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Ip BC, Madnick SJ, Zheng S, van Tongeren TCA, Hall SJ, Li H, Martin S, Spriggs S, Carmichael P, Chen W, Ames D, Breitweiser LA, Pence HE, Bowling AJ, Johnson KJ, Cubberley R, Morgan JR, Boekelheide K. Development of a human liver microphysiological coculture system for higher throughput chemical safety assessment. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:227-245. [PMID: 38335931 PMCID: PMC11131024 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemicals in the systemic circulation can undergo hepatic xenobiotic metabolism, generate metabolites, and exhibit altered toxicity compared with their parent compounds. This article describes a 2-chamber liver-organ coculture model in a higher-throughput 96-well format for the determination of toxicity on target tissues in the presence of physiologically relevant human liver metabolism. This 2-chamber system is a hydrogel formed within each well consisting of a central well (target tissue) and an outer ring-shaped trough (human liver tissue). The target tissue chamber can be configured to accommodate a three-dimensional (3D) spheroid-shaped microtissue, or a 2-dimensional (2D) cell monolayer. Culture medium and compounds freely diffuse between the 2 chambers. Human-differentiated HepaRG liver cells are used to form the 3D human liver microtissues, which displayed robust protein expression of liver biomarkers (albumin, asialoglycoprotein receptor, Phase I cytochrome P450 [CYP3A4] enzyme, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 transporter, and glycogen), and exhibited Phase I/II enzyme activities over the course of 17 days. Histological and ultrastructural analyses confirmed that the HepaRG microtissues presented a differentiated hepatocyte phenotype, including abundant mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and bile canaliculi. Liver microtissue zonation characteristics could be easily modulated by maturation in different media supplements. Furthermore, our proof-of-concept study demonstrated the efficacy of this coculture model in evaluating testosterone-mediated androgen receptor responses in the presence of human liver metabolism. This liver-organ coculture system provides a practical, higher-throughput testing platform for metabolism-dependent bioactivity assessment of drugs/chemicals to better recapitulate the biological effects and potential toxicity of human exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanche C Ip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
- Center for Alternatives to Animals in Testing, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
| | - Samantha J Madnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
- Center for Alternatives to Animals in Testing, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
| | - Sophia Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
| | - Tessa C A van Tongeren
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 EA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan J Hall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
| | - Suzanne Martin
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sandrine Spriggs
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Carmichael
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Chen
- Corteva, Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, USA
| | - David Ames
- Corteva, Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard Cubberley
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey R Morgan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
- Center for Alternatives to Animals in Testing, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
- Center for Alternatives to Animals in Testing, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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Villa M, Wu J, Hansen S, Pahnke J. Emerging Role of ABC Transporters in Glia Cells in Health and Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Cells 2024; 13:740. [PMID: 38727275 PMCID: PMC11083179 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play a crucial role for the efflux of a wide range of substrates across different cellular membranes. In the central nervous system (CNS), ABC transporters have recently gathered significant attention due to their pivotal involvement in brain physiology and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Glial cells are fundamental for normal CNS function and engage with several ABC transporters in different ways. Here, we specifically highlight ABC transporters involved in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and their implications in its metabolic regulation. We also show new aspects related to ABC transporter function found in less recognized diseases, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Understanding both their impact on the physiological regulation of the CNS and their roles in brain diseases holds promise for uncovering new therapeutic options. Further investigations and preclinical studies are warranted to elucidate the complex interplay between glial ABC transporters and physiological brain functions, potentially leading to effective therapeutic interventions also for rare CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Villa
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jingyun Wu
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefanie Hansen
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine (INUM)/Lübeck Institute of Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck (UzL) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia (LU), Jelgavas iela 3, LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University (TAU), Tel Aviv IL-6997801, Israel
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Tian M, Li H, Wu S, Xi H, Wang YX, Lu YY, Wei L, Huang Q. Exposure to haloacetic acid disinfection by-products and male steroid hormones: An epidemiological and in vitro study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133796. [PMID: 38377905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are ubiquitous in drinking water and have been associated with impaired male reproductive health. However, epidemiological evidence exploring the associations between HAA exposure and reproductive hormones among males is scarce. In the current study, the urinary concentrations of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), the internal exposure markers of HAAs, as well as sex hormones (testosterone [T], progesterone [P], and estradiol [E2]) were measured among 449 Chinese men. Moreover, in vitro experiments, designed to simulate the real-world scenarios of human exposure, were conducted to assess testosterone synthesis in the Leydig cell line MLTC-1 and testosterone metabolism in the hepatic cell line HepG2 in response to low-dose HAA exposure. The DCAA and TCAA urinary concentrations were found to be positively associated with urinary T, P, and E2 levels (all p < 0.001), but negatively associated with the ratio of urinary T to E2 (p < 0.05). Combined with in vitro experiments, the results suggest that environmentally-relevant doses of HAA stimulate sex hormone synthesis and steroidogenesis pathway gene expression in MLTC-1 cells. In addition, the inhibition of the key gene CYP3A4 involved in the testosterone phase Ⅰ catabolism, and induction of the gene UGT2B15 involved in testosterone phase Ⅱ glucuronide conjugation metabolism along with the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport genes (ABCC4 and ABCG2) in HepG2 cells could play a role in elevation of urinary hormone excretion upon low-dose exposure to HAAs. Our novel findings highlight that exposure to HAAs at environmentally-relevant concentrations is associated with increased synthesis and excretion of sex hormones in males, which potentially provides an alternative approach involving urinary hormones for the noninvasive evaluation of male reproductive health following exposure to DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Tian
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Huiru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shuangshan Wu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hanyan Xi
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yan-Yang Lu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Liya Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Prieto Garcia L, Vildhede A, Nordell P, Ahlström C, Montaser AB, Terasaki T, Lennernäs H, Sjögren E. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics modeling and transporter proteomics to predict systemic and local liver and muscle disposition of statins. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38576225 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Statins are used to reduce liver cholesterol levels but also carry a dose-related risk of skeletal muscle toxicity. Concentrations of statins in plasma are often used to assess efficacy and safety, but because statins are substrates of membrane transporters that are present in diverse tissues, local differences in intracellular tissue concentrations cannot be ruled out. Thus, plasma concentration may not be an adequate indicator of efficacy and toxicity. To bridge this gap, we used physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to predict intracellular concentrations of statins. Quantitative data on transporter clearance were scaled from in vitro to in vivo conditions by integrating targeted proteomics and transporter kinetics data. The developed PBPK models, informed by proteomics, suggested that organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) play a pivotal role in the distribution of statins in muscle. Using these PBPK models, we were able to predict the impact of alterations in transporter function due to genotype or drug-drug interactions on statin systemic concentrations and exposure in liver and muscle. These results underscore the potential of proteomics-guided PBPK modeling to scale transporter clearance from in vitro data to real-world implications. It is important to evaluate the role of drug transporters when predicting tissue exposure associated with on- and off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Prieto Garcia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Translational Drug Discovery and Development, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Vildhede
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pär Nordell
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christine Ahlström
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahmed B Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Translational Drug Discovery and Development, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Sjögren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Translational Drug Discovery and Development, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Gao Y, Deng H, Zhao Y, Li M, Wang L, Zhang Y. Gene Expression of Abcc2 and Its Regulation by Chicken Xenobiotic Receptor. TOXICS 2024; 12:55. [PMID: 38251011 PMCID: PMC10818656 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Membrane transporter multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2/Abcc2) exhibits high pharmaco-toxicological relevance because it exports multiple cytotoxic compounds from cells. However, no detailed information about the gene expression and regulation of MRP2 in chickens is yet available. Here, we sought to investigate the expression distribution of Abcc2 in different tissues of chicken and then determine whether Abcc2 expression is induced by chicken xenobiotic receptor (CXR). The bioinformatics analyses showed that MRP2 transporters have three transmembrane structural domains (MSDs) and two highly conserved nucleotide structural domains (NBDs), and a close evolutionary relationship with turkeys. Tissue distribution analysis indicated that Abcc2 was highly expressed in the liver, kidney, duodenum, and jejunum. When exposed to metyrapone (an agonist of CXR) and ketoconazole (an antagonist of CXR), Abcc2 expression was upregulated and downregulated correspondingly. We further confirmed that Abcc2 gene regulation is dependent on CXR, by overexpressing and interfering with CXR, respectively. We also demonstrated the induction of Abcc2 expression and the activity of ivermectin, with CXR being a likely mediator. Animal experiments demonstrated that metyrapone and ivermectin induced Abcc2 in the liver, kidney, and duodenum of chickens. Together, our study identified the gene expression of Abcc2 and its regulation by CXR in chickens, which may provide novel targets for the reasonable usage of veterinary drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.G.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Huacheng Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.G.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Yuying Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.G.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Mei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.G.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Liping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Y.G.); (H.D.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
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6
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Al Nebaihi HM, Davies NM, Brocks DR. Pharmacokinetics of cycloheximide in rats and evaluation of its effect as a blocker of intestinal lymph formation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 193:89-95. [PMID: 37884159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Cycloheximide (CHX) has been used to reduce the flow of intestinal lymph and as a non-surgical tool to study drug absorption via the intestinal lymphatics. Pharmacokinetic information on the agent, and its relationship to effect and toxicity, have not been examined. The goal of this study was to provide pharmacokinetic data and link it to lymph-blocking and toxicological effects. Jugular-vein cannulated (JVC) adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were administered 0.5 mg/kg CHX by oral, intraperitoneal (ip), and intravenous routes followed by blood draws, and CHX was assayed using LC-MS/MS. Another four JVC rats were given peanut oil (2 mL/kg) without and then with CHX to measure effects on lipid absorption as a surrogate indicator of lymph flow. One-week later plasma biochemistry measures were obtained. The results indicated that CHX had a high clearance and volume of distribution, and oral absolute bioavailability of 0.47 with 0.5 mg/kg. CHX was associated with dose- and route-dependent pharmacokinetics. The relative bioavailability after ip doses was over 3. CHX had low plasma protein binding and minor urinary excretion. Metabolism appeared to be occur by oxidation and glucuronidation. Reductions in plasma lipids (24-40 %) were seen after 2.5 mg/kg orally with signs of inflammation and increased liver enzymes persisting for a week after the dose. CHX was associated with a reduction in lipid absorption after oral doses of 2.5 mg/kg, which seems to justify its use as a non-surgical tool to evaluate the lymphatic pathway of absorption of drugs. However, it also possesses hepatotoxicity, which should be taken into consideration in its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdah M Al Nebaihi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Neal M Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dion R Brocks
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Wang J, Li X, Wang F, Cheng M, Mao Y, Fang S, Wang L, Zhou C, Hou W, Chen Y. Placing steroid hormones within the human ABCC3 transporter reveals a compatible amphiphilic substrate-binding pocket. EMBO J 2023; 42:e113415. [PMID: 37485728 PMCID: PMC10476276 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022113415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ABC transporter ABCC3 (also known as MRP3) transports a wide spectrum of substrates, including endogenous metabolites and exogenous drugs. Accordingly, it participates in multiple physiological processes and is involved in diverse human diseases such as intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, which is caused by the intracellular accumulation of bile acids and estrogens. Here, we report three cryogenic electron microscopy structures of ABCC3: in the apo-form and in complexed forms bound to either the conjugated sex hormones β-estradiol 17-(β-D-glucuronide) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. For both hormones, the steroid nuclei that superimpose against each other occupy the hydrophobic center of the transport cavity, whereas the two conjugation groups are separated and fixed by the hydrophilic patches in two transmembrane domains. Structural analysis combined with site-directed mutagenesis and ATPase activity assays revealed that ABCC3 possesses an amphiphilic substrate-binding pocket able to hold either conjugated hormone in an asymmetric pattern. These data build on consensus features of the substrate-binding pocket of MRPs and provide a structural platform for the rational design of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Fang‐Fang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Meng‐Ting Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Yao‐Xu Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Shu‐Cheng Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Liang Wang
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Cong‐Zhao Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Wen‐Tao Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui ProvinceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
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8
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Katrib M, Haddad R, Hamdan Z, Rida MA. The dynamic relationship of gut microbiota with sex hormones in systemic lupus erythematosus. Reumatologia 2023; 61:130-136. [PMID: 37223365 PMCID: PMC10201382 DOI: 10.5114/reum/163091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease. The sex hormones estrogen and testosterone may have an influence on the production of antibodies. In addition, the gut microbiota also shows an effect on the onset and progression of SLE. Hence, the molecular interplay between sex hormones in terms of gender difference, gut microbiota and SLE is being clarified day after day. The aim of this review is to investigate the dynamic relationship of the gut microbiota with sex hormones in systemic lupus erythematosus taking into account the bacterial strains shown to be affected, effects of antibiotics and other factors that affect the gut microbiome, which itself strongly affects the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Katrib
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Lebanon
| | - Rafi Haddad
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Lebanon
| | - Zahi Hamdan
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Ali Rida
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Lebanon
- Department of Rheumatology, Clemenceau Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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9
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Basit A, Amory JK, Mettu VS, Li CY, Heyward S, Jariwala PB, Redinbo MR, Prasad B. Relevance of Human Aldoketoreductases and Microbial β-Glucuronidases in Testosterone Disposition. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:427-435. [PMID: 36623880 PMCID: PMC10043941 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Testosterone exhibits high variability in pharmacokinetics and glucuronidation after oral administration. Although testosterone metabolism has been studied for decades, the impact of UGT2B17 gene deletion and the role of gut bacterial β-glucuronidases on its disposition are not well characterized. We first performed an exploratory study to investigate the effect of UGT2B17 gene deletion on the global liver proteome, which revealed significant increases in proteins from multiple biological pathways. The most upregulated liver proteins were aldoketoreductases [AKR1D1, AKR1C4, AKR7A3, AKR1A1, and 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7)] and alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenases (ADH6, ADH1C, ALDH1A1, ALDH9A1, and ALDH5A). In vitro assays revealed that AKR1D1 and AKR1C4 inactivate testosterone to 5β-dihydrotestosterone (5β-DHT) and 3α,5β-tetrahydrotestosterone (3α,5β-THT), respectively. These metabolites also appeared in human hepatocytes treated with testosterone and in human serum collected after oral testosterone dosing in men. Our data also suggest that 5β-DHT and 3α, 5β-THT are then eliminated through glucuronidation by UGT2B7 in UGT2B17 deletion individuals. Second, we evaluated the potential reactivation of testosterone glucuronide (TG) after its secretion into the intestinal lumen. Incubation of TG with purified gut microbial β-glucuronidase enzymes and with human fecal extracts confirmed testosterone reactivation into testosterone by gut bacterial enzymes. Both testosterone metabolic switching and variable testosterone activation by gut microbial enzymes are important mechanisms for explaining the disposition of orally administered testosterone and appear essential to unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying UGT2B17-associated pathophysiological conditions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study investigated the association of UGT2B17 gene deletion and gut bacterial β-glucuronidases with testosterone disposition in vitro. The experiments revealed upregulation of AKR1D1 and AKR1C4 in UGT2B17 deletion individuals, and the role of these enzymes to inactivate testosterone to 5β-dihydrotestosterone and 3α, 5β-tetrahydrotestosterone, respectively. Key gut bacterial species responsible for testosterone glucuronide activation were identified. These data are important for explaining the disposition of exogenously administered testosterone and appear essential to unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying UGT2B17-associated pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (A.B., V.S.M., B.P.); Departments of Medicine (J.K.A.) and Pharmaceutics (C.Y.L.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.)
| | - John K Amory
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (A.B., V.S.M., B.P.); Departments of Medicine (J.K.A.) and Pharmaceutics (C.Y.L.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.)
| | - Vijaya Saradhi Mettu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (A.B., V.S.M., B.P.); Departments of Medicine (J.K.A.) and Pharmaceutics (C.Y.L.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.)
| | - Cindy Yanfei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (A.B., V.S.M., B.P.); Departments of Medicine (J.K.A.) and Pharmaceutics (C.Y.L.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.)
| | - Scott Heyward
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (A.B., V.S.M., B.P.); Departments of Medicine (J.K.A.) and Pharmaceutics (C.Y.L.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.)
| | - Parth B Jariwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (A.B., V.S.M., B.P.); Departments of Medicine (J.K.A.) and Pharmaceutics (C.Y.L.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.)
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (A.B., V.S.M., B.P.); Departments of Medicine (J.K.A.) and Pharmaceutics (C.Y.L.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (A.B., V.S.M., B.P.); Departments of Medicine (J.K.A.) and Pharmaceutics (C.Y.L.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.); and Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.)
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10
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Sharma S, Singh DK, Mettu VS, Yue G, Ahire D, Basit A, Heyward S, Prasad B. Quantitative Characterization of Clinically Relevant Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Rat Liver and Intestinal Segments for Applications in PBPK Modeling. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1737-1749. [PMID: 36791335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Rats are extensively used as a preclinical model for assessing drug pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution; however, successful translation of the rat data requires information on the differences in drug metabolism and transport mechanisms between rats and humans. To partly fill this knowledge gap, we quantified clinically relevant drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in the liver and different intestinal segments of Sprague-Dawley rats. The levels of DMET proteins in rats were quantified using the global proteomics-based total protein approach (TPA) and targeted proteomics. The abundance of the major DMET proteins was largely comparable using quantitative global and targeted proteomics. However, global proteomics-based TPA was able to detect and quantify a comprehensive list of 66 DMET proteins in the liver and 37 DMET proteins in the intestinal segments of SD rats without the need for peptide standards. Cytochrome P450 (Cyp) and UDP-glycosyltransferase (Ugt) enzymes were mainly detected in the liver with the abundance ranging from 8 to 6502 and 74 to 2558 pmol/g tissue. P-gp abundance was higher in the intestine (124.1 pmol/g) as compared to that in the liver (26.6 pmol/g) using the targeted analysis. Breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) was most abundant in the intestinal segments, whereas organic anion transporting polypeptides (Oatp) 1a1, 1a4, 1b2, and 2a1 and multidrug resistance proteins (Mrp) 2 and 6 were predominantly detected in the liver. To demonstrate the utility of these data, we modeled digoxin PK by integrating protein abundance of P-gp and Cyp3a2 into a physiologically based PK (PBPK) model constructed using PK-Sim software. The model was able to reliably predict the systemic as well as tissue concentrations of digoxin in rats. These findings suggest that proteomics-informed PBPK models in preclinical species can allow mechanistic PK predictions in animal models including tissue drug concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Sharma
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Dilip K Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Vijay S Mettu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Guihua Yue
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Deepak Ahire
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Abdul Basit
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | | | - Bhagwat Prasad
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
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11
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Identification of the Role of TGR5 in the Regulation of Leydig Cell Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315398. [PMID: 36499726 PMCID: PMC9738292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of the testicular endocrine function leading to testosterone production is a major objective as the alteration of endocrine function is associated with the development of many diseases such as infertility. In the last decades, it has been demonstrated that several endogenous molecules regulate the steroidogenic pathway. Among them, bile acids have recently emerged as local regulators of testicular physiology and particularly endocrine function. Bile acids act through the nuclear receptor FXRα (Farnesoid-X-receptor alpha; NR1H4) and the G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor (GPBAR-1; TGR5). While FXRα has been demonstrated to regulate testosterone synthesis within Leydig cells, no data are available regarding TGR5. Here, we investigated the potential role of TGR5 within Leydig cells using cell culture approaches combined with pharmacological exposure to the TGR5 agonist INT-777. The data show that activation of TGR5 results in a decrease in testosterone levels. TGR5 acts through the PKA pathway to regulate steroidogenesis. In addition, our data show that TGR5 activation leads to an increase in cholesterol ester levels. This suggests that altered lipid homeostasis may be a mechanism explaining the TGR5-induced decrease in testosterone levels. In conclusion, the present work highlights the impact of the TGR5 signaling pathway on testosterone production and reinforces the links between bile acid signaling pathways and the testicular endocrine function. The testicular bile acid pathways need to be further explored to increase our knowledge of pathologies associated with impaired testicular endocrine function, such as fertility disorders.
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12
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The next frontier in ADME science: Predicting transporter-based drug disposition, tissue concentrations and drug-drug interactions in humans. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Tian M, Wu S, Wang YX, Liu L, Zhang J, Shen H, Lu Y, Bao H, Huang Q. Associations of environmental phthalate exposure with male steroid hormone synthesis and metabolism: An integrated epidemiology and toxicology study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129213. [PMID: 35739735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Humans are simultaneously and constantly exposed to various lipophilic chain phthalate acid esters. The association of urinary phthalate metabolites with altered male steroid hormone synthesis and metabolism was examined using epidemiology and toxicology studies. We measured 8 phthalate metabolites [monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-n-octylphthalate (MOP), mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP) and mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP)] and two sex hormones [testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2)] in single serum and repeated spot urine samples among 451 reproductive-age males. Moreover, in vitro experiments with Leydig cell MLTC-1 steroidogenesis and liver cell HepG2 efflux in response to mixed and individual phthalates were designed to simulate real-world scenarios of human exposure. As a joint mixture, the phthalate metabolite was inversely associated with serum T and E2 concentrations but positively associated with urinary T and E2 concentrations. Combined with in vitro experiments, DEHP metabolites were identified as the predominant contributor to the decline in hormone synthesis, and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene activation might be involved in hormone excretion. Exposure to environmentally relevant phthalates was associated with both altered steroid synthesis and excretion, which provides additional insights into the endocrine-disrupting potential of phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Tian
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Shuangshan Wu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Liangpo Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Heqing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yanyang Lu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Huaqiong Bao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 400020, China
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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14
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Ahire D, Kruger L, Sharma S, Mettu VS, Basit A, Prasad B. Quantitative Proteomics in Translational Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion and Precision Medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:769-796. [PMID: 35738681 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable translation of in vitro and preclinical data on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) to humans is important for safe and effective drug development. Precision medicine that is expected to provide the right clinical dose for the right patient at the right time requires a comprehensive understanding of population factors affecting drug disposition and response. Characterization of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters for the protein abundance and their interindividual as well as differential tissue and cross-species variabilities is important for translational ADME and precision medicine. This review first provides a brief overview of quantitative proteomics principles including liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry tools, data acquisition approaches, proteomics sample preparation techniques, and quality controls for ensuring rigor and reproducibility in protein quantification data. Then, potential applications of quantitative proteomics in the translation of in vitro and preclinical data as well as prediction of interindividual variability are discussed in detail with tabulated examples. The applications of quantitative proteomics data in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for ADME prediction are discussed with representative case examples. Finally, various considerations for reliable quantitative proteomics analysis for translational ADME and precision medicine and the future directions are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Quantitative proteomics analysis of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in humans and preclinical species provides key physiological information that assists in the translation of in vitro and preclinical data to humans. This review provides the principles and applications of quantitative proteomics in characterizing in vitro, ex vivo, and preclinical models for translational research and interindividual variability prediction. Integration of these data into physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling is proving to be critical for safe, effective, timely, and cost-effective drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Ahire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Laken Kruger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Sheena Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Vijaya Saradhi Mettu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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15
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Tian H, Ni Z, Lam SM, Jiang W, Li F, Du J, Wang Y, Shui G. Precise Metabolomics Reveals a Diversity of Aging-Associated Metabolic Features. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200130. [PMID: 35527334 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics has emerged as a powerful technique for biomedical research, although technical issues with its analytical precision and structural characterization remain. Herein, a robust non-targeted strategy for accurate quantitation and precise profiling of metabolomes is developed and applied to investigate plasma metabolic features associated with human aging. A comprehensive set of isotope-labeled standards (ISs) covering major metabolic pathways is incorporated to quantify polar metabolites. Matching rules to select ISs for calibration follow a primary criterion of minimal coefficients of variations (COVs). If minimal COVs between specific ISs for a particular metabolite fall within 5% window, a further selection of ISs is conducted based on structural similarities and proximity in retention time. The introduction and refined selection of appropriate ISs for quantitation reduces the COVs of 480 identified metabolites in quality control samples from 14.3% to 9.8% and facilitates identification of additional metabolite. Finally, the precise metabolomics approach reveals perturbations in a diverse array of metabolic pathways across aging that principally implicate steroid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and purine metabolism, which allows the authors to draw correlates to the pathology of various age-related diseases. These findings provide clues for the prevention and treatment of these age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhen Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213022, China
| | - Wenxi Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fengjuan Li
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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16
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Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Sangha V, Shen H, Feng B, Wittwer MB, Varma MVS, Liang X, Sugiyama Y, Zhang L, Bendayan R. Transporters in drug development: International transporter consortium update on emerging transporters of clinical importance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:485-500. [PMID: 35561119 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During its 4th transporter workshop in 2021, the International Transporter Consortium (ITC) provided updates on emerging clinically relevant transporters for drug development. Previously highlighted and new transporters were considered based on up-to-date clinical evidence of their importance in drug-drug interactions and potential for altered drug efficacy and safety, including drug-nutrient interactions leading to nutrient deficiencies. For the first time, folate transport pathways (PCFT, RFC, and FRα) were examined in-depth as a potential mechanism of drug-induced folate deficiency and related toxicities (e.g., neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia). However, routine toxicology studies conducted in support of drug development appear sufficient to flag such folate deficiency toxicities, while prospective prediction from in vitro folate metabolism and transport inhibition is not well enough established to inform drug development. Previous suggestion of retrospective study of intestinal OATP2B1 inhibition to explain unexpected decreases in drug exposure were updated. Furthermore, when the absorption of a new molecular entity is more rapid and extensive than can be explained by passive permeability, evaluation of OATP2B1 transport may be considered. Emerging research on hepatic and renal OAT2 is summarized, but current understanding of the importance of OAT2 was deemed insufficient to justify specific consideration for drug development. Hepatic, renal, and intestinal MRPs (MRP2, MRP3, MRP4) were revisited. MRPs may be considered when they are suspected to be the major determinant of drug disposition (e.g., direct glucuronide conjugates); MRP2 inhibition as a mechanistic explanation for drug-induced hyperbilirubinemia remains justified. There were no major changes in recommendations from previous ITC whitepapers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vishal Sangha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and PK, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
| | - Bo Feng
- Drug Metabolism and PK, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Matthias B Wittwer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- PK, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Worldwide R&D, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Xiaomin Liang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Quantitative System PK/Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmacy, Josai International University, Kioicho Campus, Tokyo, 102-0093, Japan
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Reina Bendayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada
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17
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d’Afflitto M, Upadhyaya A, Green A, Peiris M. Association Between Sex Hormone Levels and Gut Microbiota Composition and Diversity-A Systematic Review. J Clin Gastroenterol 2022; 56:384-392. [PMID: 35283442 PMCID: PMC7612624 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GOALS/BACKGROUND Animal studies have highlighted how the microbiota acts in a sex-specific manner with sex hormones demonstrating an association with the composition and diversity of the microbiota. This systematic review aimed to gather the available scientific evidence to explore the association between sex hormones and gut microbiota composition and diversity, in humans. STUDY Four bibliographic databases were searched in July 2020 using terms related to "microbiota," "microflora," "sex hormones," "testosterone," and "estrogen." Human studies that investigated the correlation between sex hormones and the microbiota composition or diversity using next-generation sequencing were included. RESULTS A total of 10,468 records were screened with 13 studies included in this review. In healthy women, higher estrogen levels were found to be associated with a higher abundance of Bacteroidetes, a lower abundance of Firmicutes, the Ruminococcaceae family and increased diversity. In healthy men, raised testosterone levels positively correlated with Ruminococcus, Acinetobacter, and an increased microbial diversity. Escherichia and Shigella spp. were correlated with raised testosterone in healthy women whereas Ruminococcus spp. was negatively associated with elevated testosterone levels. Women with altered testosterone/estrogen profiles (such as in polycystic ovary syndrome), had a differing gut microbiota compared with healthy women. CONCLUSIONS The findings gathered highlight an association between sex hormones and the gut microbiota composition/diversity and may contribute to the sex-based variations observed in disease pathogenesis. Factors such as age and medical conditions are implicated in the associations observed and should be accounted for in future studies. As the understanding of the complex symbiotic relationship between humans and their gut microbiota increases, microbiota modulation could be an attractive option for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfredi d’Afflitto
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
| | - Advait Upadhyaya
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
| | - Alicia Green
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K
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18
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Zeng S, Yi R, Tan F, Sun P, Cheng Q, Zhao X. Lactobacillus plantarum HFY05 Attenuates Carrageenan-Induced Thrombosis in Mice by Regulating NF-κB Pathway-Associated Inflammatory Responses. Front Nutr 2022; 9:813899. [PMID: 35308280 PMCID: PMC8931398 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.813899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a carrageenan-induced thrombus model was established in mice to observe the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum KFY05 (LP-KFY05) to inhibit thrombosis through an NF-κB-associated pathway. Biochemical analysis, microscopical observations, quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) and western blot analysis were used to examine relevant serum and tissue indexes, and the composition of intestinal microorganisms was determined by examining the abundance of microorganisms in feces. The results showed that LP-KFY05 could markedly reduce the degree of black tail in thrombotic mice; increase the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT); and decrease the thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen (FIB) level, and prothrombin time (PT). LP-KFY05 could also reduce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels in sera and renal tissues of thrombotic mice. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that LP-KFY05 could alleviate renal tissue lesions and tail vein thrombosis. qPCR results showed that LP-KFY05 could down-regulate nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65, IL-6, TNF-α, and interferon γ (IFN-γ) mRNA expression in renal tissues, as well as NF-κB p65, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin mRNA expression in tail vein vascular tissues of thrombotic mice. Western blot analysis showed that LP-KFY05 also down-regulated NF-κB protein expression in renal and tail vein vascular tissues of thrombotic mice. Lastly, LP-KFY05 increased the abundances of Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium, as well as decreased the abundance of Firmicutes. These results show that LP-KFY05 can reduce inflammation and inhibit thrombosis in thrombotic mice, and the effects of high concentrations of LP-KFY05 were most pronounced, which were similar to the effects of dipyridamole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruokun Yi
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Tan
- Department of Public Health, Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela, Philippines
| | - Peng Sun
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Cheng
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
- Xin Zhao
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19
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Storelli F, Li CY, Sachar M, Kumar V, Heyward S, Sáfár Z, Kis E, Unadkat JD. Prediction of Hepatobiliary Clearances and Hepatic Concentrations of Transported Drugs in Humans Using Rosuvastatin as a Model Drug. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:593-604. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Storelli
- Department of Pharmaceutics University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Cindy Yanfei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Madhav Sachar
- Department of Pharmaceutics University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics University of Washington Seattle WA USA
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20
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Järvinen E, Deng F, Kiander W, Sinokki A, Kidron H, Sjöstedt N. The Role of Uptake and Efflux Transporters in the Disposition of Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:802539. [PMID: 35095509 PMCID: PMC8793843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.802539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation and sulfation are the most typical phase II metabolic reactions of drugs. The resulting glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are generally considered inactive and safe. They may, however, be the most prominent drug-related material in the circulation and excreta of humans. The glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs typically have limited cell membrane permeability and subsequently, their distribution and excretion from the human body requires transport proteins. Uptake transporters, such as organic anion transporters (OATs and OATPs), mediate the uptake of conjugates into the liver and kidney, while efflux transporters, such as multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), mediate expulsion of conjugates into bile, urine and the intestinal lumen. Understanding the active transport of conjugated drug metabolites is important for predicting the fate of a drug in the body and its safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to compile the understanding of transporter-mediated disposition of phase II conjugates. We review the literature on hepatic, intestinal and renal uptake transporters participating in the transport of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs, other xenobiotics and endobiotics. In addition, we provide an update on the involvement of efflux transporters in the disposition of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Finally, we discuss the interplay between uptake and efflux transport in the intestine, liver and kidneys as well as the role of transporters in glucuronide and sulfate conjugate toxicity, drug interactions, pharmacogenetics and species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkka Järvinen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Feng Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wilma Kiander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alli Sinokki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Loke S, de la Torre X, Iannone M, La Piana G, Schlörer N, Botrè F, Bureik M, Parr MK. Controlled administration of dehydrochloromethyltestosterone in humans: Urinary excretion and long-term detection of metabolites for anti-doping purpose. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105978. [PMID: 34418529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) is an anabolic-androgenic steroid that was developed by Jenapharm in the 1960s and was marketed as Oral Turinabol®. It is prohibited in sports at all times; nevertheless, there are several findings by anti-doping laboratories every year. New long-term metabolites have been proposed in 2011/12, which resulted in adverse analytical findings in retests of the Olympic games of 2008 and 2012. However, no controlled administration trial monitoring these long-term metabolites was reported until now. In this study, DHCMT (5 mg, p.o.) was administered to five healthy male volunteers and their urine samples were collected for a total of 60 days. The unconjugated and the glucuronidated fraction were analyzed separately by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The formation of the described long-term metabolites was verified, and their excretion monitored in detail. Due to interindividual differences there were several varieties in the excretion profiles among the volunteers. The metabolite M3, which has a fully reduced A-ring and modified D-ring structure, was identified by comparison with reference material as 4α-chloro-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-nor-5α-androstan-13-en-3α-ol. It was found to be suitable as long-term marker for the intake of DHCMT in four of the volunteers. In one of the volunteers, it was detectable for 45 days after single oral dose administration. However, in two of the volunteers M5 (already published as long-term metabolite in the 1990s) showed longer detection windows. In one volunteer M3 was undetectable but another metabolite, M2, was found as the longest detectable metabolite. The last sample clearly identified as positive was collected between 9.9 and 44.9 days. Furthermore, the metabolite epiM4 (partially reduced A-ring and a modified D-ring structure which is epimerized in position 17 compared to M3) was identified in the urine of all volunteers with the help of chemically synthesized reference as 4-chloro-17α-hydroxymethyl-17β-methyl-18-nor-androsta-4,13-dien-3β-ol. It may serve as additional confirmatory metabolite. It is highly recommended to screen for all known metabolites in both fractions, glucuronidated and unconjugated, to improve identification of cheating athletes. This study also offers some deeper insights into the metabolism of DHCMT and of 17α-methyl steroids in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Loke
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, 00197, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe La Piana
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Universität zu Köln, NMR facility, Department of Chemistry, Greinstraße 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, 00197, Italy; REDs - Research and Expertise in antiDoping Sciences, ISSUL - Institute des Sciences du Sport, Université de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Bureik
- Tianjin University, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Ramírez-Cosmes A, Reyes-Jiménez E, Zertuche-Martínez C, Hernández-Hernández CA, García-Román R, Romero-Díaz RI, Manuel-Martínez AE, Elizarrarás-Rivas J, Vásquez-Garzón VR. The implications of ABCC3 in cancer drug resistance: can we use it as a therapeutic target? Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4127-4140. [PMID: 34659880 PMCID: PMC8493376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the main causes of chemotherapy failure. Although several factors are involved in cancer drug resistant, the exporter pumps overexpression that mediates the drugs flow to outside the cells and reduces both the drugs intracellular concentration and effectiveness, has been one of the most important challenges. Overexpression of ABCC3, a member of the ABCC subfamily, has been strongly associated to the resistance to multiple drugs. ABCC3 has been found highly expressed in different types of cancers and is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to treatments. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer drug resistance and discuss the current knowledge about the structure, function and role of ABCC3 in drug resistance, as well as, the expression status of ABCC3 in different types of cancer. We also provide evidences that place ABCC3 as a potential therapeutic target for improving the cancer treatment by focusing on the need of developing more effective cancer therapies to target ABCC3 in translational researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ramírez-Cosmes
- Laboratorio Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de OaxacaOaxaca, Oax, México
| | - Edilburga Reyes-Jiménez
- Laboratorio Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de OaxacaOaxaca, Oax, México
| | - Cecilia Zertuche-Martínez
- Laboratorio Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de OaxacaOaxaca, Oax, México
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Verónica R Vásquez-Garzón
- Laboratorio Fibrosis y Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de OaxacaOaxaca, Oax, México
- CONACYT-Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma “Benito Juárez” de OaxacaOaxaca, Oax, México
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23
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Gwinn JK, Uhlig S, Ivanova L, Fæste CK, Kryuchkov F, Robertson A. In Vitro Glucuronidation of Caribbean Ciguatoxins in Fish: First Report of Conjugative Ciguatoxin Metabolites. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1910-1925. [PMID: 34319092 PMCID: PMC9215509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTX) are potent marine neurotoxins, which can bioaccumulate in seafood, causing a severe and prevalent human illness known as ciguatera poisoning (CP). Despite the worldwide impact of ciguatera, effective disease management is hindered by a lack of knowledge regarding the movement and biotransformation of CTX congeners in marine food webs, particularly in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. In this study we investigated the hepatic biotransformation of C-CTX across several fish and mammalian species through a series of in vitro metabolism assays focused on phase I (CYP P450; functionalization) and phase II (UGT; conjugation) reactions. Using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry to explore potential C-CTX metabolites, we observed two glucuronide products of C-CTX-1/-2 and provided additional evidence from high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry to support their identification. Chemical reduction experiments confirmed that the metabolites were comprised of four distinct glucuronide products with the sugar attached at two separate sites on C-CTX-1/-2 and excluded the C-56 hydroxyl group as the conjugation site. Glucuronidation is a novel biotransformation pathway not yet reported for CTX or other related polyether phycotoxins, yet its occurrence across all fish species tested suggests that it could be a prevalent and important detoxification mechanism in marine organisms. The absence of glucuronidation observed in this study for both rat and human microsomes suggests that alternate biotransformation pathways may be dominant in higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kay Gwinn
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, United States
| | - Silvio Uhlig
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås NO-1431, Norway
| | - Lada Ivanova
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås NO-1431, Norway
| | | | - Fedor Kryuchkov
- Toxinology Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås NO-1431, Norway
| | - Alison Robertson
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, United States
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24
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Al-Majdoub ZM, Scotcher D, Achour B, Barber J, Galetin A, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Quantitative Proteomic Map of Enzymes and Transporters in the Human Kidney: Stepping Closer to Mechanistic Kidney Models to Define Local Kinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:1389-1400. [PMID: 34390491 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The applications of translational modeling of local drug concentrations in various organs had a sharp increase over the last decade. These are part of the model-informed drug development initiative, adopted by the pharmaceutical industry and promoted by drug regulatory agencies. With respect to the kidney, the models serve as a bridge for understanding animal vs. human observations related to renal drug disposition and any consequential adverse effects. However, quantitative data on key drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters relevant for predicting renal drug disposition are limited. Using targeted and global quantitative proteomics, we determined the abundance of multiple enzymes and transporters in 20 human kidney cortex samples. Nine enzymes and 22 transporters were quantified (8 for the first time in the kidneys). In addition, > 4,000 proteins were identified and used to form an open database. CYP2B6, CYP3A5, and CYP4F2 showed comparable, but generally low expression, whereas UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 levels were the highest. Significant correlation between abundance and activity (measured by mycophenolic acid clearance) was observed for UGT1A9 (Rs = 0.65, P = 0.004) and UGT2B7 (Rs = 0.70, P = 0.023). Expression of P-gp ≈ MATE-1 and OATP4C1 transporters were high. Strong intercorrelations were observed between several transporters (P-gp/MRP4, MRP2/OAT3, and OAT3/OAT4); no correlation in expression was apparent for functionally related transporters (OCT2/MATEs). This study extends our knowledge of pharmacologically relevant proteins in the kidney cortex, with implications on more prudent use of mechanistic kidney models under the general framework of quantitative systems pharmacology and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Brahim Achour
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Certara UK (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, UK
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25
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Pharmaceutical Formulations with P-Glycoprotein Inhibitory Effect as Promising Approaches for Enhancing Oral Drug Absorption and Bioavailability. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13071103. [PMID: 34371794 PMCID: PMC8309061 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is crucial in the active transport of various substrates with diverse structures out of cells, resulting in poor intestinal permeation and limited bioavailability following oral administration. P-gp inhibitors, including small molecule drugs, natural constituents, and pharmaceutically inert excipients, have been exploited to overcome P-gp efflux and enhance the oral absorption and bioavailability of many P-gp substrates. The co-administration of small molecule P-gp inhibitors with P-gp substrates can result in drug–drug interactions and increased side effects due to the pharmacological activity of these molecules. On the other hand, pharmaceutically inert excipients, including polymers, surfactants, and lipid-based excipients, are safe, pharmaceutically acceptable, and are not absorbed from the gut. Notably, they can be incorporated in pharmaceutical formulations to enhance drug solubility, absorption, and bioavailability due to the formulation itself and the P-gp inhibitory effects of the excipients. Different formulations with inherent P-gp inhibitory activity have been developed. These include micelles, emulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, microspheres, dendrimers, and solid dispersions. They can bypass P-gp by different mechanisms related to their properties. In this review, we briefly introduce P-gp and P-gp inhibitors, and we extensively summarize the current development of oral drug delivery systems that can bypass and inhibit P-gp to improve the oral absorption and bioavailability of P-gp substrates. Since many drugs are limited by P-gp-mediated efflux, this review is helpful for designing suitable formulations of P-gp substrates to enhance their oral absorption and bioavailability.
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26
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Parvez MM, Basit A, Jariwala PB, Gáborik Z, Kis E, Heyward S, Redinbo MR, Prasad B. Quantitative Investigation of Irinotecan Metabolism, Transport, and Gut Microbiome Activation. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:683-693. [PMID: 34074730 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The anticancer drug irinotecan shows serious dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity regardless of intravenous dosing. Although enzymes and transporters involved in irinotecan disposition are known, quantitative contributions of these mechanisms in complex in vivo disposition of irinotecan are poorly understood. We explained intestinal disposition and toxicity of irinotecan by integrating 1) in vitro metabolism and transport data of irinotecan and its metabolites, 2) ex vivo gut microbial activation of the toxic metabolite SN-38, and 3) the tissue protein abundance data of enzymes and transporters relevant to irinotecan and its metabolites. Integration of in vitro kinetics data with the tissue enzyme and transporter abundance predicted that carboxylesterase (CES)-mediated hydrolysis of irinotecan is the rate-limiting process in the liver, where the toxic metabolite formed is rapidly deactivated by glucuronidation. In contrast, the poor SN-38 glucuronidation rate as compared with its efficient formation by CES2 in the enterocytes is the key mechanism of the intestinal accumulation of the toxic metabolite. The biliary efflux and organic anion transporting polypeptide-2B1-mediated enterocyte uptake can also synergize buildup of SN-38 in the enterocytes, whereas intestinal P-glycoprotein likely facilitates SN-38 detoxification in the enterocytes. The higher SN-38 concentration in the intestine can be further nourished by β-d-glucuronidases. Understanding the quantitative significance of the key metabolism and transport processes of irinotecan and its metabolites can be leveraged to alleviate its intestinal side effects. Further, the proteomics-informed quantitative approach to determine intracellular disposition can be extended to determine susceptibility of cancer cells over normal cells for precision irinotecan therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work provides a deeper insight into the quantitative relevance of irinotecan hydrolysis (activation), conjugation (deactivation), and deconjugation (reactivation) by human or gut microbial enzymes or transporters. The results of this study explain the characteristic intestinal exposure and toxicity of irinotecan. The quantitative tissue-specific in vitro to in vivo extrapolation approach presented in this study can be extended to cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Masud Parvez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.M.P., A.B., B.P.); Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (Z.G., E.K.); and BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.M.P., A.B., B.P.); Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (Z.G., E.K.); and BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Parth B Jariwala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.M.P., A.B., B.P.); Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (Z.G., E.K.); and BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Gáborik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.M.P., A.B., B.P.); Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (Z.G., E.K.); and BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Emese Kis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.M.P., A.B., B.P.); Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (Z.G., E.K.); and BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Scott Heyward
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.M.P., A.B., B.P.); Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (Z.G., E.K.); and BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Matthew R Redinbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.M.P., A.B., B.P.); Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (Z.G., E.K.); and BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (M.M.P., A.B., B.P.); Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, and the Integrated Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (P.B.J., M.R.R.); SOLVO Biotechnology, Budapest, Hungary (Z.G., E.K.); and BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland (S.H.)
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27
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Chapa R, Li CY, Basit A, Thakur A, Ladumor MK, Sharma S, Singh S, Selen A, Prasad B. Contribution of Uptake and Efflux Transporters to Oral Pharmacokinetics of Furosemide. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:32939-32950. [PMID: 33403255 PMCID: PMC7774078 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Furosemide is a widely used diuretic for treating excessive fluid accumulation caused by disease conditions like heart failure and liver cirrhosis. Furosemide tablet formulation exhibits variable pharmacokinetics (PK) with bioavailability ranging from 10 to almost 100%. To explain the variable absorption, we integrated the physicochemical, in vitro dissolution, permeability, distribution, and the elimination parameters of furosemide in a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Although the intravenous PBPK model reasonably described the observed in vivo PK data, the reported low passive permeability failed to capture the observed data after oral administration. To mechanistically justify this discrepancy, we hypothesized that transporter-mediated uptake contributes to the oral absorption of furosemide in conjunction with passive permeability. Our in vitro results confirmed that furosemide is a substrate of intestinal breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4), and organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1), but it is not a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and MRP2. We then estimated the net transporter-mediated intestinal uptake and integrated it into the PBPK model under both fasting and fed conditions. Our in vitro data and PBPK model suggest that the absorption of furosemide is permeability-limited, and OATP2B1 and MRP4 are important for its permeability across intestinal membrane. Further, as furosemide has been proposed as a probe substrate of renal organic anion transporters (OATs) for assessing clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs) during drug development, the confounding effects of intestinal transporters identified in this study on furosemide PK should be considered in the clinical transporter DDI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Chapa
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-0005, United States
| | - Cindy Yanfei Li
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-0005, United States
| | - Abdul Basit
- College
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Aarzoo Thakur
- National
Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Mayur K Ladumor
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-0005, United States
- National
Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sheena Sharma
- College
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
- National
Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Saranjit Singh
- National
Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research (NIPER), SAS Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Arzu Selen
- Office
of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, CDER/ FDA, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20903-1058, United States
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- College
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
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28
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Nguyen JT, Tian DD, Tanna RS, Hadi DL, Bansal S, Calamia JC, Arian CM, Shireman LM, Molnár B, Horváth M, Kellogg JJ, Layton ME, White JR, Cech NB, Boyce RD, Unadkat JD, Thummel KE, Paine MF. Assessing Transporter-Mediated Natural Product-Drug Interactions Via In vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation: Clinical Evaluation With a Probe Cocktail. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:1342-1352. [PMID: 33174626 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The botanical natural product goldenseal can precipitate clinical drug interactions by inhibiting cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and CYP2D6. Besides P-glycoprotein, effects of goldenseal on other clinically relevant transporters remain unknown. Established transporter-expressing cell systems were used to determine the inhibitory effects of a goldenseal extract, standardized to the major alkaloid berberine, on transporter activity. Using recommended basic models, the extract was predicted to inhibit the efflux transporter BCRP and uptake transporters OATP1B1/3. Using a cocktail approach, effects of the goldenseal product on BCRP, OATP1B1/3, OATs, OCTs, MATEs, and CYP3A were next evaluated in 16 healthy volunteers. As expected, goldenseal increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-inf ) of midazolam (CYP3A; positive control), with a geometric mean ratio (GMR) (90% confidence interval (CI)) of 1.43 (1.35-1.53). However, goldenseal had no effects on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin (BCRP and OATP1B1/3) and furosemide (OAT1/3); decreased metformin (OCT1/2, MATE1/2-K) AUC0-inf (GMR, 0.77 (0.71-0.83)); and had no effect on metformin half-life and renal clearance. Results indicated that goldenseal altered intestinal permeability, transport, and/or other processes involved in metformin absorption, which may have unfavorable effects on glucose control. Inconsistencies between model predictions and pharmacokinetic outcomes prompt further refinement of current basic models to include differential transporter expression in relevant organs and intestinal degradation/metabolism of the precipitant(s). Such refinement should improve in vitro-in vivo prediction accuracy, contributing to a standard approach for studying transporter-mediated natural product-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Rakshit S Tanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Deena L Hadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA.,Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Sumit Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Justina C Calamia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher M Arian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura M Shireman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bálint Molnár
- SOLVO Biotechnology, SZTE Biológiai Epület, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Horváth
- SOLVO Biotechnology, SZTE Biológiai Epület, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Joshua J Kellogg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew E Layton
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - John R White
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard D Boyce
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary F Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA.,Center of Excellence for Natural Product Drug Interaction Research, Spokane, Washington, USA
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29
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Basit A, Neradugomma NK, Wolford C, Fan PW, Murray B, Takahashi RH, Khojasteh SC, Smith BJ, Heyward S, Totah RA, Kelly EJ, Prasad B. Characterization of Differential Tissue Abundance of Major Non-CYP Enzymes in Human. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4114-4124. [PMID: 32955894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The availability of assays that predict the contribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism allows for the design of new chemical entities (NCEs) with minimal oxidative metabolism. These NCEs are often substrates of non-CYP drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), sulfotransferases (SULTs), carboxylesterases (CESs), and aldehyde oxidase (AO). Nearly 30% of clinically approved drugs are metabolized by non-CYP enzymes. However, knowledge about the differential hepatic versus extrahepatic abundance of non-CYP DMEs is limited. In this study, we detected and quantified the protein abundance of eighteen non-CYP DMEs (AO, CES1 and 2, ten UGTs, and five SULTs) across five different human tissues. AO was most abundantly expressed in the liver and to a lesser extent in the kidney; however, it was not detected in the intestine, heart, or lung. CESs were ubiquitously expressed with CES1 being predominant in the liver, while CES2 was enriched in the small intestine. Consistent with the literature, UGT1A4, UGT2B4, and UGT2B15 demonstrated liver-specific expression, whereas UGT1A10 expression was specific to the intestine. UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 were expressed in both the liver and intestine; UGT1A9 was expressed in the liver and kidney; and UGT2B17 levels were significantly higher in the intestine than in the liver. All five SULTs were detected in the liver and intestine, and SULT1A1 and 1A3 were detected in the lung. Kidney abundance was the most variable among the studied tissues, and overall, high interindividual variability (>15-fold) was observed for UGT2B17, CES2 (intestine), SULT1A1 (liver), UGT1A9, UGT2B7, and CES1 (kidney). These differential tissue abundance data can be integrated into physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for the prediction of non-CYP drug metabolism and toxicity in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Basit
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
| | - Naveen K Neradugomma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christopher Wolford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Peter W Fan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bernard Murray
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Gilead Sciences Inc., 324 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Ryan H Takahashi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS 412a, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS 412a, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bill J Smith
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Gilead Sciences Inc., 324 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Scott Heyward
- BioIVT Inc., Baltimore, Maryland 21227, United States
| | - Rheem A Totah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99202, United States
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30
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Järvinen E, Kidron H, Finel M. Human efflux transport of testosterone, epitestosterone and other androgen glucuronides. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105518. [PMID: 31704245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several drug-metabolizing enzymes are known to control androgen homeostasis in humans. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases convert androgens to glucuronide conjugates in the liver and intestine, which enables subsequent elimination of these conjugated androgens via urine. The most important androgen is testosterone, while others are the testosterone metabolites androsterone and etiocholanolone, and the testosterone precursor dehydroepiandrosterone. Epitestosterone is another endogenous androgen, which is included as a crucial marker in urine doping tests. Since glucuronide conjugates are hydrophilic, efflux transporters mediate their excretion from tissues. In this study, we employed the membrane vesicle assay to identify the efflux transporters for glucuronides of androsterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, epitestosterone, etiocholanolone and testosterone. The human hepatic and intestinal transporters MRP2 (ABCC2), MRP3 (ABCC3), MRP4 (ABCC4), BCRP (ABCG2) and MDR1 (ABCB1) were studied in vitro. Of these transporters, only MRP2 and MRP3 transported the androgen glucuronides investigated. In kinetic analyses, MRP3 transported glucuronides of androsterone, epitestosterone and etiocholanolone at low Km values, between 0.4 and 4 μM, while the Km values for glucuronides of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were 14 and 51 μM, respectively. MRP2 transported the glucuronides at lower affinity, as indicated by Km values over 100 μM. Interestingly, the MRP2-mediated transport of androsterone and epitestosterone glucuronides was best described by sigmoidal kinetics. The inability of BCRP to transport any of the androgen glucuronides investigated is drastically different from its highly active transport of several estrogen conjugates. Our results explain the transporter-mediated disposition of androgen glucuronides in humans, and shed light on differences between the human efflux transporters MRP2, MRP3, MRP4, BCRP and MDR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkka Järvinen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Moshe Finel
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Zhang H, Basit A, Wolford C, Chen KF, Gaedigk A, Lin YS, Leeder JS, Prasad B. Normalized Testosterone Glucuronide as a Potential Urinary Biomarker for Highly Variable UGT2B17 in Children 7-18 Years. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 107:1149-1158. [PMID: 31900930 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 (UGT2B17) is a highly variable androgen-metabolizing and drug-metabolizing enzyme. UGT2B17 exhibits a unique ontogeny profile characterized by a dramatic increase in hepatic protein expression from prepubertal age to adulthood. Age, sex, copy number variation (CNV), and single nucleotide polymorphisms only explain 26% of variability in protein expression, highlighting the need for a phenotypic biomarker for predicting interindividual variability in glucuronidation of UGT2B17 substrates. Here, we propose testosterone glucuronide (TG) normalized by androsterone glucuronide (TG/AG) as a urinary UGT2B17 biomarker, and examine the associations among urinary TG/AG and age, sex, and CNV. We performed targeted metabolomics of 12 androgen conjugates with liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in 63 pediatric subjects ages 7-18 years followed over 7 visits in 3 years. Consistent with the reported developmental trajectory of UGT2B17 protein expression, urinary TG/AG is significantly associated with age, sex, and CNV. In conclusion, TG/AG shows promise as a phenotypic urinary UGT2B17 biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeyoung Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chris Wolford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kuan-Fu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrea Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Yvonne S Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J Steven Leeder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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32
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Couto N, Al-Majdoub ZM, Gibson S, Davies PJ, Achour B, Harwood MD, Carlson G, Barber J, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Warhurst G. Quantitative Proteomics of Clinically Relevant Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters and Their Intercorrelations in the Human Small Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:245-254. [PMID: 31959703 PMCID: PMC7076527 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporter proteins in the human intestine are pertinent to determine oral drug bioavailability. Despite the paucity of reports on such measurements, it is well recognized that these values are essential for translating in vitro data on drug metabolism and transport to predict drug disposition in gut wall. In the current study, clinically relevant DMEs [cytochrome P450 (P450) and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)] and drug transporters were quantified in total mucosal protein preparations from the human jejunum (n = 4) and ileum (n = 12) using quantification concatemer–based targeted proteomics. In contrast to previous reports, UGT2B15 and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 (OATP1A2) were quantifiable in all our samples. Overall, no significant disparities in protein expression were observed between jejunum and ileum. Relative mRNA expression for drug transporters did not correlate with the abundance of their cognate protein, except for P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp) and organic solute transporter subunit alpha (OST-α), highlighting the limitations of RNA as a surrogate for protein expression in dynamic tissues with high turnover. Intercorrelations were found within P450 [2C9-2C19 (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.63), 2C9–2J2 (P = 0.004, R2 = 0.40), 2D6-2J2 (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.50)] and UGT [1A1-2B7 (P = 0.02, R2 = 0.87)] family of enzymes. There were also correlations between P-gp and several other proteins [OST-α (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.77), UGT1A6 (P = 0.009, R2 = 0.38), and CYP3A4 (P = 0.007, R2 = 0.30)]. Incorporating such correlations into building virtual populations is crucial for obtaining plausible characteristics of simulated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Stephanie Gibson
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Pamela J Davies
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Brahim Achour
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Matthew D Harwood
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Gordon Carlson
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Geoffrey Warhurst
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
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33
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Vagnerová K, Ergang P, Soták M, Balounová K, Kvapilová P, Vodička M, Pácha J. Diurnal expression of ABC and SLC transporters in jejunum is modulated by adrenalectomy. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 226:108607. [PMID: 31422161 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The circadian clock system drives many physiological processes, including plasma concentration of glucocorticoids and epithelial transport of some ions and nutrients. As glucocorticoids entrain the circadian rhythms in various peripheral organs, we examined whether adrenalectomy affects the expression and circadian rhythmicity of intestinal transporters of the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) families, which participate in intestinal barriers for absorption of nutrients, nonnutrients and oral drugs. The rat jejunum showed rhythmic circadian profiles of Sglt1, Pept1, Nhe3, Mdr1 and Mrp2 but not Mct1, Oct1, Octn1, Oatp1, Cnt1 and Bcrp. With the exception of Pept1 and Mct1, adrenalectomy decreased the expression of all rhythmic and arrhythmic transporters including the amplitude of Sglt1 and Nhe3 rhythms but minimally affected the phases of rhythmic transporters except of Nhe3. Similarly, adrenalectomy downregulated the expression of rhythmic (Pparα, Hlf, Pgc1α) and arrhythmic (Hnf1β, Hnf4α) transcription factors, which are known to regulate the expression of transporters. We conclude that endogenous corticosteroids have a profound effect on the expression of intestinal SLC and ABC transporters and their nuclear transcription factors. The circulating corticosteroids are necessary for maintaining upregulated expression of Sglt1, Oct1, Octn1, Oatp1, Cnt1, Nhe3, Mdr1, Bcrp, Mrp2, Pparα, Pgc1α, Hnf1β, Hnf4α and Hlf and for maintaining the high amplitude of Sglt1, Nhe3, Pparα, Pgc1α and Hlf circadian rhythms. The study demonstrates that signals from the adrenal gland are necessary for maintaining the expression of arrhythmic and rhythmic intestinal transporters and that changes in the secretion of corticosteroids associated with stress might reorganize intestinal transport barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vagnerová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matúš Soták
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Balounová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Kvapilová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vodička
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pácha
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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34
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Yee SW, Stecula A, Chien HC, Zou L, Feofanova EV, van Borselen M, Cheung KWK, Yousri NA, Suhre K, Kinchen JM, Boerwinkle E, Irannejad R, Yu B, Giacomini KM. Unraveling the functional role of the orphan solute carrier, SLC22A24 in the transport of steroid conjugates through metabolomic and genome-wide association studies. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008208. [PMID: 31553721 PMCID: PMC6760779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in steroid hormone levels has wide implications for health and disease. The genes encoding the proteins involved in steroid disposition represent key determinants of interindividual variation in steroid levels and ultimately, their effects. Beginning with metabolomic data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we observed that genetic variants in the orphan transporter, SLC22A24 were significantly associated with levels of androsterone glucuronide and etiocholanolone glucuronide (sentinel SNPs p-value <1x10-30). In cells over-expressing human or various mammalian orthologs of SLC22A24, we showed that steroid conjugates and bile acids were substrates of the transporter. Phylogenetic, genomic, and transcriptomic analyses suggested that SLC22A24 has a specialized role in the kidney and appears to function in the reabsorption of organic anions, and in particular, anionic steroids. Phenome-wide analysis showed that functional variants of SLC22A24 are associated with human disease such as cardiovascular diseases and acne, which have been linked to dysregulated steroid metabolism. Collectively, these functional genomic studies reveal a previously uncharacterized protein involved in steroid homeostasis, opening up new possibilities for SLC22A24 as a pharmacological target for regulating steroid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Adrian Stecula
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ling Zou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elena V. Feofanova
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marjolein van Borselen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kit Wun Kathy Cheung
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Noha A. Yousri
- Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Computer and Systems Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roshanak Irannejad
- The Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Bing Yu
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
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