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Poulos A, Wilson K, Schulke M, Nam K, Ohri-Vachaspati P, Bai Y, Kulinna PH. A natural experiment to assess recess frequency on children's physical activity in Arizona (U.S.) elementary schools. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:225. [PMID: 38238751 PMCID: PMC10797942 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, the number of state policies mandating recess in schools has rapidly increased over the past decade; however, few policies specify recess frequency. Informed by an ecological model of physical activity (PA) policy, this study examined and compared total amounts and intensity of PA expended during recess among children attending schools in compliance with Arizona recess policy ARS§ 15-118 mandating 2 + daily recess periods versus not. METHODS PA during recess was measured among grade three children (ages 8-10) in four randomly selected elementary schools (two complying averaging 30 daily recess minutes; two non-complying averaging 15 daily recess minutes) in Maricopa County, Arizona. Group-level PA was assessed by direct observation using the System for Observing Play and Leisure (137 observations). A subset of students (N = 134) from all schools wore ActiGraph GT3X + devices during recess to measure individual PA. General linear mixed effects models were used to analyze the impact of recess frequency on group and individual PA during recess. RESULTS Students attending complying schools spent significantly greater proportions of time in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) based on direct observation (5%) and accelerometry (15%) and less time being sedentary based on accelerometry (14%) during recess. Across the school day, this would equate to 5.1 more MVPA minutes based on systematic direct observation and 9.5 more MVPA minutes based on accelerometry, and 4.1 less minutes being sedentary based on accelerometry if students received two daily 15-minute recess periods compared to one. CONCLUSIONS Students attending elementary schools implementing 2 + recesses, in accordance with state policy, demonstrated greater MVPA and less sedentary time, providing preliminary evidence that recess frequency is associated with greater PA intensity among children during recess. Schools that adhere to state-level PA policies may provide a more supportive environment for PA, resulting in increased movement among students. Specifying recess frequency should be considered in statewide recess policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Poulos
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, ABC 222 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
| | - Kylie Wilson
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, ABC 222 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Marissa Schulke
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, ABC 222 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Kahyun Nam
- Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Punam Ohri-Vachaspati
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, ABC 222 425 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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Greenberg JD, van der Mars H, McKenzie TL, Battista RA, Chriqui JF, Cornett K, Graber KC, Kern BD, Russell JA, Ward DS, Wilson WJ. The Role of Physical Education Within the National Physical Activity Plan. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, RECREATION & DANCE 2024; 95:7-16. [PMID: 38463632 PMCID: PMC10922003 DOI: 10.1080/07303084.2023.2291641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayne D Greenberg
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Hans van der Mars
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Thomas L McKenzie
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Rebecca A Battista
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Jamie F Chriqui
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Kelly Cornett
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Kim C Graber
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Ben D Kern
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Jared A Russell
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Dianne S Ward
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
| | - Wesley J Wilson
- Jayne D. Greenberg is the Education Sector Committee chair, NPAP and North America chair at the International Sport and Culture Association in Weston, FL. Hans van der Mars is a professor emeritus at Arizona State University in Tempe, AZ. Thomas L. McKenzie is a professor emeritus in the School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences at San Diego State University in San Diego, CA. Rebecca A. Battista is a professor in the Department of Public Health and Exercise Science at Appalachian State University in Boone, NC. Jamie F. Chriqui is a senior associate dean in the School of Public Health; a Professor in the Health Policy and Administration; and a director in Health Policy Research at the Institute for Health Research and Policy at the University of Illinois-Chicago in Chicago, IL. Kelly Cornett is a health scientist in the Research Application and Evaluation Team, Healthy Schools Branch, Division of Population Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA. Kim C. Graber is a professor and department head in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL. Ben D. Kern is an assistant professor and PETE program coordinator in the Division of Kinesiology and Health at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, WY. Jared A. Russell is an associate dean for Academic and Faculty Affairs and professor in the School of Kinesiology at Auburn University in Auburn, AL. Dianne S. Ward is a professor and director of the Intervention and Policy Division in the Department of Nutrition at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill in Chapel Hill, NC. Wesley J. Wilson is an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health at the University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign in Urbana, IL
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Stylianou M, Woodforde J, Duncombe S, Kolbe-Alexander T, Gomersall S. School physical activity policies and associations with physical activity practices and behaviours: A systematic review of the literature. Health Place 2021; 73:102705. [PMID: 34844131 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development and implementation of school policies is considered a key strategy for the promotion of physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents. This study aimed to systematically review and synthesise existing literature focusing on the associations between formal written school-based PA policies and (a) school PA practices and (b) PA behaviours of school-aged children and adolescents. Fifty-one papers reporting on 52 studies met the eligibility criteria. All but two studies were from high income countries, most used cross-sectional designs and demonstrated fair methodological quality, and just over a third examined language aspects of policies. Findings predominantly indicated a lack of or inconclusive associations between the various characteristics examined and PA outcomes. Inconclusive associations were identified between both PA practice and behaviour outcomes and state level policies, policies focusing on PE and school-day PA, and in studies examining language aspects of policies. Inconclusive associations with both types of outcomes were more likely to be identified compared to a lack of associations in studies using self-report measures and in studies not providing information about the quality of exposure and outcome measures used. Overall, findings highlight the need for further research that acknowledges the complex relationship between school policies and PA outcomes and employs robust methodological approaches to enhance our understanding of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis Stylianou
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - James Woodforde
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Stephanie Duncombe
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Tracy Kolbe-Alexander
- School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, lpswich, Queensland, 4305, Australia
| | - Sjaan Gomersall
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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