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Viljanto M, Kaabia Z, Taylor P, Muir T, Habershon-Butcher J, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Scarth J. DIFFERENTIATION OF BOLDENONE ADMINISTRATION FROM EX VIVO TRANSFORMATION IN THE URINE OF CASTRATED MALE HORSES. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:887-901. [PMID: 35178884 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zied Kaabia
- GIE LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | | | - Tessa Muir
- British Horseracing Authority, London, UK.,USADA, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
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Viljanto M, Kicman AT, Walker CJ, Wolff K, Muir T, Hincks P, Biddle S, Scarth J. Bioformation of boldenone and related precursors/metabolites in equine feces and urine, with relevance to doping control. Drug Test Anal 2019; 12:215-229. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Viljanto
- LGC, Fordham Cambridgeshire UK
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research DivisionKing's College London UK
| | - Andrew T. Kicman
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research DivisionKing's College London UK
| | - Christopher J. Walker
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research DivisionKing's College London UK
| | - Kim Wolff
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research DivisionKing's College London UK
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Viljanto MJ, Kicman AT, Walker CJ, Parkin MC, Wolff K, Pearce CM, Scarth J. Elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways of boldenone in the equine testis. Steroids 2019; 146:79-91. [PMID: 30951760 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone is an anabolic-androgenic steroid that is prohibited in equine sports. Urine from the uncastrated male horse contains boldenone that is thought to be of endogenous origin and thus a threshold ('cut-off') concentration has been adopted internationally for free and conjugated boldenone to help distinguish cases of doping from its natural production. The testis is likely to be a source of boldenone. Qualitative analysis was performed on extracts of equine testicular homogenates (n = 3 horses) incubated non-spiked and in the presence of its potential precursors using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and LC high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Samples were analysed both underivatised and derivatised to increase the certainty of identification. In addition to previously reported endogenous steroids, analysis of non-spiked testicular tissue samples demonstrated the presence of boldenone and boldienone at trace levels in the equine testis. Incubation of homogenates with deuterium or carbon isotope labelled testosterone and androstenedione resulted in the matching stable isotope analogues of boldenone and boldienone being formed. Additionally, deuterium and carbon labelled 2-hydroxyandrostenedione was detected, raising the possibility that this steroid is a biosynthetic intermediate. In conclusion, boldenone and boldienone are naturally present in the equine testis, with the biosynthesis of these steroids arising from the conversion of testosterone and androstenedione. However, additional work employing larger numbers of animals, further enzyme kinetic experiments and pure reference standards for 2-OH androstenedione isomers would be required to better characterize the pathways involved in these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana J Viljanto
- LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK; Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK.
| | - Andrew T Kicman
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Christopher J Walker
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Mark C Parkin
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK; Eurofins Forensic Services, Teddington, London, UK
| | - Kim Wolff
- Drug Control Centre, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, UK
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Wauters J, Van Meulebroek L, Fichant E, Delahaut P, Vanhaecke L. Discrimination between Synthetically Administered and Endogenous Thiouracil Based on Monitoring of Urine, Muscle, and Thyroid Tissue: An in Vivo Study in Young and Adult Bovines. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:6231-6239. [PMID: 28692258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiouracil (TU), synthesized for its thyroid-regulating capacities and alternatively misused in livestock for its weight-gaining effects, is acknowledged to have an endogenous origin. Discrimination between low-level abuse and endogenous occurrence is challenging and unexplored in an experimental setting. Therefore, cows (n = 16) and calves (n = 18) were subjected to a rapeseed-supplemented diet or treated with synthetic TU. Significant higher urinary TU levels were recorded after TU administration (<CCα, 15 642 μg L-1) compared to rapeseed supplementation (<CCα, 65.8 μg L-1), however, with overlapping values. TU was not detected in the edible meat; however, concentrations between the CCα and 10 μg kg-1 were noted in thyroid tissue of calves and cows following rapeseed supplementation. The latter concentrations were significantly higher in thyroid tissue of calves (22.9-41.8 μg kg-1) and cows (16.9-36.7 μg kg-1) after synthetic TU administration. These results strongly point toward thyroid analysis as a discriminatory tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wauters
- Ghent University , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Van Meulebroek
- Ghent University , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Fichant
- CER Groupe , Health Department, 6900 Marloie, Belgium
| | - P Delahaut
- CER Groupe , Health Department, 6900 Marloie, Belgium
| | - L Vanhaecke
- Ghent University , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Wong JKY, Leung DKK, Curl P, Schiff PJ, Lam KKH, Wan TSM. Evidence of boldenone, nandrolone, 5(10)-estrene-3β-17α-diol and 4-estrene-3,17-dione as minor metabolites of testosterone in equine. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1337-1348. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K. Y. Wong
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T Hong Kong China
| | - David K. K. Leung
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T Hong Kong China
| | - Peter Curl
- Department of Veterinary Regulation & International Liaison; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T Hong Kong China
| | - Peter J. Schiff
- Department of Veterinary Regulation & International Liaison; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T Hong Kong China
| | - Kenneth K. H. Lam
- Department of Veterinary Regulation & International Liaison; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T Hong Kong China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T Hong Kong China
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Decloedt A, Damen S, Vanhaecke L. Revealing the influence of glucocorticoid treatment on the excretion of anabolic-androgenic steroids in horses through in vitro digestive simulations and an in vivo case study. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:132-137. [PMID: 28342428 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are strictly forbidden in equine sports because of their stimulating effect on muscle growth and performance. Nevertheless, low levels of AAS have been found in some horses, untreated with AAS. Glucocorticoids (GC), used as an anti-inflammatory therapy and structurally related to AAS, might play a role in this phenomenon. In order to unravel this possible correlation the influence of glucocorticoid treatment on the excretion of AAS was studied both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo effects were investigated by analysing urine samples collected from a gelding treated with betamethasone. Additionally, multiple in vitro digestion simulations were set up, according to a previously validated protocol, to study the possibility of a direct biotransformation of glucocorticoids to AAS, by the microbiota of the equine hindgut. Urine and in vitro digestion samples were extracted and analysed with UHPLC-MS/MS and UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS analytical methods. A significant influence on the urinary excretion of α-testosterone (αT), β-testosterone (βT) and androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) was seen. αT-concentrations up to 20ng/mL were detected. ADD was not found before treatment but could be detected post-treatment. Cortisone and cortisol also peaked (>30ng/mL) between day 37 and 48 post-treatment. The in vitro digestion results however revealed no direct biotransformation of glucocorticoids to AAS by the microbiota of the equine hindgut. This study shows that a glucocorticoid treatment can disrupt the synthesis and excretion of AAS, not by direct biotransformation upon gastrointestinal digestion, but more likely by influencing the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Decloedt
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, 133 Salisburylaan, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Ghent University, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Brewing, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Applied Biosciences, 1 Valentin Vaerwyckweg, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander Damen
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, 133 Salisburylaan, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, 133 Salisburylaan, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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7
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Waller CC, McLeod MD. A review of designer anabolic steroids in equine sports. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1304-1319. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Waller
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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Decloedt A, Bailly-Chouriberry L, Vanden Bussche J, Garcia P, Popot MA, Bonnaire Y, Vanhaecke L. Mouldy feed: A possible explanation for the excretion of anabolic-androgenic steroids in horses. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:525-34. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.I. Decloedt
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis; Merelbeke Belgium
| | | | - J. Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - P. Garcia
- L.C.H., Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; Verrières-le-Buisson; France
| | - M.-A. Popot
- L.C.H., Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; Verrières-le-Buisson; France
| | - Y. Bonnaire
- L.C.H., Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; Verrières-le-Buisson; France
| | - L. Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis; Merelbeke Belgium
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