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Wang Y, Pandak WM, Hylemon PB, Min HK, Min J, Fuchs M, Sanyal AJ, Ren S. Cholestenoic acid as endogenous epigenetic regulator decreases hepatocyte lipid accumulation in vitro and in vivo. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G147-G162. [PMID: 37961761 PMCID: PMC11208024 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00184.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Cholestenoic acid (CA) has been reported as an important biomarker of many severe diseases, but its physiological and pathological roles remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of CA in hepatic lipid homeostasis. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed that CA specifically activates DNA methyltransferases 1 (DNMT1) at low concentration with EC50 = 1.99 × 10-6 M and inhibits the activity at higher concentration with IC50 = 9.13 × 10-6 M, and specifically inhibits DNMT3a, and DNMT3b activities with IC50= 8.41 × 10-6 M and IC50= 4.89 × 10-6 M, respectively. In a human hepatocyte in vitro model of high glucose (HG)-induced lipid accumulation, CA significantly increased demethylation of 5mCpG in the promoter regions of over 7,000 genes, particularly those involved in master signaling pathways such as calcium-AMPK and 0.0027 at 6 h. RNA sequencing analysis showed that the downregulated genes are affected by CA encoding key enzymes, such as PCSK9, MVK, and HMGCR, which are involved in cholesterol metabolism and steroid biosynthesis pathways. In addition, untargeted lipidomic analysis showed that CA significantly reduced neutral lipid levels by 60% in the cells cultured in high-glucose media. Administration of CA in mouse metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) models significantly decreases lipid accumulation, suppresses the gene expression involved in lipid biosynthesis in liver tissues, and alleviates liver function. This study shows that CA as an endogenous epigenetic regulator decreases lipid accumulation via epigenetic regulation. The results indicate that CA can be considered a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disorders.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, this study is the first to identify the mitochondrial monohydroxy bile acid cholestenoic acid (CA) as an endogenous epigenetic regulator that regulates lipid metabolism through epigenome modification in human hepatocytes. The methods used in this study are all big data analysis, and the results of each part show the global regulation of CA on human hepatocytes rather than narrow point effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Williams M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Hae-Ki Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - John Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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Bétous R, Emile A, Che H, Guchen E, Concordet D, Long T, Noack S, Selzer PM, Prichard R, Lespine A. Filarial DAF-12 sense the host serum to resume iL3 development during infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011462. [PMID: 37339136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematode parasites enter their definitive host at the developmentally arrested infectious larval stage (iL3), and the ligand-dependent nuclear receptor DAF-12 contributes to trigger their development to adulthood. Here, we characterized DAF-12 from the filarial nematodes Brugia malayi and Dirofilaria immitis and compared them with DAF-12 from the non-filarial nematodes Haemonchus contortus and Caenorhabditis elegans. Interestingly, Dim and BmaDAF-12 exhibit high sequence identity and share a striking higher sensitivity than Hco and CelDAF-12 to the natural ligands Δ4- and Δ7-dafachronic acids (DA). Moreover, sera from different mammalian species activated specifically Dim and BmaDAF-12 while the hormone-depleted sera failed to activate the filarial DAF-12. Accordingly, hormone-depleted serum delayed the commencement of development of D. immitis iL3 in vitro. Consistent with these observations, we show that spiking mouse charcoal stripped-serum with Δ4-DA at the concentration measured in normal mouse serum restores its capacity to activate DimDAF-12. This indicates that DA present in mammalian serum participate in filarial DAF-12 activation. Finally, analysis of publicly available RNA sequencing data from B. malayi showed that, at the time of infection, putative gene homologs of the DA synthesis pathways are coincidently downregulated. Altogether, our data suggest that filarial DAF-12 have evolved to specifically sense and survive in a host environment, which provides favorable conditions to quickly resume larval development. This work sheds new light on the regulation of filarial nematodes development while entering their definitive mammalian host and may open the route to novel therapies to treat filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Bétous
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Anthony Emile
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Hua Che
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-De-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Eva Guchen
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Thavy Long
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-De-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Sandra Noack
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Paul M Selzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Roger Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-De-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Anne Lespine
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Gc JB, Chen J, Pokharel SM, Mohanty I, Mariasoosai C, Obi P, Panipinto P, Bandyopadhyay S, Bose S, Natesan S. Molecular basis for the recognition of 24-(S)-hydroxycholesterol by integrin αvβ3. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9166. [PMID: 37280310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that oxysterols such as 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) are biologically active and involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Our previous study demonstrated that 25HC induces an innate immune response during viral infections by activating the integrin-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) pathway. 25HC produced the proinflammatory response by binding directly to integrins at a novel binding site (site II) and triggering the production of proinflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). 24-(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24HC), a structural isomer of 25HC, plays a critical role in cholesterol homeostasis in the human brain and is implicated in multiple inflammatory conditions, including Alzheimer's disease. However, whether 24HC can induce a proinflammatory response like 25HC in non-neuronal cells has not been studied and remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine whether 24HC produces such an immune response using in silico and in vitro experiments. Our results indicate that despite being a structural isomer of 25HC, 24HC binds at site II in a distinct binding mode, engages in varied residue interactions, and produces significant conformational changes in the specificity-determining loop (SDL). In addition, our surface plasmon resonance (SPR) study reveals that 24HC could directly bind to integrin αvβ3, with a binding affinity three-fold lower than 25HC. Furthermore, our in vitro studies with macrophages support the involvement of FAK and NFκB signaling pathways in triggering 24HC-mediated production of TNF. Thus, we have identified 24HC as another oxysterol that binds to integrin αvβ3 and promotes a proinflammatory response via the integrin-FAK-NFκB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan B Gc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 992020, USA
| | - Justin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 992020, USA
| | - Swechha M Pokharel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99210, USA
| | - Indira Mohanty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99210, USA
| | - Charles Mariasoosai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 992020, USA
| | - Peter Obi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 992020, USA
| | - Paul Panipinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 992020, USA
| | - Smarajit Bandyopadhyay
- Molecular Biotechnology Core Laboratory, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Santanu Bose
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99210, USA
| | - Senthil Natesan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 992020, USA.
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Kim JS, Lim H, Seo JY, Kang KR, Yu SK, Kim CS, Kim DK, Kim HJ, Seo YS, Lee GJ, You JS, Oh JS. GPR183 Regulates 7α,25-Dihydroxycholesterol-Induced Oxiapoptophagy in L929 Mouse Fibroblast Cell. Molecules 2022; 27:4798. [PMID: 35956750 PMCID: PMC9369580 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-DHC) is an oxysterol synthesized from 25-hydroxycholesterol by cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily B member 1 (CYP7B1) and is a monooxygenase (oxysterol-7α-hydroxylase) expressed under inflammatory conditions in various cell types. In this study, we verified that 7α,25-DHC-induced oxiapoptophagy is mediated by apoptosis, oxidative stress, and autophagy in L929 mouse fibroblasts. MTT assays and live/dead cell staining revealed that cytotoxicity was increased by 7α,25-DHC in L929 cells. Consequentially, cells with condensed chromatin and altered morphology were enhanced in L929 cells incubated with 7α,25-DHC for 48 h. Furthermore, apoptotic population was increased by 7α,25-DHC exposure through the cascade activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in these cells. 7α,25-DHC upregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in L929 cells. Expression of autophagy biomarkers, including beclin-1 and LC3, was significantly increased by 7α,25-DHC treatment in L929 cells. 7α,25-DHC inhibits the phosphorylation of Akt associated with autophagy and increases p53 expression in L929 cells. In addition, inhibition of G-protein-coupled receptor 183 (GPR183), a receptor of 7α,25-DHC, using GPR183 specific antagonist NIBR189 suppressed 7α,25-DHC-induced apoptosis, ROS production, and autophagy in L929 cells. Collectively, GPR183 regulates 7α,25-DHC-induced oxiapoptophagy in L929 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sung Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (S.-K.Y.); (C.S.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - HyangI Lim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (S.-K.Y.); (C.S.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Jeong-Yeon Seo
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (S.-K.Y.); (C.S.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Kyeong-Rok Kang
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (S.-K.Y.); (C.S.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Sun-Kyoung Yu
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (S.-K.Y.); (C.S.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Chun Sung Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (S.-K.Y.); (C.S.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (S.-K.Y.); (C.S.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Heung-Joong Kim
- Institute of Dental Science, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (J.-S.K.); (H.L.); (J.-Y.S.); (K.-R.K.); (S.-K.Y.); (C.S.K.); (D.K.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Yo-Seob Seo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Gyeong-Je Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Jae-Seek You
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
| | - Ji-Su Oh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea;
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Regulation of Th17/Treg Balance by 27-Hydroxycholesterol and 24S-Hydroxycholesterol Correlates with Learning and Memory Ability in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084370. [PMID: 35457188 PMCID: PMC9028251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism and its oxidative products-oxysterols-in the brain is known to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases. It is well-known that 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) and 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) are the main oxysterols contributing to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the molecular mechanism of how 27-OHC and 24S-OHC cause cognitive decline remains unclear. To verify whether 27-OHC and 24S-OHC affect learning and memory by regulating immune responses, C57BL/6J mice were subcutaneously injected with saline, 27-OHC, 24S-OHC, 27-OHC+24S-OHC for 21 days. The oxysterols level and expression level of related metabolic enzymes, as well as the immunomodulatory factors were measured. Our results indicated that 27-OHC-treated mice showed worse learning and memory ability and higher immune responses, but lower expression level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon (IFN-λ2) compared with saline-treated mice, while 24S-OHC mice performed better in the Morris water maze test than control mice. No obvious morphological lesion was observed in these 24S-OHC-treated mice. Moreover, the expression level of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage inflammatory protein 3α (MIP-3α) were significantly decreased after 24S-OHC treatment. Notably, compared with 27-OHC group, mice treated with 27-OHC+24S-OHC showed higher brain 24S-OHC level, accompanied by increased CYP46A1 expression level while decreased CYP7B1, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) and IL-17A expression level. In conclusion, our study indicated that 27-OHC is involved in regulating the expression of RORγt, disturbing Th17/Treg balance-related immune responses which may be associated with the learning and memory impairment in mice. In contrast, 24S-OHC is neuroprotective and attenuates the neurotoxicity of 27-OHC.
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Liu W, Zhou C, Wang Y, Yu H, Zhang X, Wang T, Wang L, Hao L, Qin Z, Xiao R. Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Disrupted Cholesterol Homeostasis in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Nutr 2021; 151:3865-3873. [PMID: 34510220 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported that dietary and serum concentrations of vitamin D and cholesterol are correlated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about whether 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], lipids, and oxysterols are related to cognitive function. OBJECTIVE This study sought to explore the relations between 25(OH)D, lipids, oxysterols, and cognitive function. METHODS In this study, about 209 MCI patients and 209 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited from the Shanxi province of China (49.5% male; median [IQR] age: 63 [59-66] y). Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, lipids, and oxysterols were measured using ultra-performance LC-MS. Cognitive performance was determined via comprehensive mental, verbal, and auditory cognitive tests. Dietary information was collected using a semiquantitative FFQ and 3 consecutive days of 24-h dietary recalls. Logistic regression analyses, Spearman's correlation, and partial correlation analyses were used to explore correlation between the variables. RESULTS Participants with vitamin D deficiency [serum 25(OH)D <20.0 ng/mL] were 3 times more likely to develop MCI compared to those with adequate vitamin D (≥30 ng/mL) concentrations. The AUC of 25(OH)D was 0.72 and the cut-off was 16.5 ng/mL (sensitivity: 50.3%, specificity: 84.4%). Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were negatively correlated with total cholesterol (TC) (r = -0.19, P = 0.02), LDL-cholesterol (r = -0.17, P = 0.04), and 24S,25-epoxycholesterol (24S,25-epoxy-CHO) (r = -0.21, P = 0.01). Conversely, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (r = 0.185, P < 0.001) and symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) (r = 0.11, P = 0.03) scores were positively correlated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations. CONCLUSION The study identified significant differences in serum 25(OH)D concentrations between MCI patients and cognitive healthy controls, and there was a correlation between serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, lipids, and oxysterols and cognitive impairment among people. This study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry as ChiCTR1900025452.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Capital Medical University, You An Men Wai, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Zhou
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Capital Medical University, You An Men Wai, Beijing, China
| | - Yushan Wang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Capital Medical University, You An Men Wai, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyan Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Capital Medical University, You An Men Wai, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Capital Medical University, You An Men Wai, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Capital Medical University, You An Men Wai, Beijing, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Capital Medical University, You An Men Wai, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Hao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Capital Medical University, You An Men Wai, Beijing, China
| | | | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China Capital Medical University, You An Men Wai, Beijing, China
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de Freitas FA, Levy D, Zarrouk A, Lizard G, Bydlowski SP. Impact of Oxysterols on Cell Death, Proliferation, and Differentiation Induction: Current Status. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092301. [PMID: 34571949 PMCID: PMC8468221 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol produced by enzymatic activity or non-enzymatic pathways (auto-oxidation). The oxidation processes lead to the synthesis of about 60 different oxysterols. Several oxysterols have physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological activities. The effects of oxysterols on cell death processes, especially apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, and oxiapoptophagy, as well as their action on cell proliferation, are reviewed here. These effects, also observed in several cancer cell lines, could potentially be useful in cancer treatment. The effects of oxysterols on cell differentiation are also described. Among them, the properties of stimulating the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells while inhibiting adipogenic differentiation may be useful in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Alessandro de Freitas
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil (D.L.)
| | - Débora Levy
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil (D.L.)
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS ‘Nutrition—Functional Food & Vascular Health’, Monastir, Tunisia & Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse 5000, Tunisia;
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Team ‘Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism’ EA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale—Inserm, 7270 Dijon, France;
| | - Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-900, Brazil (D.L.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine (INCT-Regenera), CNPq, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Tallman KA, Allen LB, Klingelsmith KB, Anderson A, Genaro-Mattos TC, Mirnics K, Porter NA, Korade Z. Prescription Medications Alter Neuronal and Glial Cholesterol Synthesis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:735-745. [PMID: 33528983 PMCID: PMC7977035 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse brain contains over 100 million neuronal, glial, and other support cells. Developing neurons and astrocytes synthesize their own cholesterol, and disruption of this process can occur by both genetic and chemical mechanisms. In this study we have exposed cultured murine neurons and astrocytes to six different prescription medications that cross the placenta and blood-brain barriers and analyzed the effects of these drugs on cholesterol biosynthesis by an LC-MS/MS protocol that assays 14 sterols and 7 oxysterols in a single run. Three antipsychotics (haloperidol, cariprazine, aripiprazole), two antidepressants (trazodone and sertraline), and an antiarhythmic (amiodarone) inhibited one or more sterol synthesis enzymes. The result of the exposures was a dose-dependent increase in levels of various sterol intermediates and a decreased level of cholesterol in the cultured cells. Four prescription medications (haloperidol, aripiprazole, cariprazine, and trazodone) acted primarily on the DHCR7 enzyme. The result of this exposure was an increase in 7-dehydrocholesterol in neurons and astrocytes to levels that were comparable to those found in cultured neurons and astrocytes from transgenic mice that carried a Dhcr7 pathogenic mutation modeling the neurodevelopmental disorder Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri A Tallman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Luke B Allen
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Korinne B Klingelsmith
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Allison Anderson
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Yalcinkaya M, Kerksiek A, Gebert K, Annema W, Sibler R, Radosavljevic S, Lütjohann D, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A. HDL inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis of pancreatic β-cells in vitro by activation of Smoothened. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:492-504. [PMID: 31907205 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of pancreatic β-cell mass and function as a result of sustained ER stress is a core step in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2. The complex control of β-cells and insulin production involves hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathways as well as cholesterol-mediated effects. In fact, data from studies in humans and animal models suggest that HDL protects against the development of diabetes through inhibition of ER stress and β-cell apoptosis. We investigated the mechanism by which HDL inhibits ER stress and apoptosis induced by thapsigargin, a sarco/ER Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor, in β-cells of a rat insulinoma cell line, INS1e. We further explored effects on the Hh signaling receptor Smoothened (SMO) with pharmacologic agonists and inhibitors. Interference with sterol synthesis or efflux enhanced β-cell apoptosis and abrogated the anti-apoptotic activity of HDL. During ER stress, HDL facilitated the efflux of specific oxysterols, including 24-hydroxycholesterol (OHC). Supplementation of reconstituted HDL with 24-OHC enhanced and, in cells lacking ABCG1 or the 24-OHC synthesizing enzyme CYP46A1, restored the protective activity of HDL. Inhibition of SMO countered the beneficial effects of HDL and also LDL, and SMO agonists decreased β-cell apoptosis in the absence of ABCG1 or CYP46A1. The translocation of the SMO-activated transcription factor glioma-associated oncogene GLI-1 was inhibited by ER stress but restored by both HDL and 24-OHC. In conclusion, the protective effect of HDL to counter ER stress and β-cell death involves the transport, generation, and mobilization of oxysterols for activation of the Hh signaling receptor SMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Gebert
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wijtske Annema
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Sibler
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvija Radosavljevic
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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