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Wannowius M, Karakus E, Aktürk Z, Breuer J, Geyer J. Role of the Sodium-Dependent Organic Anion Transporter (SOAT/SLC10A6) in Physiology and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9926. [PMID: 37373074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium-dependent organic anion transporter (SOAT, gene symbol SLC10A6) specifically transports 3'- and 17'-monosulfated steroid hormones, such as estrone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, into specific target cells. These biologically inactive sulfo-conjugated steroids occur in high concentrations in the blood circulation and serve as precursors for the intracrine formation of active estrogens and androgens that contribute to the overall regulation of steroids in many peripheral tissues. Although SOAT expression has been detected in several hormone-responsive peripheral tissues, its quantitative contribution to steroid sulfate uptake in different organs is still not completely clear. Given this fact, the present review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge about the SOAT by summarizing all experimental findings obtained since its first cloning in 2004 and by processing SOAT/SLC10A6-related data from genome-wide protein and mRNA expression databases. In conclusion, despite a significantly increased understanding of the function and physiological significance of the SOAT over the past 20 years, further studies are needed to finally establish it as a potential drug target for endocrine-based therapy of steroid-responsive diseases such as hormone-dependent breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wannowius
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Emre Karakus
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Zekeriya Aktürk
- General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Janina Breuer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
This review aims to serve as an introduction to the solute carrier proteins (SLC) superfamily of transporter proteins and their roles in human cells. The SLC superfamily currently includes 458 transport proteins in 65 families that carry a wide variety of substances across cellular membranes. While members of this superfamily are found throughout cellular organelles, this review focuses on transporters expressed at the plasma membrane. At the cell surface, SLC proteins may be viewed as gatekeepers of the cellular milieu, dynamically responding to different metabolic states. With altered metabolism being one of the hallmarks of cancer, we also briefly review the roles that surface SLC proteins play in the development and progression of cancer through their influence on regulating metabolism and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia D. Pizzagalli
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Ariel Bensimon
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Giulio Superti‐Furga
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Center for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaAustria
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Jensen O, Ansari S, Gebauer L, Müller SF, Lowjaga KAAT, Geyer J, Tzvetkov MV, Brockmöller J. A double-Flp-in method for stable overexpression of two genes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14018. [PMID: 32820202 PMCID: PMC7441062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of single genes in mammalian cells is widely used to investigate protein function in basic and applied biosciences and in drug research. A better understanding of interactions of two proteins is an important next step in the advancement of our understanding of complex biological systems. However, simultaneous and robust overexpression of two or more genes is challenging. The Flp-In system integrates a vector into cell lines at a specific genomic locus, but has not been used for integration of more than one gene. Here we present a modification of the Flp-In system that enables the simultaneous targeted integration of two genes. We describe the modification and generation of the vectors required and give the complete protocol for transfection and validation of correct genomic integration and expression. We also provide results on the stability and reproducibility, and we functionally validated this approach with a pharmacologically relevant combination of a membrane transporter facilitating drug uptake and an enzyme mediating drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Jensen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Salim Ansari
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Gebauer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon F Müller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kira A A T Lowjaga
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mladen V Tzvetkov
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medical Center Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Singh R, Junghare V, Hazra S, Singh U, Sengar GS, Raja TV, Kumar S, Tyagi S, Das AK, Kumar A, Koringa P, Jakhesara S, Joshi CJ, Deb R. Database on spermatozoa transcriptogram of catagorised Frieswal crossbred (Holstein Friesian X Sahiwal) bulls. Theriogenology 2019; 129:130-145. [PMID: 30844654 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bull spermatozoa contain different functional genes and many of them plays important roles in different stages of spermatogenesis, spermatozoa kinetics, fertilization as well as embryonic development. RNA deep sequencing is one of the preferred tools for absolute quantification of messenger RNA. The intention of the current study was to investigate the abundance of spermatozoal transcripts in categorized Frieswal (Holstein-Friesian X Sahiwal) crossbred bull semen through RNA deep sequencing. A total 1546561 and 1019308 numbers of reads were identified among good and poor quality bull spermatozoa based on their conception rate. Post mapping with Bos taurus reference genome identified 1,321,236 and 842,022 number of transcripts among good and poor quality RNA libraries, respectively. However, a total number of 3510 and 6759 functional transcripts were identified among good and poor quality bull spermatozoa, respectively. Most of the identified transcripts were related to spermatozoa functions, embryonic development and other functional aspects of fertilization. Wet laboratory validation of the top five selected transcripts (AKAP4, PRM1, ATP2B4, TRIM71 and SLC9B2) illustrated the significant (p < 0.01) level of expression in the good quality crossbred bull semen than the poor quality counterparts. The present study with comprehensive profiling of spermatozoal transcripts provides a useful non-invasive tool to understand the causes of as well as an effective way to predict male infertility in crossbred bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Singh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Vivek Junghare
- Department of Biotechnology, Center of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saugata Hazra
- Department of Biotechnology, Center of Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Umesh Singh
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gyanendra Singh Sengar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T V Raja
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shrikant Tyagi
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A K Das
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prakash Koringa
- Ome Research Laboratory, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Subhash Jakhesara
- Ome Research Laboratory, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - C J Joshi
- Ome Research Laboratory, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, 250001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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