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Kaizu X, Ying W, Mei-fang W, Li-ming L. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 ameliorates high glucose-mediated proliferation, migration, and MCP-1 secretion of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting MAPK phosphorylation. J Int Med Res 2022. [PMCID: PMC9478726 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221121973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To explore the impacts of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
(1,25(OH)2D3) on the proliferation,
migration, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
secretion of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in a high
glucose environment and its possible mechanism. Methods We extracted VSMCs from the thoracic aorta of a male Sprague–Dawley
rats before culturing them in a 25-mM glucose-containing medium
in the presence or absence of 1,25(OH)2D3
(10−9 –10−7 M). Cell proliferation
was determined by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays.
Subsequently, cell migratory capacity was examined by performing
a transwell assay. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was
conducted to assess MCP-1 levels. Protein levels of matrix
metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), mitogen-activated protein kinases
(MAPKs), cyclin D1, and phosphorylated MAPKs were determined by
immunoblotting. Results 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly suppressed the
proliferation, migration, and MCP-1 secretion of VSMCs mediated
by high glucose in a dose-dependent manner, diminished the
enhanced protein expression of MMP-9 and cyclin D1, and
attenuated MAPK phosphorylation. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 and
ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 suppressed high glucose-mediated
upregulation of MMP-9 and cyclin D1 protein expression and MCP-1
secretion, respectively. Conclusions 1,25(OH)2D3 ameliorates high glucose-mediated
proliferation, migration, and MCP-1 secretion of VSMCs by
inhibiting MAPK phosphorylation, implying a potential
therapeutic approach using 1,25(OH)2D3 for
diabetic macrovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Kaizu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Putian, China
| | - Wu Ying
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Putian, China
| | - Wu Mei-fang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Putian, China
| | - Lin Li-ming
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, The Third Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Putian, China
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2
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Tintut Y, Demer LL. Potential impact of the steroid hormone, vitamin D, on the vasculature. Am Heart J 2021; 239:147-153. [PMID: 34051171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of vitamin D in the cardiovascular system is complex because it regulates expression of genes involved in diverse metabolic processes. Although referred to as a vitamin, it is more accurately considered a steroid hormone, because it is produced endogenously in the presence of ultraviolet light. It occurs as a series of sequentially activated forms, here referred to as vitamin D-hormones. A little-known phenomenon, based on pre-clinical data, is that its biodistribution and potential effects on vascular disease likely depend on whether it is derived from diet or sunlight. Diet-derived vitamin D-hormones are carried in the blood, at least in part, in chylomicrons and lipoprotein particles, including low-density lipoprotein. Since low-density lipoprotein is known to accumulate in the artery wall and atherosclerotic plaque, diet-derived vitamin D-hormones may also collect there, and possibly promote the osteochondrogenic mineralization associated with plaque. Also, little known is the fact that the body stores vitamin D-hormones in adipose tissue with a half-life on the order of months, raising doubts about whether the use of the term "daily requirement" is appropriate. Cardiovascular effects of vitamin D-hormones are controversial, and risk appears to increase with both low and high blood levels. Since low serum vitamin D-hormone concentration is reportedly associated with increased cardiovascular and orthopedic risk, oral supplementation is widely used, often together with calcium supplements. However, meta-analyses show that oral vitamin D-hormone supplementation does not protect against cardiovascular events, findings that are also supported by a randomized controlled trial. These considerations suggest that prevalent recommendations for vitamin D-hormone supplementation for the purpose of cardiovascular protection should be carefully reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tintut
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA
| | - Linda L Demer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA; VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
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3
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Hiemstra T, Lim K, Thadhani R, Manson JE. Vitamin D and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4033-4050. [PMID: 30946457 PMCID: PMC7112191 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT A large body of experimental and observational data has implicated vitamin D deficiency in the development of cardiovascular disease. However, evidence to support routine vitamin D supplementation to prevent or treat cardiovascular disease is lacking. DESIGN AND RESULTS A comprehensive literature review was performed using PubMed and other literature search engines. Mounting epidemiological evidence and data from Mendelian randomization studies support a link between vitamin D deficiency and adverse cardiovascular health outcomes, but randomized trial evidence to support vitamin D supplementation is sparse. Current public health guidelines restrict vitamin D intake recommendations to the maintenance of bone health and prevention of fractures. Two recently published large trials (VITAL and ViDA) that assessed the role of moderate- to high-dose vitamin D supplementation as primary prevention for cardiovascular outcomes in the general population had null results, and previous randomized trials have also been generally negative. These findings from general population cohorts that are largely replete in vitamin D may not be applicable to chronic kidney disease (CKD) populations, in which the use of active (1α-hydroxylated) vitamin D compounds is prevalent, or to other high-risk populations. Additionally, recent trials in the CKD population, as well as trials using vitamin D analogs, have been limited. CONCLUSIONS Current randomized trials of vitamin D supplementation do not support benefits for cardiovascular health, but the evidence remains inconclusive. Additional randomized trials assessing larger numbers of participants with low baseline vitamin D levels, having longer follow-up periods, and testing higher vitamin D dosages are needed to guide clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hiemstra
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ravi Thadhani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- From Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland; and Andreas Grüntzig Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland
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Reversal of Acute Kidney Injury-Induced Neutrophil Dysfunction: A Critical Role for Resistin. Crit Care Med 2017; 44:e492-501. [PMID: 26646460 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000001472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the reversibility of acute kidney injury-induced neutrophil dysfunction and to identify involved mechanisms. DESIGN Controlled laboratory experiment and prospective observational clinical study. SETTING University laboratory and hospital. SUBJECTS C57BL/6 wild-type mice. PATIENTS Patients with septic shock with or without acute kidney injury. INTERVENTIONS Murine acute kidney injury was induced by intraperitoneal injections of folic acid (nephrotoxic acute kidney injury) or by IM injections of glycerol (rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury). After 24 hours, we incubated isolated neutrophils for 3 hours in normal mouse serum or minimum essential medium buffer. We further studied the effects of plasma samples from 13 patients with septic shock (with or without severe acute kidney injury) on neutrophilic-differentiated NB4 cells. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Experimental acute kidney injury significantly inhibited neutrophil migration and intracellular actin polymerization. Plasma levels of resistin, a proinflammatory cytokine and uremic toxin, were significantly elevated during both forms of acute kidney injury. Incubation in serum or minimum essential medium buffer restored normal neutrophil function. Resistin by itself was able to induce acute kidney injury-like neutrophil dysfunction in vitro. Plasma resistin was significantly higher in patients with septic shock with acute kidney injury compared with patients with septic shock alone. Compared with plasma from patients with septic shock, plasma from patients with septic shock and acute kidney injury inhibited neutrophilic-differentiated NB4 cell migration. Even after 4 days of renal replacement therapy, plasma from patients with septic shock plus acute kidney injury still showed elevated resistin levels and inhibited neutrophilic-differentiated NB4 cell migration. Resistin inhibited neutrophilic-differentiated NB4 cell migration and intracellular actin polymerization at concentrations seen during acute kidney injury, but not at normal physiologic concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Acute kidney injury-induced neutrophil dysfunction is reversible in vitro. However, standard renal replacement therapy does not correct this defect in patients with septic shock and acute kidney injury. Resistin is greatly elevated during acute kidney injury, even with ongoing renal replacement therapy, and is sufficient to cause acute kidney injury-like neutrophil dysfunction by itself.
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Murray A, Madden SF, Synnott NC, Klinger R, O'Connor D, O'Donovan N, Gallagher W, Crown J, Duffy MJ. Vitamin D receptor as a target for breast cancer therapy. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:181-195. [PMID: 28213567 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Considerable epidemiological evidence suggests that high levels of circulating vitamin D (VD) are associated with a decreased incidence and increased survival from cancer, i.e., VD may possess anti-cancer properties. The aim of this investigation was therefore to investigate the anti-cancer potential of a low calcaemic vitamin D analogue, i.e., inecalcitol and compare it with the active form of vitamin D, i.e., calcitriol, in a panel of breast cancer cell lines (n = 15). Using the MTT assay, IC50 concentrations for response to calcitriol varied from 0.12 µM to >20 µM, whereas those for inecalcitol were significantly lower, ranging from 2.5 nM to 63 nM (P = 0.001). Sensitivity to calcitriol and inecalcitol was higher in VD receptor (VDR)-positive compared to VDR-negative cell lines (P = 0.0007 and 0.0080, respectively) and in ER-positive compared to ER-negative cell lines (P = 0.043 and 0.005, respectively). Using RNA-seq analysis, substantial but not complete overlap was found between genes differentially regulated by calcitriol and inecalcitol. In particular, significantly enriched gene ontology terms such as cell surface signalling and cell communication were found after treatment with inecalcitol but not with calcitriol. In contrast, ossification and bone morphogenesis were found significantly enriched after treatment with calcitriol but not with inecalcitol. Our preclinical results suggest that calcitriol and inecalcitol can inhibit breast cancer cell line growth, especially in cells expressing ER and VDR. As inecalcitol is significantly more potent than calcitriol and has low calcaemic potential, it should be further investigated for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Murray
- UCD School of MedicineConway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen F Madden
- Division of Population Health SciencesRoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Naoise C Synnott
- UCD School of MedicineConway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rut Klinger
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darran O'Connor
- Department of Molecular & Cellular TherapeuticsRoyal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Norma O'Donovan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology (NICB)Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William Gallagher
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical ScienceUCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Department of Medical OncologySt. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael J Duffy
- UCD School of MedicineConway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Clinical Research CentreSt. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 prevents deleterious effects of homocysteine on mitochondrial function and redox status in heart slices. Nutr Res 2017; 38:52-63. [PMID: 28381354 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Because homocysteine (Hcy) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and vitamin D deficiency can contribute to cardiovascular pathologies. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Hcy could impair energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and redox status in heart slices of Wistar rats and that 1,25-dihydroxivitamin D3 (calcitriol) treatment could prevent such effects. Heart slices were first pretreated with 3 different concentrations of calcitriol (50, 100, and 250nmol/L) for 30minutes at 37°C, after which Hcy was added to promote deleterious effects on metabolism. After 1 hour of incubation, the samples were washed, homogenized, and stored at -80°C before analysis. The results showed that Hcy caused changes in energy metabolism (respiratory chain enzymes), mitochondrial function, and cell viability. Homocysteine also induced oxidative stress, increasing lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species generation, and protein damage. An imbalance in antioxidant enzymes was also observed. Calcitriol (50nmol/L) reverted the effect of Hcy on the parameters tested, except for the immunocontent of catalase. Both treatments (calcitriol and Hcy) did not alter the vitamin D receptor immunocontent, which combined with the fact that our ex vivo model is acute, suggesting that the beneficial effect of calcitriol occurs directly through antioxidative mechanisms and not via gene expression. In this study, we show that Hcy impairs mitochondrial function and induces changes in the redox status in heart slices, which were reverted by calcitriol. These findings suggest that calcitriol may be a preventive/therapeutic strategy for complications caused by Hcy.
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Longoni A, Kolling J, dos Santos TM, dos Santos JP, da Silva JS, Pettenuzzo L, Gonçalves CA, de Assis AM, Quincozes-Santos A, Wyse ATS. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 exerts neuroprotective effects in an ex vivo model of mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 48:71-9. [PMID: 26658316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels have been detected in patients with various neurodegenerative conditions. Studies of brain tissue have revealed that hyperhomocysteinemia may impair energy metabolism, resulting in neuronal damage. In addition, new evidence has indicated that vitamin D plays crucial roles in brain development, brain metabolism and neuroprotection. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of 1,25-dihydroxivitamin D3 (calcitriol) in cerebral cortex slices that were incubated with a mild concentration of Hcy. Cerebral cortex slices from adult rats were first pre-treated for 30 min with one of three different concentrations of calcitriol (50 nM, 100 nM and 250 nM), followed by Hcy for 1h to promote cellular dysfunction. Hcy caused changes in bioenergetics parameters (e.g., respiratory chain enzymes) and mitochondrial functions by inducing changes in mitochondrial mass and swelling. Here, we used flow cytometry to analyze neurons that were double-labelled with Propidium Iodide (PI) and found that Hcy induced an increase in NeuN(+)/PI cells but did not affect GFAP(+)/Pi cells. Hcy also induced oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation and protein damage and reducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., SOD, CAT and GPx). Calcitriol (50 nM) prevented these alterations by increasing the level of the vitamin D receptor. Our findings suggest that using calcitriol may be a therapeutic strategy for treating the cerebral complications caused by Hcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Longoni
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Janaina Kolling
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Tiago M dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - João Paulo dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Jussemara Souza da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Letícia Pettenuzzo
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Adriano M de Assis
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.
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An efficacy of intensive vitamin D delivery to neointimal hyperplasia in recurrent vascular access stenosis. J Vasc Access 2015; 17:72-7. [PMID: 26429127 DOI: 10.5301/jva.5000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neointimal hyperplasia (NH) causes vascular access (VA) stenosis, which results in serious under-dialytic morbidity in hemodialysis patients. We sought to assess whether a vitamin D intervention to NH lesions leads to better VA patency and examined clinical and in vitro studies. METHODS A pilot clinical study of six hemodialysis patients was conducted to elucidate whether 0.5 μg calcitriol injection to stenotic lesion after balloon angioplasty (PTA) maintains better vessel patency until the next follow-up angiography. Localized vitamin D exposure was utilized by delivering and fixing calcitriol intensively at the stenotic lesion through a side-hole catheter with balloon clamping. We also performed vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) culture to detect both apoptosis (cell death detection assay) and cell viability (5-Bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine incorporation), and explored the efficacy of vitamin D to inhibit VSMC proliferation. Additionally, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was conducted to examine vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression at NH lesion, obtained from VA surgery. RESULTS Percent patency, the proportion between stenotic and non-stenotic vessel diameters, increased significantly (p = 0.03) after directly catheter-delivered 0.5 μg calcitriol administration. In vitro VSMC studies, 0.1 nM calcitriol significantly (p<0.05) enhanced apoptosis and cell-cycle inhibition for two different calcitriol exposure times (15 minutes and 24 hours). IHC staining revealed that VDR-positive hyperplastic cells were observed at NH lesion. CONCLUSIONS Intensive vitamin D exposure at NH lesion has an ability to inhibit further VSMC proliferation, and presumably leads to greater patency rate for recurrent VA stenosis. Further studies are needed to clarify whether its unique property is exhibited through VDR-mediated mechanism.
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Carbone F, Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F. Potential pathophysiological role for the vitamin D deficiency in essential hypertension. World J Cardiol 2014; 6:260-276. [PMID: 24944756 PMCID: PMC4062123 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i5.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been indicated as a pandemic emerging public health problem. In addition to the well-known role on calcium-phosphorus homeostasis in the bone, vitamin D-mediated processes have been recently investigated on other diseases, such as infections, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, both the discovery of paracrine actions of vitamin D (recognized as “local vitamin D system”) and the link of vitamin D with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the fibroblast growth factor 23/klotho pathways highlighted its active cardiovascular activity. Focusing on hypertension, this review summarizes the more recent experimental evidence involving the vitamin D system and deficiency in the cardiovascular pathophysiology. In particular, we updated the vascular synthesis/catabolism of vitamin D and its complex interactions between the various endocrine networks involved in the regulation of blood pressure in humans. On the other hand, the conflicting results emerged from the comparison between observational and interventional studies emphasize the fragmentary nature of our knowledge in the field of vitamin D and hypertension, strongly suggesting the need of further researches in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kassi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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