1
|
Agarwal D, Gireesh-Babu P, Pavan-Kumar A, Koringa P, Joshi CG, Gora A, Bhat IA, Chaudhari A. Molecular characterization and expression profiling of 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 and spermatogenesis associated protein 2 genes in endangered catfish, Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822). Anim Biotechnol 2018; 31:93-106. [PMID: 30570357 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1545663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (17β-HSD2) enzyme regulates steroid levels by the inactivation of estrogen and androgens. Spermatogenesis associated protein 2 (SPATA2) plays a vital role in spermatogenesis in vertebrates including fish. We report cloning and characterization of full cds of 17β-HSD2 and SPATA2 genes in Clarias magur. The full-length cDNA sequences of 17β-HSD2 and SPATA2 were 1187 bp (ORF 1125 bp) and 1806 bp (ORF 1524 bp) encoding 375 and 508 amino acids, respectively. Signal peptide analysis revealed SPATA2 is nonsecretory, while 17β-HSD2 is a secretory protein. Hydropathy profiles showed both proteins are hydrophilic in nature. Tissue distribution of both the genes revealed high mRNA level of SPATA2 in all tissues examined indicating its wide range of expression. 17β-HSD2 indicated higher expression in preparatory phase compared to spawning phase in ovary while it was opposite in case of testis. SPATA2 showed significantly higher expression in preparatory phase compared to spawning phase in both ovary and testis. Administration of OvatideTM (GnRH analog) resulted in upregulation of SPATA2 expression at 6 and 16 h post-injection while 17β-HSD2 showed upregulation only at 6 h post-injection. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first report on characterization of 17β-HSD2 and SPATA2 full-length cDNA in catfish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Agarwal
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pathakota Gireesh-Babu
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Annam Pavan-Kumar
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prakash Koringa
- Animal Biotechnology Department, College of veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Animal Biotechnology Department, College of veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Adnan Gora
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Irfan Ahmad Bhat
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aparna Chaudhari
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tokarz J, Mindnich R, Norton W, Möller G, Hrabé de Angelis M, Adamski J. Discovery of a novel enzyme mediating glucocorticoid catabolism in fish: 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:202-13. [PMID: 22061621 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) are involved in metabolism and pre-receptor regulation of steroid hormones. While 17beta-HSDs and 11beta-HSDs are extensively studied in mammals, only few orthologs are characterized in fish. We discovered a novel zebrafish HSD candidate closely related to 17beta-HSD types 3 and 12, which has orthologs in other species. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of cortisone to 20beta-hydroxycortisone identified by LC-MS/MS. We named the new enzyme 20beta-HSD type 2. All 20beta-HSD type 2 orthologs localize in the endoplasmic reticulum. Zebrafish 20beta-HSD type 2 is expressed during embryonic development showing the same expression pattern as 11beta-HSD type 2 known to oxidize cortisol to cortisone. In adult tissues 20beta-HSD type 2 shows a ubiquitous expression pattern with some minor sex-specific differences. In contrast to other enzymes metabolizing C21-steroids and being mostly involved in reproduction we propose that novel type 2 20beta-HSDs in teleost fish are important enzymes in cortisol catabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Tokarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Diotel N, Do Rego JL, Anglade I, Vaillant C, Pellegrini E, Vaudry H, Kah O. The brain of teleost fish, a source, and a target of sexual steroids. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:137. [PMID: 22194715 PMCID: PMC3242406 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosteroids are defined as steroids de novo synthesized in the central nervous system. While the production of neurosteroids is well documented in mammals and amphibians, there is less information about teleosts, the largest group of fish. Teleosts have long been known for their high brain aromatase and 5α-reductase activities, but recent data now document the capacity of the fish brain to produce a large variety of sex steroids. This article aims at reviewing the available information regarding expression and/or activity of the main steroidogenic enzymes in the brain of fish. In addition, the distribution of estrogen, androgen, and progesterone nuclear receptors is documented in relation with the potential sites of production of neurosteroids. Interestingly, radial glial cells acting as neuronal progenitors, appear to be a potential source of neurosteroids, but also a target for centrally and/or peripherally produced steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Diotel
- Neurogenesis and Œstrogens, UMR CNRS 6026, IFR 140, Université de Rennes 1 Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2 evolved from an ancestral 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:215-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
5
|
Diotel N, Le Page Y, Mouriec K, Tong SK, Pellegrini E, Vaillant C, Anglade I, Brion F, Pakdel F, Chung BC, Kah O. Aromatase in the brain of teleost fish: expression, regulation and putative functions. Front Neuroendocrinol 2010; 31:172-92. [PMID: 20116395 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Unlike that of mammals, the brain of teleost fish exhibits an intense aromatase activity due to the strong expression of one of two aromatase genes (aromatase A or cyp19a1a and aromatase B or cyp19a1b) that arose from a gene duplication event. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and expression of GFP (green fluorescent protein) in transgenic tg(cyp19a1b-GFP) fish demonstrate that aromatase B is only expressed in radial glial cells (RGC) of adult fish. These cells persist throughout life and act as progenitors in the brain of both developing and adult fish. Although aromatase B-positive radial glial cells are most abundant in the preoptic area and the hypothalamus, they are observed throughout the entire central nervous system and spinal cord. In agreement with the fact that brain aromatase activity is correlated to sex steroid levels, the high expression of cyp19a1b is due to an auto-regulatory loop through which estrogens and aromatizable androgens up-regulate aromatase expression. This mechanism involves estrogen receptor binding on an estrogen response element located on the cyp19a1b promoter. Cell specificity is achieved by a mandatory cooperation between estrogen receptors and unidentified glial factors. Given the emerging roles of estrogens in neurogenesis, the unique feature of the adult fish brain suggests that, in addition to classical functions on brain sexual differentiation and sexual behaviour, aromatase expression in radial glial cells could be part of the mechanisms authorizing the maintenance of a high proliferative activity in the brain of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Diotel
- Neurogenesis And OEstrogens, UMR CNRS 6026, IFR 140, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mindnich R, Adamski J. Zebrafish 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: an evolutionary perspective. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:20-6. [PMID: 19111899 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The term 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) describes an enzyme that stereospecifically reduces or oxidizes a keto- or hydroxy group at C17 of the steroid scaffold, respectively. Fourteen mammalian 17beta-HSDs have been identified so far and nine sequence homologs are found in zebrafish. 17beta-HSDs additionally active in fatty acid metabolism display high sequence conservation and widespread tissue expression. Homologs of these multifunctional 17beta-HSDs have been identified in flies, worms and yeast, and steroid-converting activity was demonstrated in some cases. The "classical" 17beta-HSDs, types 1, 2 and 3, are steroid-specific enzymes expressed in few tissues. They may have arisen at the beginning of vertebrate evolution allowing new, differently controlled modes of steroid hormone action. These findings reflect on two aspects: (1) the evolutionary origin of steroid-specific enzymes and (2) a possible conservation of steroid hormone function in invertebrates through currently unknown mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Mindnich
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 3620 Hamilton Walk, 135 John Morgan Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tarrant AM, Reitzel AM, Blomquist CH, Haller F, Tokarz J, Adamski J. Steroid metabolism in cnidarians: insights from Nematostella vectensis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:27-36. [PMID: 18984032 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarians occupy a key evolutionary position as a sister group to bilaterian animals. While cnidarians contain a diverse complement of steroids, sterols, and other lipid metabolites, relatively little is known of the endogenous steroid metabolism or function in cnidarian tissues. Incubations of cnidarian tissues with steroid substrates have indicated the presence of steroid metabolizing enzymes, particularly enzymes with 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) activity. Through analysis of the genome of the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, we identified a suite of genes in the short chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily including homologs of genes that metabolize steroids in other animals. A more detailed analysis of Hsd17b4 revealed complex evolutionary relationships, apparent intron loss in several taxa, and predominantly adult expression in N. vectensis. Due to its ease of culture and available molecular tools N. vectensis is an excellent model for investigation of cnidarian steroid metabolism and gene function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Tarrant
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 45 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, Adler T, Aguilar Pimentel A, Becker L, Bolle I, Calzada-Wack J, Dalke C, Ehrhardt N, Ferwagner B, Hans W, Hölter SM, Hölzlwimmer G, Horsch M, Javaheri A, Kallnik M, Kling E, Lengger C, Mörth C, Mossbrugger I, Naton B, Prehn C, Puk O, Rathkolb B, Rozman J, Schrewe A, Thiele F, Adamski J, Aigner B, Behrendt H, Busch DH, Favor J, Graw J, Heldmaier G, Ivandic B, Katus H, Klingenspor M, Klopstock T, Kremmer E, Ollert M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Schulz H, Wolf E, Wurst W, de Angelis MH. Systemic first-line phenotyping. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 530:463-509. [PMID: 19266331 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-471-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the completion of the mouse genome sequence an essential task for biomedical sciences in the twenty-first century will be the generation and functional analysis of mouse models for every gene in the mammalian genome. More than 30,000 mutations in ES cells will be engineered and thousands of mouse disease models will become available over the coming years by the collaborative effort of the International Mouse Knockout Consortium. In order to realize the full value of the mouse models proper characterization, archiving and dissemination of mouse disease models to the research community have to be performed. Phenotyping centers (mouse clinics) provide the necessary capacity, broad expertise, equipment, and infrastructure to carry out large-scale systemic first-line phenotyping. Using the example of the German Mouse Clinic (GMC) we will introduce the reader to the different aspects of the organization of a mouse clinic and present selected methods used in first-line phenotyping.
Collapse
|