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Baughn JM, Matarese CA. Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Children. Sleep Med Clin 2025; 20:175-181. [PMID: 40348529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2025.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2025]
Abstract
This article will review the definitions and diagnoses of periodic limb movements of sleep and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) in children. This article will highlight the challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of children with PLMD. The nuances between this diagnosis and that of other sleep-related movement disorders covered in this issue will be explored. Treatment options as well as comorbid conditions will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Baughn
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Christine A Matarese
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Sleep Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Panella E, Papetti L, Proietti Checchi M, Tarantino S, Ferilli MAN, Monte G, Voci A, Ruscitto C, Mazzone L, Valeriani M, Moavero R. Sleep Disorders in a Sample of Patients with Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis: Focus on Restless Legs Syndrome. J Clin Med 2025; 14:3157. [PMID: 40364188 PMCID: PMC12072441 DOI: 10.3390/jcm14093157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2025] [Revised: 04/29/2025] [Accepted: 04/30/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Sleep disorders (SDs) and Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) have been reported with high prevalence in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), but data on Pediatric-Onset MS (POMS) are scarce. This study aims to assess the prevalence of SDs, particularly RLS, in a POMS cohort and examine associated clinical features. Methods: We recruited POMS patients who attended the POMS Center of the Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital between September 2021 and February 2023; they were evaluated for SDs using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) or the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) and screened for RLS. Correlations with demographical, clinical, neuroradiological, and laboratory findings were analyzed. Results: We recruited 44 POMS patients, of whom 39% were classified as "good sleepers" and 61% were identified as "poor sleepers." RLS was diagnosed in 10 patients (22.7%). Those with RLS were older and had higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores compared to non-RLS patients (p = 0.028; p = 0.03). The presence of RLS did not show any significant correlation with MRI lesion load or laboratory data. Conclusions: Our findings suggest an increased rate of SDs and RLS in pediatric MS patients compared to the general pediatric population. Clinical data could support a secondary form of RLS in this population, but results need further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Panella
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Papetti
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Samuela Tarantino
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Monte
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Voci
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Ruscitto
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Mazzone
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
- Translational Pain Neuroscience and Precision Medicine, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, Department of Health Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Alborg, Denmark
| | - Romina Moavero
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Systems Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Developmental Neurology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
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