroline Bolling
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centres - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centres - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health and Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Spörri J, McGawley K, Alhammoud M, Bahr R, Dios C, Engebretsen L, Gilgien M, Gouttebarge V, Hanstock H, Haugvad L, Hörterer H, Kastner T, Mitterbauer G, Mountjoy M, Wagner K, Noordhof DA, Ruedl G, Scherr J, Schobersberger W, Soligard T, Steidl-Müller L, Stenseth OMR, Jacobsen AU, Valtonen M, Westin M, Clarsen B, Verhagen E. Snow sports-specific extension of the IOC consensus statement: methods for recording and reporting epidemiological data on injury and illness in sports. Br J Sports Med 2024; 59:8-23. [PMID: 39515849 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
The International Olympic Committee's (IOC) consensus statement on 'methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in sport' recommended standardising methods to advance data collection and reporting consistency. However, additional aspects need to be considered when these methods are applied to specific sports settings. Therefore, we have developed a snow sports-specific extension of the IOC statement to promote the harmonisation of injury and illness registration methods among athletes of all levels and categories in the different disciplines governed by the International Ski and Snowboard Federation (FIS), which is also applicable to other related snow sports such as biathlon, ski mountaineering, and to some extent, para snow sports. The panel was selected with the aim of representing as many different areas of expertise/backgrounds, perspectives and diversity as possible, and all members were assigned to thematic subgroups based on their profiles. After panel formation, all members were provided with an initial draft of this extension, which was used as a basis for discussion of aspects specific to the discipline, application context, level and sex within their snow sports subgroup topic. The outcomes were then aligned with the IOC's existing consensus recommendations and incorporated into a preliminary manuscript draft. The final version of this snow sports-specific extension was developed and approved in two iterative rounds of manuscript revisions by all consensus panel members and a final meeting to clarify open discussion points. This snow sports-specific extension of the IOC statement is intended to guide researchers, international and national sports governing bodies, and other entities recording and reporting epidemiological data in snow sports to help standardise data from different sources for comparison and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kerry McGawley
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Marine Alhammoud
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Caitlin Dios
- Department of Kinesiology, Oregon State University, College of Health, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gilgien
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Centre of Alpine Sports Biomechanics, Engadin Health and Innovation Foundation, Samedan, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Helen Hanstock
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Lars Haugvad
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian Olympic Training Centre (Olympiatoppen), Oslo, Norway
| | - Hubert Hörterer
- Medical Committee, International Ski and Snowboard Federation, Oberhofen, Switzerland
| | - Tom Kastner
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerald Mitterbauer
- FIS Athlete Health Unit, International Ski and Snowboard Federation, Oberhofen, Switzerland
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dionne A Noordhof
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gerhard Ruedl
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Scherr
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Medical Committee, International Ski and Snowboard Federation, Oberhofen, Switzerland
- Institute for Sport Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT TIROL Private University for Health Sciences and Technology GmbH, Hall and University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Steidl-Müller
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oleane Marthea Rebne Stenseth
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Surgery, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Hamar, Norway
| | | | - Maarit Valtonen
- Medical Committee, International Ski and Snowboard Federation, Oberhofen, Switzerland
- Finnish Institute of High-Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Maria Westin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Aleris Sportsmedicine Sabbatsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Medical Department, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC Locatie VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bonell Monsonís O, Spörri J, Warsen M, Bolling C, Gouttebarge V, Verhagen E. We know a lot about little and little about a lot: A contextualized scoping review on injury prevention in alpine ski racing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14533. [PMID: 37955281 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our goal was to summarize and contextualize the available literature on alpine ski racing injury epidemiology, injury etiology, injury prevention measures, injury prevention context, and implementation issues. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched four electronic databases using predetermined search terms. We included original studies that assessed injury, injury risk factors, and injury mechanisms, and assessed and reported the effect of an injury prevention measure in alpine ski racing. Two authors independently conducted title-abstract screening, and one performed the full-text review. For data synthesis and categorization, we used the Translating Research into the Injury Prevention Practice framework and a modified and adapted version of the Haddon matrix. RESULTS Of the 157 included studies, most corresponded to injury epidemiology and etiology, whereas few studies encompassed injury prevention measure development, implementation and evaluation. Preventive interventions targeting equipment, rules and regulations, course design and snow preparation were the most prevalent in the literature. Furthermore, various contextual factors in the current literature have been found, including gender, competition level, countries and federations, and time periods within a season. CONCLUSIONS We provided an in-depth and comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in the alpine ski racing context. We know a lot about little and little about a lot across all the areas associated with injury prevention in such context. The limitations in the literature yield a road map for designing future injury prevention studies to address the key gaps identified. A more comprehensive context-driven approach throughout all stages of injury prevention would benefit the ultimate implementation of effective preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Bonell Monsonís
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centers - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health and Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marit Warsen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centers - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Bolling
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centers - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health and Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University Medical Centers - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health and Sports, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Collisions with another person while skiing and snowboarding: A 13-year national registry analysis. Injury 2022; 53:2485-2492. [PMID: 35643559 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2022.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interindividual collisions while skiing or snowboarding occur regularly, they can be associated with severe injuries. OBJECTIVE To elucidate causes of accidents, injury patterns and potential risk factors for injury severity in interindividual collisions of skiers and snowboarders. MATERIAL AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of the Austrian Registry for Mountain Accidents within a 13-year timeframe (2005-2018) with regard to on- or off-piste collisions of skiers and snowboarders. RESULTS A total of 30,503 collisions, involving 52,430 (85.9%) skiers and 8,576 (14.1%) snowboarders were analysed. Denominators are lacking, since total numbers of skiers and snowboarders were not available. Compared to skiers, snowboarders were younger (23 vs. 42 years; p<0.001), predominantly male (77.4% vs. 61.0%; p<0.001) and less often severely injured (46.8% vs. 26.2%; p<0.001). Most accidents occurred on slopes (>95%). Collisions involving two snowboarders occurred proportionally more often in terrain parks (4.1% of 1,664 injured snowboarders; p<0.001) and while one victim was standing or sitting (9.7%; p<0.001). Contusions/strains/sprains were most prevalent (>23%), as were head injuries (>12%). In skiers, chest, shoulder, hip, thigh and knee injuries occurred more often, leading to fractures, dislocations, concussions and internal injuries more frequently. In snowboarders, spine/back, elbow, forearm, wrist and lower leg injuries were more prevalent. Female gender and standing or sitting prior to the accident was a risk factor for being more severely injured in collisions involving i) two skiers (OR: 4.02 (3.79-4.26) and 3.91 (3.26-4.68)), ii) a skier and a snowboarder (OR: 4.50 (3.95-5.14) and 11.49 (8.04-16.41)) or iii) two snowboarders (OR: 2.85 (2.12-3.84) and 12.47 (6.17-25.20)). Wearing a helmet increased the risk when two skiers collided (OR: 1.10 (1.03-1.17)). In skier vs. snowboarder collisions, the skier had a higher risk of being injured more severely (OR: 7.93 (6.98-9.01)). CONCLUSIONS In interindividual collisions of skiers and snowboarders, injury patterns and preceding causes differ substantially. Skiers are more likely to be severely injured. Awareness of an increased risk of injury should be raised particularly while standing or sitting on the slope.
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Guy S, Fayard JM, Saithna A, Bahroun S, Ferreira A, Carrozzo A, De Jesus S, Bulle S, Vieira TD, Sonnery-Cottet B. Risk of Graft Rupture After Adding a Lateral Extra-articular Procedure at the Time of ACL Reconstruction: A Retrospective Comparative Study of Elite Alpine Skiers From the French National Team. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:1609-1617. [PMID: 35416071 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221085027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elite alpine skiing is associated with a particularly high risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, including graft ruptures. Despite a considerable focus on prevention, a reduction in injury rates has not been observed since the 1980s. PURPOSE To determine whether elite alpine skiers undergoing ACL reconstruction (ACLR) with a lateral extra-articular procedure (LEAP) had a lower rate of ACL graft rupture when compared with those who underwent isolated ACLR. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Elite skiers from the French ski team who had undergone ACLR, with or without a LEAP, and had a minimum follow-up of 2 years were identified from the national ski team database. Rates of secondary ACL injury were determined via interrogation of the database, review of medical notes, and a final telemedicine interview. A multivariable analysis using the penalized Cox model was performed to explore the relationship among graft rupture, surgical procedure type, and any potential explanatory variables. RESULTS Among 81 ACLR procedures analyzed, 50 were isolated and 31 were combined with a LEAP, which was performed using modified Lemaire or anterolateral ligament reconstruction. Graft rupture rates were 34.0% in the isolated ACLR group and 6.5% in the ACLR + LEAP group. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that adding a LEAP was associated with a significant reduction in risk of ACL graft rupture when compared with isolated ACLR (hazard ratio [HR], 5.286 [95% CI, 1.068-26.149]; P = .0412). Age (HR, 1.114; P = .1157), sex (HR, 1.573; P = .3743), and ACL graft type (HR, 1.417; P = .5394) were not significant risk factors. CONCLUSION Combined ACLR and LEAP were associated with a significant reduction in the rate of ACL graft rupture in elite alpine ski athletes. Those treated with isolated ACLR remain at extremely high risk of a second ACL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Guy
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Fayard
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France.,Fédération Française de Ski, Annecy, France
| | - Adnan Saithna
- Arizona Brain, Spine & Sports Injuries Center, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Sami Bahroun
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Ferreira
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | - Alessandro Carrozzo
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Thais Dutra Vieira
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Sonnery-Cottet
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Groupe GDS-Ramsay, Lyon, France
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Heinrich D, van den Bogert AJ, Nachbauer W. Predicting neuromuscular control patterns that minimize ACL forces during injury prone jump landing maneuvers in downhill skiing using a musculoskeletal simulation model. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:703-713. [PMID: 35400304 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2064770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Competitive skiers encounter a high risk of sustaining an ACL injury during jump-landing in downhill ski racing. Facing an injury-prone landing manoeuvre, there is a lack of knowledge regarding optimum control strategies. So, the purpose of the present study was to investigate possible neuromuscular control patterns to avoid injury during injury-prone jump-landing manoeuvres. A computational approach was used to generate a series of 190 injury-prone jump-landing manoeuvres based on a 25-degree-of-freedom sagittal plane musculoskeletal skier model. Using a dynamic optimization framework, each injury-prone landing manoeuvre was resolved to identify muscle activation patterns of the lower limbs and corresponding kinematic changes that reduce peak ACL force. In the 190 injury-prone jump-landing simulations, ACL forces peaked during the first 50 ms after ground contact. Optimized muscle activation patterns, that reduced peak ACL forces, showed increased activation of the monoarticular hip flexors, ankle dorsi- and plantar flexors as well as hamstrings prior to or during the early impact phase (<50 ms). The corresponding kinematic changes were characterized by increased hip and knee flexion and less backward lean of the skier at initial ground contact and the following impact phase. Injury prevention strategies should focus on increased activation of the monoarticular hip flexors, ankle plantar flexors and rapid and increased activation of the hamstrings in combination with a flexed landing position and decreased backward lean to reduce ACL injury risk during the early impact phase (<50 ms) of jump landing.HighlightsFirst study investigating advantageous control strategies during injury-prone jump-landing manoeuvres in downhill skiing using a musculoskeletal simulation model and dynamic optimization framework.The simulation results predicted high injury risk during the first 50 ms after initial ground contact.Optimized neuromuscular control patterns showed adapted activation patterns (timing and amplitude) of muscles crossing the knee as well as the hip and ankle joints prior to and after initial ground contact, respectively.An optimized control strategy during an injury-prone landing manoeuvre was characterized kinematically by increasing hip and knee flexion and less backward lean of the skier at initial ground contact and the following impact phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Heinrich
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Werner Nachbauer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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Kiers K, Kröll J, Mitterbauer G, Scherr J, Spörri J. Perceptions of experts on key injury risk factors in alpine ski racing as a function of stakeholder role and associated level of competition. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001111. [PMID: 34603741 PMCID: PMC8449969 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives (1) To update experts' priorities of perceived key injury risk factors in alpine ski racing based on a framework and list derived 10 years ago, (2) to identify additionally emerging risk factors since then and (3) to compile a list with countermeasure suggestions. Methods A sample of 532 expert stakeholders (athletes, coaches, team medical staff, Ski Racing Suppliers (SRS) and International Ski Federation (FIS) representatives) from the World Cup (WC), European Cup (EC) and FIS-race level participated in a cross-sectional online survey. Experts were asked to name those risk factors with the highest believed impact on injury risk and rank them according to their current priority from a predefined list. In addition, experts were encouraged to name additional (not listed) risk factors and to suggest countermeasures. Results Regardless of stakeholder role and competition level, snow-related factors appeared to have the highest perceived priority. However, WC athletes' and coaches' perceptions were also related to equipment, while at the EC and FIS-race level fatigue and physical fitness-related factors were considered important. Athletes' perceptions were largely in agreement with SRS (ie, snow-related and equipment-related factors). At the same time, while coaches, team medical staff and FIS representatives additionally emphasised fatigue and physical fitness-related factors. Conclusion Experts' perceptions on key injury risk factors in alpine ski racing depend on the stakeholder role and differ between the competition levels. Thus, to develop effective prevention measures and to successfully implement them, all relevant stakeholders should be given a voice, and prevention efforts should be targeted to the specific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Kiers
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josef Kröll
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerald Mitterbauer
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johannes Scherr
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Spörri
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Barth M, Platzer HP, Giger A, Nachbauer W, Schröcksnadel P. Acute on-snow severe injury events in elite alpine ski racing from 1997 to 2019: the Injury Surveillance System of the Austrian Ski Federation. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:bjsports-2020-102752. [PMID: 33023882 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to (1) determine the incidence and gender-specific risk ratio of acute on-snow severe injury events (SIE) in elite alpine ski racing, (2) examine the development of SIE over 22 seasons, and (3) analyse SIE with respect to the severely injured body parts and structures. METHODS Data recorded in the Austrian Ski Federation's Injury Surveillance System over 22 seasons were analysed. The Austrian Ski Team consists of four groups: Team National (n=477), Team A (n=444), Team B (n=696) and Team C (n=608). Team National and Team A comprised World Cup, Team B European Cup and Team C junior alpine ski racers. Simple and multiple Poisson regressions were calculated. RESULTS The SIE incidence was 15.7 (95% CI 14.2 to 17.5) per 100 skier seasons. ACL injury events accounted for 70.8% of severe knee injury events and 48.6% of SIE. The incidence of severe ACL injury events was 7.6 (95% CI 6.6 to 8.9). Female World Cup alpine ski racers had a 1.65 times (95% CI 1.02 to 2.69) higher risk of severe ACL injury events than their male counterparts. CONCLUSION The incidence of acute on-snow SIE in World Cup alpine ski racing was higher than previously reported. Despite various prevention efforts, the average seasonal incidence of SIE in World and European Cup alpine ski racers has grown from approximately 11 in 1997 to 23 in 2019; thus with roughly one more injured athlete every second season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Barth
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
- Department of Business & Society, University of Applied Sciences Kufstein Tirol-FH Kufstein, Kufstein, Tyrol, Austria
- Department of Sports Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Platzer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Anton Giger
- Austrian Ski Federation, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
| | - Werner Nachbauer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tyrol, Austria
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