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El Fadl FIA, Hegazy DE, Maziad NA, Ghobashy MM. Effect of nano-metal oxides (TiO 2, MgO, CaO, and ZnO) on antibacterial property of (PEO/PEC-co-AAm) hydrogel synthesized by gamma irradiation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126248. [PMID: 37562465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The global threat of infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance calls for the development of potent antimicrobial agents integrated with hydrogel for effective control and treatment. Hydrogel is advanced biomaterials compounds. Hydrogel is an advanced biomaterial compound that offers tunable physical and chemical properties, which can be tailored to specific biomedical applications. This study investigates the antibacterial properties of pectin/polyethylene oxide (PEC/PEO)-based poly acrylamide hydrogels containing 5 wt% nano-metal oxides (TiO2, CaO, MgO, and ZnO) synthesized through gamma irradiation at a dose of 30 kGy. This technique allows for sterilization and effectively incorporating the metal oxide nanoparticles within the hydrogel matrix. Characterization of the nanocomposites is performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Incorporating metal oxide nanoparticles induces noticeable changes in the FTIR spectra, confirming interactions between the nanoparticles and the hydrogel matrix. The antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites is evaluated against different bacteria, and the results demonstrate significant inhibitory effects, especially for MgO- and ZnO-hydrogel nanocomposites against P. mirabilis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans, highlighting their potential as antimicrobial agents. The 5 wt% of MgO, ZnO, TiO2 and CaO inside PEO/PEC-co-AAm hydrogel nanocomposites exhibited significant inhibitory effects, with a respective optical density at λ = 600 nm (OD600) values of 0.896 nm, 0.986 nm, 1.250 nm, and 1.980 nm compared to the control and hydrogel alone (OD600 values of 2.88 nm and 2.72 nm, respectively). The antibacterial activity of the (MgO-, ZnO-, TiO2-, and CaO-hydrogel) was enhanced, resulting in the inhibition of S. aureus growth by approximately 68.89 %, 65.86 %, 56.25 %, and 31.94 %, respectively. Incorporating nanoparticles into a hydrogel matrix introduces novelty by preventing their aggregation and synergistically enhancing the antibacterial activity. The hydrogel's porous structure and water content facilitate the physical entrapment of bacteria and promote proximity to the metal oxide nanoparticles, resulting in improved interaction and antimicrobial effectiveness. Moreover, the hydrogel ability to absorb and entrap resistance compounds released by bacteria, coupled with its ability to supply water for the generation of reactive oxygen species, further contributes to its antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Ismail Abou El Fadl
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, Industrial Irradiation Division, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 8029, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Dalia E Hegazy
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, Industrial Irradiation Division, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 8029, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabila A Maziad
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, Industrial Irradiation Division, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 8029, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy
- Radiation Research of Polymer Chemistry Department, Industrial Irradiation Division, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 8029, Cairo, Egypt.
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Biodiesel Synthesis from Refined Palm Oil Using a Calcium Oxide Impregnated Ash-Based Catalyst: Parametric, Kinetics, and Product Characterization Studies. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalyzed transesterification has been proposed as a promising technology to mitigate the limitations of homogeneous transesterification such as wastewater generation, low free fatty acids, low water tolerance, and inability to recycle the catalyst. This work aims to evaluate a refined palm biodiesel synthesis process through heterogeneous catalyzed transesterification. Three major process variables were studied over a reaction duration of 3–6 h, including the reaction temperature (45–65 °C), percentage of catalyst loading (4–6 wt.%), and methanol to oil molar ratio (6:1–12:1). The highest biodiesel yield of 88.58% was recorded under the conditions of temperature 55 °C, catalyst loading 4 wt.% and methanol to oil molar ratio 9:1 at 5 h. A pseudo-first order reaction mechanism was applied in the kinetic analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) concentrations. In addition, the activation energy and pre-exponential factors, as determined through the kinetic analysis, were 31.2 kJ/mol and 680.21 min−1, respectively. The key fuel properties of the produced palm biodiesel were determined to be acceptable according to the ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214 standards. The developed catalyst could feasibly be reused for the palm biodiesel synthesis up to the third cycle with lower reaction performance in the fourth cycle.
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Yadav VK, Gnanamoorthy G, Yadav KK, Ali IH, Bagabas AA, Choudhary N, Yadav S, Suriyaprabha R, Islam S, Modi S, Cabral-Pinto M. Utilization of Incense Stick Ash in Hydrometallurgy Methods for Extracting Oxides of Fe, Al, Si, and Ca. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:1879. [PMID: 35269110 PMCID: PMC8911598 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With rapid industrialization, there is an ever-increasing demand for iron oxides, calcium oxides, aluminum oxides, silica, and zeolites as raw materials for various industries, but reserves of such metal oxides are continuously diminishing. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore new alternatives for such value-added minerals. One such material is incense stick ash (ISA), which is among the most unexplored byproducts from residential and holy places. Currently, ISA is of no use and it is disposed of in millions of tons (MTs) in rivers and other water bodies in India due to its sacred value. The major chemical composition of ISA is calcium, silica, alumina, ferrous minerals, magnesium, and traces of Na, K, P, Ti, etc. Major fractions of ISA, i.e., 50-60%, are made up of calcium and magnesium oxides; 20-30% of ISA is made up of silica, alumina, and ferrous minerals, as revealed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). In the present research work, methods of recovery of value-added micro and nano minerals from ISA are suggested, using cost-effective techniques and an eco-friendly approach. Firstly, magnetic fractions were recovered by a magnetic separation method; then, alumina, silica, and calcium oxides were synthesized from non-magnetic fractions. The confirmation of the synthesized and extracted nanomaterials was done by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analyzer (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy with electron diffraction spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The purity of synthesized particles varied from 40-80%. In the future, ISA will prove to be an alternative resource material for Fe, Ca, Si, C, Al, and zeolites, which will minimize solid waste pollution and water pollution arising due to the disposal of ISA into water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virendra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, P P Savani University, Kosamba, Surat 394125, Gujarat, India
| | - Govindhan Gnanamoorthy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad, Bhopal 462044, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Ismat H. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulaziz A. Bagabas
- National Petrochemical Technology Center (NPTC), Materials Science Research Institute (MSRI), King Abdulaziz City for Science Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nisha Choudhary
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Sciences, P P Savani University, Kosamba, Surat 394125, Gujarat, India;
| | - Shalini Yadav
- Department of Civil Engineering, Rabindranath Tagore University, Raisen 462045, Madhya Pradesh, India;
| | - Rajendran Suriyaprabha
- School of Nanosciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India;
| | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shreya Modi
- Department of Microbiology, Shri Sarvajanik Science College, Mehasana 384001, Gujarat, India;
| | - Marina Cabral-Pinto
- Geobiotec Research Centre, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Kumar JA, Krithiga T, Narendrakumar G, Prakash P, Balasankar K, Sathish S, Prabu D, Pushkala DP, Marraiki N, Ramu AG, Choi D. Effect of Ca 2+ ions on naphthalene adsorption/desorption onto calcium oxide nanoparticle: Adsorption isotherm, kinetics and regeneration studies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112070. [PMID: 34555407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The adsorptive nature of calcium oxide nanoparticles in aqueous sample of naphthalene in presence of Ca2+ ions was estimated. Enhanced efficiency of calcium oxide regeneration (90%) with the aid of calcium chloride in the solution concentration of 0.002-0.1 M was depicted. The less degree of toxic naphthalene desorption merged with SEM, FTIR and XRD characterization data portrays the importance of naphthalene adsorption onto calcium oxide using calcium chloride for regeneration. Batch adsorption studies were performed to evaluate the operating parameters such as pH, naphthalene concentration, contact time and impact of Ca2+ on naphthalene study. The adsorption isotherm of naphthalene on calcium oxide nanoparticle was described by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin Radushkevich and theoretical maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 63.81 mg/g at 303 K. The adsorption kinetic best fitted with pseudo second order kinetic model. The positive influence of making the addition of Ca2+ ions into naphthalene solution for its rapid adsorption was elucidated which is leaded by a probable increase in sorption capacity for naphthalene molecules at lower concentrations. The stable nature of crystallinity of calcium oxide and a less degree of naphthalene molecules leaching during consecutive cycles of adsorptive process and nanoparticle regeneration was also scrutinized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aravind Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, India.
| | - T Krithiga
- Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, India
| | - G Narendrakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, India
| | - P Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, India
| | - K Balasankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, India
| | - S Sathish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, India
| | - D Prabu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, India
| | - D Purna Pushkala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, India
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - A G Ramu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, 2639-Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong city, 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjin Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University, 2639-Sejong-ro, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong city, 30016, Republic of Korea
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Effectiveness of Eggshells as Natural Heterogeneous Catalysts for Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil with Methanol. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis has an advantage of easy separation of the catalyst after biodiesel is produced. CaO is known to be an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Taking into account that CaO is a key component of eggshells, the effectiveness of eggshells as a heterogeneous catalyst for rapeseed oil transesterification with methanol was investigated and optimal conditions of biodiesel production were determined applying RSM methodology. The influence of three independent variables on ester content was analyzed and a quadratic model was created. It was determined that this model is statistically significant. The optimum transesterification conditions when eggshells are used as a heterogeneous catalyst, and the process temperature of 64 °C, were determined as: the methanol-to-oil molar ratio 10.93:1; the catalyst amount 6.80 wt%; the reaction duration 9.48 h. The ester yield of 97.79 wt% was obtained under these conditions.
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6
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Revisit to Henry reaction by non conventional heterogeneous and efficient catalyst for nitroalcohol synthesis. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tran NN, Tišma M, Budžaki S, McMurchie EJ, Ngothai Y, Morales Gonzalez OM, Hessel V. Production of Biodiesel from Recycled Grease Trap Waste: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nam Nghiep Tran
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Can Tho University, Can Tho 90000, Vietnam
| | - Marina Tišma
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Sandra Budžaki
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Edward J. McMurchie
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yung Ngothai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Olivia Maria Morales Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5612 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Eco-benign biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using eggshell derived MM-CaO catalyst and condition optimization using RSM approach. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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9
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Abstract
Biodiesel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels and mainly produced from oils/fat through the (trans)esterification process. To enhance the reaction efficiency and simplify the production process, various catalysts have been introduced for biodiesel synthesis. Recently, the use of bio-derived catalysts has attracted more interest due to their high catalytic activity and ecofriendly properties. These catalysts include alkali catalysts, acid catalysts, and enzymes (biocatalysts), which are (bio)synthesized from various natural sources. This review summarizes the latest findings on these bio-derived catalysts, as well as their source and catalytic activity. The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts are also discussed. These bio-based catalysts show a promising future and can be further used as a renewable catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production.
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Sulaiman NF, Ramly NI, Abd Mubin MH, Lee SL. Transition metal oxide (NiO, CuO, ZnO)-doped calcium oxide catalysts derived from eggshells for the transesterification of refined waste cooking oil. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21781-21795. [PMID: 35478800 PMCID: PMC9034226 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis of new transition metal oxide-modified CaO catalysts derived from eggshells for the transesterification of refined waste cooking oil. CaO is a well-known base catalyst for transesterification. However, its moderate basicity and low surface area have restricted its catalytic performance. Therefore, a new attempt was made to modify the CaO catalyst with transition metal oxides, including Ni, Cu and Zn oxides, via simple wetness impregnation method. The catalytic performance of the resulting modified CaO-based catalysts was evaluated through the transesterification reaction using refined waste cooking oil. The results showed that the NiO/CaO(10 : 90)(ES) catalyst calcined at 700 °C, demonstrated being highly potential as a catalyst. It gave the highest biodiesel production (97.3%) at the optimum conditions of 1 : 18 oil-to-methanol molar ratio, 6 wt% catalyst loading and 180 minutes reaction time as verified by response surface methodology (RSM). The high catalytic activity of NiO/CaO(10 : 90)(ES)(700 °C) was attributed to its high basicity (8.5867 mmol g−1) and relatively large surface area (7.1 m2 g−1). The acid value and free fatty acids of the biodiesel produced under optimal process conditions followed the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 limit with 0.17 mg KOH per g (AV) and 0.09 mg KOH per g (FFA), respectively. This paper reports the synthesis of new transition metal oxide-modified CaO catalysts derived from eggshells for the transesterification of refined waste cooking oil.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fatin Sulaiman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Johor Bahru Malaysia .,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Nurul Izzaty Ramly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Helmi Abd Mubin
- Centre for Pre University Studies, MAHSA University Bandar Saujana Putra 42610 Jenjarom Selangor Malaysia
| | - Siew Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Johor Bahru Malaysia .,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Johor Bahru Malaysia
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12
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Erchamo YS, Mamo TT, Workneh GA, Mekonnen YS. Improved biodiesel production from waste cooking oil with mixed methanol-ethanol using enhanced eggshell-derived CaO nano-catalyst. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6708. [PMID: 33758293 PMCID: PMC7988067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, the utilization of mixed methanol–ethanol system for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) using enhanced eggshell-derived calcium oxide (CaO) nano-catalyst was investigated. CaO nano-catalyst was produced by calcination of eggshell powder at 900 °C and followed by hydration-dehydration treatment to improve its catalytic activity. The particle size, morphology, and elemental composition of a catalyst were characterized by using XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques, respectively. After hydration-dehydration the shape of a catalyst was changed from a rod-like to honeycomb-like porous microstructure. Likewise, average particle size was reduced from 21.30 to 13.53 nm, as a result, its surface area increases. The main factors affecting the biodiesel yield were investigated, accordingly, an optimal biodiesel yield of 94% was obtained at 1:12 oil to methanol molar ratio, 2.5 wt% catalyst loading, 60 °C, and 120-min reaction time. A biodiesel yield of 88% was obtained using 6:6 equimolar ratio of methanol to ethanol, the yield even increased to 91% by increasing the catalyst loading to 3.5 wt%. Moreover, by slightly increasing the share of methanol in the mixture, at 8:4 ratio, the maximum biodiesel yield could reach 92%. Therefore, we suggest the utilization of methanol–ethanol mixture as a reactant and eggshell-derived CaO as a catalyst for enhanced conversion of WCO into biodiesel. It is a very promising approach for the development of low-cost and environmentally friendly technology. Properties of the biodiesel were also found in good agreement with the American (ASTM D6571) fuel standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshimebet Simeon Erchamo
- Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Ethiopia Chemical and Construction Inputs Industry Development Institute, P. O. Box 4124, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tadios Tesfaye Mamo
- Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Ministry of Mine and Petroleum, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, P. O. Box 486, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Adam Workneh
- Center of Excellence in Sustainable Energy, Department of Industrial Chemistry, College of Applied Science, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, P. O. Box 16417, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yedilfana Setarge Mekonnen
- Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Progress on Modified Calcium Oxide Derived Waste-Shell Catalysts for Biodiesel Production. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The dwindling of global petroleum deposits and worsening environmental issues have triggered researchers to find an alternative energy such as biodiesel. Biodiesel can be produced via transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. A heterogeneous catalyst at an economical price has been studied widely for biodiesel production. It was noted that various types of natural waste shell are a potential calcium resource for generation of bio-based CaO, with comparable chemical characteristics, that greatly enhance the transesterification activity. However, CaO catalyzed transesterification is limited in its stability and studies have shown deterioration of catalytic reactivity when the catalyst is reused for several cycles. For this reason, different approaches are reviewed in the present study, which focuses on modification of waste-shell derived CaO based catalyst with the aim of better transesterification reactivity and high reusability of the catalyst for biodiesel production. The catalyst stability and leaching profile of the modified waste shell derived CaO is discussed. In addition, a critical discussion of the structure, composition of the waste shell, mechanism of CaO catalyzed reaction, recent progress in biodiesel reactor systems and challenges in the industrial sector are also included in this review.
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14
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Optimisation of biodiesel production from dairy effluent scum using calcined egg shell as a transesterification catalyst. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe production of biodiesel from dairy effluent scum using calcined egg shell as the transesterification catalyst has been explored. Eggshell powder was calcined at 900 °C for 3 h and used as catalyst. The influence of methanol-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature were studied using Response Surface Methodology employing a Central Composite Rotatable Design. An empirical model that relates the yield of biodiesel to the studied factors was obtained. The model has high statistical significance at 95% confidence interval with R2 and adjusted R2 values of 96.31% and 95.75% respectively. Results showed that among the three studied factors, the methanol-oil molar ratio had the greatest contribution to the yield of dairy effluent scum derived biodiesel followed by reaction temperature and finally, the catalyst concentration. Significant interaction effects were also present between methanol-oil ratio and catalyst, catalyst and reaction temperature and methanol-oil ratio and reaction temperature. Accordingly, the optimal variable settings were 14.355:1 methanol-oil molar ratio, 3.09% catalyst loading by weight of pre-treated dairy scum oil and 55.20°C reaction temperature; with a corresponding yield of 92.72%.
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Abstract
Biodiesel is a substitute fuel that is environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and sustainable. The need for biodiesel continues to increase. Biodiesel is made through the process of transesterification of triglycerides and alcohol. Glycerol is a side-effect of biodiesel products with a capacity of 10% of the total weight of its production. Glycerol is the simplest glyceride compound and has several functions as a primary ingredient in chemical production. Through acetylation, glycerol is converted to a material that has a higher sale value. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts are the acetylation approach to achieve the desired product, namely acetyl glycerol esters (mono-, di- and triacetin). However, in the process, the catalyst’s type and characteristics significantly affect the yield and conversion of the product and the deactivation or reusability of the catalyst, which can inhibit the catalyst’s utilization and effectiveness; therefore, it must be studied further. Besides, the parameters that affect the reaction will also be assessed.
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Waheed M, Yousaf M, Shehzad A, Inam-Ur-Raheem M, Khan MKI, Khan MR, Ahmad N, Abdullah, Aadil RM. Channelling eggshell waste to valuable and utilizable products: A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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17
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Changmai B, Vanlalveni C, Ingle AP, Bhagat R, Rokhum SL. Widely used catalysts in biodiesel production: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41625-41679. [PMID: 35516564 PMCID: PMC9058015 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07931f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuel for being renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, and carbon-neutral. Although the homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, much attention is currently paid toward the chemical synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it can be tuned as per specific requirement and easily recovered, thus enhancing reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical and eco-friendly nature. Furthermore, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area, and potential to convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This review highlights the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts (including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts) derived from different chemicals, as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwajit Changmai
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar Silchar 788010 India
| | - Chhangte Vanlalveni
- Department of Botany, Mizoram University Tanhril Aizawl Mizoram 796001 India
| | - Avinash Prabhakar Ingle
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of Sao Paulo Lorena SP Brazil
| | - Rahul Bhagat
- Department of Biotechnology, Government Institute of Science Aurangabad Maharashtra India
| | - Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar Silchar 788010 India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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Okwundu OS, El-Shazly AH, Elkady MF. Investigation of the Role of Egg Membrane in CaO Synthesis and Methods for Stable Composites Syntheses. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04945-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gupta J, Agarwal M, Dalai A. An overview on the recent advancements of sustainable heterogeneous catalysts and prominent continuous reactor for biodiesel production. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Composite Catalyst of Palm Mill Fly Ash-Supported Calcium Oxide Obtained from Eggshells for Transesterification of Off-Grade Palm Oil. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This research was designed to synthesize a composite catalyst of palm oil fly ash-impregnated calcium oxide prepared from eggshell waste. Several preparation conditions, such as temperature and time applied to calcination and dehydration processes, were investigated. As a result, the optimum temperature and the length of time of calcination were 900 °C and 3 h, respectively. Meanwhile, the dehydration process was performed optimally at 600 °C for 3 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that the obtained catalyst mostly contained calcium oxide compounds (CaO and Ca(OH)2) and minor impurities of silica oxides (SiO2 and Ca2SiO4), with a catalyst-specific surface area of 30.24 m2/g. Regarding its catalytic performance, the composite catalyst proved successful for prospective application the in transesterification of palm oil off-grade, resulting in methyl palmitate and methyl oleate, which are two biodiesel compounds.
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de Jesus de Oliveira C, Teleken JG, Alves HJ. Catalytic efficiency of the eggshell calcined and enriched with glycerin in the synthesis of biodiesel from frying residual oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:17878-17890. [PMID: 32162225 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are several studies using calcium oxide, calcium alkoxide, and calcium hydroxide for biodiesel production. However, there is still a lack of studies highlighting the use of calcium diglyceroxide (calcium oxide enriched with glycerin in the presence of methanol) as a catalyst in the transesterification process. Therefore, the present work aimed to investigate the catalytic efficiency and reutilization of the eggshell calcined and enriched with glycerin and methanol (ECEG), in the synthesis of methylic esters from frying residual oil. As a result, thermochemically modified eggshells showed catalytic efficiency during methylic transesterification of residual oils in mass concentrations of 15%, 5%, 3%, and 1% due to the presence of a high level of esters (97.39, 96.97, 97.75, and 92.96%, respectively). The initial concentration of the enriched eggshell used in methanolysis had a direct effect on the final ester mixture. A 15% increase in the water content of the frying oil contributed to an increase in the ester content. The ECEG was reactive and efficient for four reaction cycles (without reactivation of the catalytic sites) due to the evidence of a high ester content (97.85%, 98.67%, 98.89%, 98.46%), reaching the standard quality of worldwide biodiesel regulations. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos de Jesus de Oliveira
- Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Sector Palotina, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Palotina, PR, CEP 85950-000, Brazil.
| | - Joel Gustavo Teleken
- Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Sector Palotina, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Palotina, PR, CEP 85950-000, Brazil
| | - Helton José Alves
- Federal University of Paraná - UFPR, Sector Palotina, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Palotina, PR, CEP 85950-000, Brazil
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22
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One-pot green synthesis of novel 5,10-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine derivatives with eco-friendly biodegradable eggshell powder as efficacious catalyst. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Impregnation of CaO from Eggshell Waste with Magnetite as a Solid Catalyst (Fe3O4/CaO) for Transesterification of Palm Oil Off-Grade. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, calcium oxide (CaO) extracted from eggshell impregnated with magnetite (Fe3O4) is prepared successfully and it had been applied on transesterification of palm oil off-grade. Prior experiment, the eggshells material are powdered and calcined at 900 °C then impregnated with Fe3O4 and recalcined. The obtained Fe3O4/CaO catalyst is characterized using X-ray diffraction and Braunaeur–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area. The influence of various parameters including recalcined time and temperature are investigated. The prepared catalyst is tested for transesterification of palm oil off-grade to produce biodiesel in which the optimal conditions of a methanol/palm oil off-grade molar ratio of 10:1, the catalyst weight of 6%, the reaction temperature of 70 °C, and the reaction time of 2 h. The transesterification product was analyzed using GC-MS, which showed the biodiesel yield of 90% at the recalcined temperature of 600 °C and reaction time of 2 h. It has been noted that the catalyst activity is achieved when the moderate recalcination temperature is applied and the disordered structure of the catalyst is maintained. This study also confirms that CaO impregnated with Fe3O4 could be a solid catalyst for the biodiesel synthesis through transesterification reaction of palm oil off-grade.
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Low-temperature catalyst based Hydrothermal liquefaction of harmful Macroalgal blooms, and aqueous phase nutrient recycling by microalgae. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11384. [PMID: 31388042 PMCID: PMC6684647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of harmful green macroalgal blooms at a temperature of 270 °C with, and without a catalyst with a holding time of 45 min. The effect of different catalysts on the HTL product yield was also studied. Two separation methods were used for recovering the biocrude oil yield from the solid phase. On comparision with other catalyst, Na2CO3 was found to produce higher yiled of bio-oil. The total bio-oil yield was 20.10% with Na2CO3, 18.74% with TiO2, 17.37% with CaO, and 14.6% without a catalyst. The aqueous phase was analyzed for TOC, COD, TN, and TP to determine the nutrient enrichment of water phase for microalgae cultivation. Growth of four microalgae strains viz., Chlorella Minutissima, Chlorella sorokiniana UUIND6, Chlorella singularis UUIND5 and Scenedesmus abundans in the aqueous phase were studied, and compared with a standard growth medium. The results indicate that harmful macroalgal blooms are a suitable feedstock for HTL, and its aqueous phase offers a promising nutrient source for microalgae.
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25
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Singh TS, Verma TN. An assessment study of using Turel Kongreng (river mussels) as a source of heterogeneous catalyst for biofuel production. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Understanding the reinforcing efficiency of waste eggshell‐derived nano calcium carbonate in natural rubber composites with maleated natural rubber as compatibilizer. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Konwar M, Chetia M, Sarma D. A Low-Cost, Well-Designed Catalytic System Derived from Household Waste "Egg Shell": Applications in Organic Transformations. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 377:6. [PMID: 30675643 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A waste feedstock-derived economical basic alternative catalyst is described in this review. Eggshell is one of the household wastes created in tons of weight daily. Therefore, in order to reduce the environmental pollution-related problems, its use in heterogeneous catalysis can be attributed as a great contribution for the chemical and material science society to carry out several known reactions and for the much-needed energy alternative biodiesel production as low-cost catalytic system. Keeping green chemistry in mind, industrial use of these catalysts may also reduce the use of other traditionally used high-cost chemical catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manashjyoti Konwar
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Mitali Chetia
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Diganta Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India.
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28
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Santya G, Maheswaran T, Yee KF. Optimization of biodiesel production from high free fatty acid river catfish oil (Pangasius hypothalamus) and waste cooking oil catalyzed by waste chicken egg shells derived catalyst. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-018-0155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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29
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Okwundu OS, El-Shazly AH, Elkady M. Comparative effect of reaction time on biodiesel production from low free fatty acid beef tallow: a definition of product yield. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-018-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Arzate-Vázquez I, Méndez-Méndez JV, Flores-Johnson EA, Nicolás-Bermúdez J, Chanona-Pérez JJ, Santiago-Cortés E. Study of the porosity of calcified chicken eggshell using atomic force microscopy and image processing. Micron 2018; 118:50-57. [PMID: 30590254 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the porosity of the layers of calcified chicken eggshell (vertical crystal layer VCL, palisade layer PL and mammillary layer ML) was evaluated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and image processing (IP). AFM topographic images were obtained from different locations for each layer and along the cross-section of calcified eggshell. Roughness parameters, surface area values, pore size and shape, surface porosity, area occupied by pores and pore density were obtained from AFM and IP. It was observed that the thickest layer (PL) exhibited the highest degree of porosity (surface porosity = 2.75 ± 1.68%, pore density = 162 ± 60 pores/μm2) when compared to the other two layers. In general, the pores located in all layers ("bubble pores") had circular shape and similar sizes. Measurements revealed a porosity gradient along the cross-section which varied with position, i.e., increasing surface porosity from the VCL towards the region of the PL closer to the ML, and decreasing surface porosity from this location towards the ML innermost surface. This suggests that the calcified eggshell has a sandwich-like structure where porosity may influence gas exchange and mechanical properties. The combination of AFM with IP presented here provides a simple and precise method to study porosity in calcified chicken eggshell, and this methodology could be used to examine other types of porous biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arzate-Vázquez
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Zacatenco, 07738, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - J V Méndez-Méndez
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Zacatenco, 07738, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - E A Flores-Johnson
- CONACYT - Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - J Nicolás-Bermúdez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq., Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, 07738, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - J J Chanona-Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq., Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, 07738, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - E Santiago-Cortés
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq., Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, 07738, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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31
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Xiang Y, Xiang Y, Wang L. Microwave radiation improves biodiesel yields from waste cooking oil in the presence of modified coal fly ash. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin UniversityYulinShaanxi Province719000China
| | - Yukun Xiang
- Yanshou No.1 Middle SchoolHarbinHeilongjiang Province150700China
| | - Lipeng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin UniversityYulinShaanxi Province719000China
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32
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Gupta AR, Rathod VK. Waste cooking oil and waste chicken eggshells derived solid base catalyst for the biodiesel production: Optimization and kinetics. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 79:169-178. [PMID: 30343743 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Waste chicken eggshells were used to derive two catalysts labeled in this study as Eggshell-CaOC-H-D and Eggshell-CaDG. Both these catalysts were characterized by FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM, and basic strength was determined by the Hammett indicator method. The transesterification of waste cooking oil was carried out to compare the catalytic activity of Eggshell-CaDG and Eggshell-CaOC-H-D. The effect of various reaction parameters-methanol molar ratio, temperature, speed of agitation, and catalyst loading on the progress of the reaction was also tested to produce higher biodiesel yield. Eggshell-CaDG catalyzed reaction produced 96.07% biodiesel under the optimized reaction conditions of methanol molar ratio 10:1, catalyst loading 1.50 wt%, temperature 60 °C and speed of agitation 300 rpm with a reaction time of 50 min. Whereas, Eggshell-CaOC-H-D was yielded 93.10% biodiesel for the optimized operating parameters-methanol molar ratio 12:1, 400 rpm, 65 °C, catalyst loading of 3 wt% in the reaction time of 90 min. The reusability for both the catalysts was tested up to five cycles and found that biodiesel yield was decreased with successive cycles. The activation energies of the Eggshell-CaDG and Eggshell-CaOC-H-D were found to be 31.39 and 54.05 kJ mol-1, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were also found as per the ASTM standard range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar R Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Virendra K Rathod
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India.
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33
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Talha NS, Sulaiman S. In situ transesterification of solid coconut waste in a packed bed reactor with CaO/PVA catalyst. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 78:929-937. [PMID: 32559988 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, solid coconut waste and CaO/PVA was used as raw material and catalyst respectively to produce biodiesel through in situ transesterification. Both, raw material and catalyst were packed in a packed bed reactor. The reaction was fixed for 3 h and the mixing was kept constant at 350 rpm. The highest biodiesel yield of 95% was obtained at reaction temperature of 61 °C with catalyst loading (CaO/PVA) of 2.29 wt% and methanol to solid ratio of 12:1. CaO-waste derived catalyst has been successfully proven to be utilized as heterogeneous base catalyst for the production of biodiesel from solid coconut waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syakirah Talha
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sarina Sulaiman
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, P.O. Box 10, 50728 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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34
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Gupta J, Agarwal M, Dalai AK. Marble slurry derived hydroxyapatite as heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil. CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jharna Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering; MNIT; Jaipur, 302017 India
| | - Madhu Agarwal
- Department of Chemical Engineering; MNIT; Jaipur, 302017 India
| | - Ajay Kumar Dalai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK, S7N 5A9 Canada
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A Review on Application of Heterogeneous Catalyst in the Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCE & PROCESS ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.33736/jaspe.432.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel has been considered as one of the interesting alternative and environmentally benign fuels. The development of environmental friendly heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification/transesterification process seems to be promising route and the reason why it is more preferred to conventional homogeneous and enzymatic catalyzed reactions is discussed. However, investigation on heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production is extensively carried out based on previous research studies. In order to reduce cost of biodiesel production, evaluation and characterization of heterogeneous catalytic materials before and after its preparation provide facts on the process that have significant impact on the desired activity and selectivity properties. This review study provides a comprehensive overview of common process techniques usually employ in producing biodiesel. Different materials that serve as sources of heterogeneous catalysts to transesterify oils or fats for production of biodiesel with emphasis on selection criteria of solid catalytic materials are also highlighted. The potential heterogeneous catalyst that could be derived from anthill, various methods of preparing solid catalysts, as well as reusability and leaching analysis are discussed in details
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36
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Konwar M, Boruah PR, Saikia PJ, Khupse ND, Sarma D. ESP-Promoted Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling and Peptide Bond Formation Reactions in Water at Room Temperature. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manashjyoti Konwar
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh- 786004, Assam India
| | - Preeti Rekha Boruah
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh- 786004, Assam India
| | - Prakash J. Saikia
- Analytical Chemistry Division; CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology; Jorhat- 785006, Assam India
| | | | - Diganta Sarma
- Department of Chemistry; Dibrugarh University; Dibrugarh- 786004, Assam India
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37
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Tshizanga N, Aransiola EF, Oyekola O. Optimisation of biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil and eggshell ash. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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38
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Putra RS, Liyanita A, Arifah N, Puspitasari E, Sawaludin, Hizam MN. Enhanced Electro-Catalytic Process on the Synthesis of FAME Using CaO from Eggshell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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39
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Active Razor Shell CaO Catalyst Synthesis for Jatropha Methyl Ester Production via Optimized Two-Step Transesterification. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/1489218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium based catalysts have been studied as promising heterogeneous catalysts for production of methyl esters via transesterification; however a few were explored on catalyst synthesis with high surface area, less particle size, and Ca leaching analysis. In this work, an active Razor shell CaO with crystalline size of 87.2 nm, SBET of 92.63 m2/g, pore diameters of 37.311 nm, and pore volume of 0.613 cc/g was synthesized by a green technique “calcination-hydro aeration-dehydration.” Spectrographic techniques TGA/DTA, FTIR, SEM, XRD, BET&BJH, and PSA were employed for characterization and surface morphology of CaO. Two-step transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil was performed to evaluate CaO catalytic activity. A five-factor-five-level, two-block, half factorial, central composite design based response surface method was employed for experimental analysis and optimization of Jatropha methyl ester (JME) yield. The regression model adequacy ascertained thru coefficient of determination (R2: 95.81%). A JME yield of 98.80% was noted at C (3.10 wt.%), M (54.24 mol./mol.%), T (127.87 min), H (51.31°C), and R (612 rpm). The amount of Ca leached to JME during 1st and 4th reuse cycles was 1.43 ppm ± 0.11 and 4.25 ppm ± 0.21, respectively. Higher leaching of Ca, 6.67 ppm ± 1.09, was found from the 5th reuse cycle due to higher dispersion of Ca2+; consequently JME yield reduces to 76.40%. The JME fuel properties were studied according to biodiesel standards EN 14214 and comply to use as green biodiesel.
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40
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Putra MD, Ristianingsih Y, Jelita R, Irawan C, Nata IF. Potential waste from palm empty fruit bunches and eggshells as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel is one of the potential alternative energies produced from a variety of vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilana Dharma Putra
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Lambung Mangkurat University
- Banjarbaru 70714
- Indonesia
| | - Yuli Ristianingsih
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Lambung Mangkurat University
- Banjarbaru 70714
- Indonesia
| | - Rinny Jelita
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Lambung Mangkurat University
- Banjarbaru 70714
- Indonesia
| | - Chairul Irawan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Lambung Mangkurat University
- Banjarbaru 70714
- Indonesia
| | - Iryanti Fatyasari Nata
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- Lambung Mangkurat University
- Banjarbaru 70714
- Indonesia
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Relevance of the Physicochemical Properties of Calcined Quail Eggshell (CaO) as a Catalyst for Biodiesel Production. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/5679512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The CaO solid derived from natural quail eggshell was calcined and employed as catalyst to produce biodiesel via transesterification of sunflower oil. The natural quail eggshell was calcined at 900°C for 3 h, in order to modify the calcium carbonate present in its structure in CaO, the activity phase of the catalyst. Both precursor and catalyst were characterized using Hammett indicators method, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), CO2temperature-programmed desorption (CO2-TPD), X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2adsorption-desorption at −196°C, and distribution particle size. The maximum biodiesel production was of 99.00 ± 0.02 wt.% obtained in the following transesterification reaction conditions:XMR(sunflower oil/methanol molar ratio of 1 : 10.5 mol : mol),XCAT(catalyst loading of 2 wt.%),XTIME(reaction time of 2 h), stirring rate of 1000 rpm, and temperature of 60°C.
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Savaliya ML, Bhakhar MS, Dholakiya BZ. Cutting Cost Technology for the Preparation of Biodiesel Using Environmentally Benign and Cheaper Catalyst. Catal Letters 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-016-1861-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Synthesis and catalytic activity of hydration–dehydration treated clamshell derived CaO for biodiesel production. Chem Eng Res Des 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chavan SB, Kumbhar RR, Madhu D, Singh B, Sharma YC. Synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil using waste eggshell and study of its fuel properties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06937h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High purity calcium oxide (CaO) was prepared from eggshell and was used as a catalyst for the production of biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. Madhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | - Bhaskar Singh
- Centre for Environmental Sciences
- Central University of Jharkhand
- Ranchi 835205
- India
| | - Yogesh C. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi
- Varanasi 221005
- India
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