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Al-jedai AH, Mayet AY, Khurshid F, Alsultan MS. Pharmacy practice in hospital settings in GCC countries: Pharmacists' medication therapy monitoring activities. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101952. [PMID: 38283152 PMCID: PMC10820306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our study aims to provide an overview of medication therapy monitoring practices carried out by pharmacists in hospitals across the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Methods This is a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study of hospitals located in the GCC. Questions were adopted from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) national survey. Frequency analyses were used to examine the number and percentages of specific responses to the survey questions. Results A total of 64 hospitals participated in this survey, reflecting an overall response rate of 52.0%. Almost half of participating hospitals (48.4%) were from Saudi Arabia. Among the 64 participating hospitals, 54.7% monitored their patients daily, 40.6% assigned pharmacists to patient care units for at least eight hours per day, and 42.2% held pharmacists accountable for medication-related outcomes. Moreover, the criteria used to identify patients requiring monitoring, 35.9% relied on the list of high-risk medications, 26.5% relied on specific medical services, 21.9% relied on directions from the hospital committee, and 17.2% relied on lab abnormalities. The most frequently utilized method for monitoring adverse drug events (ADEs) was through notifications from nurses or physicians, observed in 60.9% of participating hospitals. Conclusion The survey emphasizes the need for hospitals in the GCC to promote increased pharmacist accountability for medication-related outcomes, explore technological solutions to enhance monitoring efficiency and extend the presence of pharmacists in patient care units beyond the current level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Al-jedai
- Therapeutic Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Y. Mayet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowad Khurshid
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Biomedical Education and Research, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh 202145, India
| | - Mohammed S. Alsultan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Hassan S, Hassanain O, Kamal S, Shalaby L, Nagy M. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of Egyptian healthcare professionals toward therapeutic drug monitoring service as a principal component of personalized medicine. Per Med 2022; 19:509-521. [DOI: 10.2217/pme-2022-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To assess pharmacists' and physicians' knowledge, attitudes and practices toward therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) service at the Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt 57357. Materials & methods: This was a single-site cross-sectional study where all practicing pharmacists and physicians were eligible to participate. Results: A statistically significant difference in the knowledge scores between pharmacists and physicians (p = 0.022) was found. In general, attitudes toward TDM among pharmacists and physicians were positive. Regarding practices, pharmacists were more likely than physicians to agree or strongly agree that they have studied some scientific references on TDM (p = 0.034), but more physicians recommend the TDM service (p = 0.046). Conclusion: A multidisciplinary educational program in Egypt for TDM for both medicine and pharmacy staff will improve interprofessional collaboration in the clinical setting, leading to better personalized medication management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, 57357, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C5 3, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Omneya Hassanain
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Clinical Research, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, 57357, Egypt
| | - Sherif Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, 57357, Egypt
| | - Lobna Shalaby
- Infectious Disease Unit, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, 57357, Egypt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nagy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, 57357, Egypt
- Personalized Medication Management Unit, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt, Cairo, 57357, Egypt
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Hussain K, Ikram R, Ambreen G, Salat MS. Pharmacist-directed vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring in pediatric patients: a collaborative-practice model. J Pharm Policy Pract 2021; 14:100. [PMID: 34847951 PMCID: PMC8630891 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-021-00383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of Vancomycin (VCM) is required to prevent inappropriate dosage-associated bacterial resistance, therapeutic failure, and toxicities in pediatrics. Anecdotal experience and studies show that many healthcare institutions confront barriers while implementing TDM services, this study aimed to assess a pharmacist-directed VCM–TDM service for optimizing patient care in our institution. Materials and methods Patients aged 1 month–18 years who received intravenous VCM were included in this quasi-experimental study. The pre-implementation phase (March–June 2018) consisted of retrospective assessment of pediatric patients, the interventional phase (July 2018 to February 2020) included educational programs and the post-implementation phase (March–June 2020) evaluated the participants based on pharmacist-directed VCM–TDM services as a collaborative-practice model including clinical and inpatient pharmacists to provide 24/7 TDM services. Outcomes of the study included the mean difference in the number of optimal (i) prescribed initial VCM doses (primary) (ii) dosage adjustments and (iii) VCM-sampling time (secondary). After ethical approval, data were collected retrospectively. Results A hundred patients were there in each phase. The number of cases who were correctly prescribed initial VCM doses was significantly higher in the post-implementation phase, mean difference of 0.22, [95% CI (0.142–0.0.358), p < 0.0001]. Patients who had correct dosage adjustments in the post-implementation phase also had higher statistical significance, mean difference of 0.29, [95% CI (0.152–0.423), p < 0.05]. More correct practices of VCM-levels timing were observed in the post-implementation phase, mean difference of 0.15, [95% CI (− 0.053–0.264), p = 0.079]. Conclusion This study showed the significant role of pharmacist-directed TDM services to optimize the correct prescribing of initial VCM doses and dose adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy, Aga Khan University Hospital, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road (Main Pharmacy), P.O Box 3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
| | - Rahila Ikram
- Department of Pharmacology - Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Gul Ambreen
- Department of Pharmacy, Aga Khan University Hospital, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road (Main Pharmacy), P.O Box 3500, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Salat
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Al-Jedai AH, Khurshid F, Mayet AY, Al-Omar HA, Alghanem SS, Alsultan MS. Pharmacy practice in hospital settings in GCC countries: Prescribing and transcribing. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:1021-1028. [PMID: 34588848 PMCID: PMC8463471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To outline hospital pharmacy practices across the Gulf Cooperation Councils (GCC) countries' hospitals. Methods A modified survey questionnaire was prepared from the original 2019 American Society of Health-System Pharmacist (ASHP) survey questions. Survey details were discussed with some pharmacy directors for clarity and relevance. A list of hospitals were obtained from the Ministry of Health of each of the targeted GCC countries. A secure invitation link containing a survey questionnaire was sent to the participants directly. Results Sixty four hospitals responded to this survey. The overall response rate was 52%. About 47% of the surveyed hospitals considered their drug formularies as closed, and strict. Additionally, only 44% of hospitals compare the effectiveness of products, when taking formulary decisions for drug inclusion. Forty-four percent of hospitals have computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE / EHR) system functionality for formulary system management. At about 39.1% hospitals, pharmacists have the responsibility for managing medication therapies, majority were engaged in providing anticoagulation therapies. About 61% of hospital pharmacies in GCC countries receive medication orders electronically, through CPOE/EHR. Majority (66%) of the hospitals in GCC countries have an active Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) while only 40% of pharmacists have a key role in providing clinical support. About 57.8% of hospital pharmacy directors reported that pharmacists do not provide ambulatory care clinical pharmacy services in their hospitals. Conclusion In GCC countries' hospitals, there are major areas for improvement to patient care of which pharmacists are uniquely qualified as the medication experts to have the most meaningful outcomes in all of the domains of safe medication use, medication therapy management, antimicrobial stewardship program and participation in outpatient clinics.
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Key Words
- ASHP, American Society of Health-System Pharmacist
- ASP, Antimicrobial stewardship program
- Ambulatory care
- Anticoagulation
- CPOE, Computerized prescriber order entry
- DOACs, Direct oral anticoagulants
- FMEA, Failure mode and effects analysis
- Formulary
- GCC, Gulf Cooperation Councils
- HER, Electronic health record
- LMWHs, Low molecular- weight heparins
- MTM, Medication Therapy Management
- Medication therapy
- P&T, Pharmacy and therapeutics committee
- SPS, Saudi Pharmaceutical Society
- Stewardship
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Al-Jedai
- Deputyship of Therapeutic Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowad Khurshid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Y Mayet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain A Al-Omar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah S Alghanem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Mohammed S Alsultan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Almaghaslah D, Alsayari A, Alyahya SA, Alshehri R, Alqadi K, Alasmari S. Using Design Thinking Principles to Improve Outpatients' Experiences in Hospital Pharmacies: A Case Study of Two Hospitals in Asir Region, Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9070854. [PMID: 34356232 PMCID: PMC8307150 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9070854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Design thinking, an innovative problem-solving approach, has gained wide popularity in healthcare disciplines. The aim of this work is to improve outpatients' experiences in hospital pharmacies in two hospitals in Asir region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The design thinking approach, adopted from Stanford University's D-School, was used in this study. Results: Several problems were identified: lack of comfortable environment in the pharmacies' waiting area, lack of a queue management system, and workflow inefficiencies related to ordering and supplies of medicines. A prototype was proposed to overcome these challenges. Discussion and Conclusion: The design thinking approach helped in identifying end-user (patients visiting outpatient pharmacies) values and desires and provided an understanding of their struggles. It also proposed tailored solutions that could improve patients' experiences while using the services of the outpatient pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saleh Ali Alyahya
- Medical Supportive Services, Health Affairs, Asir Region, Ministry of Health, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rana Alshehri
- College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (K.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Khawlah Alqadi
- College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (K.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Sumiah Alasmari
- College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (K.A.); (S.A.)
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Mohammed E, Khanal S, Jalal Z, Cheema E, Abutaleb MH, Paudyal V. Perceived barriers and facilitators to uptake of non-traditional roles by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia and implications for COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: a qualitative study using Theoretical Domain Framework. J Pharm Policy Pract 2021; 14:25. [PMID: 33627172 PMCID: PMC7903212 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-021-00307-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has further strengthened the need for pharmacists to uptake non-traditional roles. Pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia is emerging in recent years with greater policy emphasis on pharmacists taking new clinical roles. This study aimed to explore the experiences, perceptions and barriers of Saudi pharmacists about their uptake of non-traditional roles using Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Methods A qualitative semi-structured study using face-to-face or telephone interviews were conducted. Eligible participants included qualified pharmacists from Saudi Arabia. Interviews focused on pharmacist’s perceptions, current opportunities and key challenges towards the uptake of non-traditional roles. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Results were analysed through the framework analysis method and were later mapped with respective domains of TDF. Results A total of 14 pharmacists completed the interview (9 females and 5 males). Participants showed an overall positive attitude towards the uptake of non-traditional roles. Participants felt that there was wider support available for pharmacists at the policy level to uptake non-traditional roles. However, a need for greater recognition of roles by other healthcare professionals and patients were identified. Participants alluded to reluctance of some physicians to take on board the suggestions from a pharmacist. Key barriers to uptake of non-traditional roles were related to environmental context and resources domain of TDF. For example, participants discussed the need for even further practical experiences during their undergraduate degree to become ready to adopt non-traditional roles in clinical practice. Conclusions Participants of this theoretically informed qualitative study showed an overall positive attitude towards the way pharmacy practice is progressing in Saudi Arabia and their uptake of non-traditional roles. However, there is a need to improve interdisciplinary working, patient awareness of pharmacist competencies and their educational preparedness in furthering their uptake of non-traditional roles. Addressing such barriers and promoting uptake of novel roles by pharmacists is imperative in the context of emerging COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeman Mohammed
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Saval Khanal
- Behavioral Science Group, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Zahraa Jalal
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ejaz Cheema
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mohammed H Abutaleb
- Pharmacy Department, King Fahad Central Hospital-Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vibhu Paudyal
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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7
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Bagher AM, Neamatallah T, Balto G, Almikhy L, Almutairi SS, Abushal MO, Baghlaf K, Bagher SM. Knowledge, perception, and confidence of hospital pharmacists toward pharmacogenetics in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:53-58. [PMID: 33603539 PMCID: PMC7873749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Integrating pharmacogenetics (PGx) testing into clinical practice leads to personalized medicine, which improves treatments’ efficacy and safety. Successful implementation of such a service requires sufficient knowledge, perception, and self-confidence among healthcare providers, especially pharmacists. Objectives To evaluate governmental hospital pharmacists’ knowledge, perception, and self-confidence toward PGx testing in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Method This cross-sectional study was conducted using previously validated questionnaire. Pharmacists working in five randomly selected general governmental hospitals in Jeddah between August and October 2019 were interviewed. Comparative and descriptive analyses were used to analyze the data, and the significance level was at P-value < 0.05. Results A total of 119 pharmacists with a mean (±SD) age of 31.2 (±5.05) years were included with a response rate of 79.3%. The average total mean (±SD) score for PGx knowledge-based questions was low (2.4 ± 1.09 out of 5). Most of the participants, with a total mean score of (10.1 ± 1.6 out of 12), revealed a positive perception toward PGx testing and its implications. A moderate self-confidence score for utilizing PGx testing (4.3 ± 2.3 out of 8) was observed among the participants. Pharmacists who had completed postgraduate studies had a statistically higher mean knowledge score (P = 0.006) compared with pharmacists with undergraduate degrees. Conclusion Governmental hospital pharmacists have limited knowledge and understanding about PGx testing; however, the majority expressed a high level of awareness and agreed that PGx testing is a valuable tool for enhancing drug efficacy and safety. The study also highlighted the importance of improving pharmacists’ knowledge about PGx testing, which will help them in implementing such a valuable service into their clinical practice in Saudi hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina M. Bagher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Thikryat Neamatallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer Balto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Almikhy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara S. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed O. Abushal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khlood Baghlaf
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara M. Bagher
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Almohammde S, Alhodian H, Almofareh S, Alshehri S, Almasri DM, Ghoneim RH. A survey of therapeutic drug monitoring in a teaching hospital. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 28:744-747. [PMID: 33424362 PMCID: PMC7783832 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is one of the tools that aim to improve and ensure the best therapeutic effects while avoiding drug toxicity. This study aimed to identify the clinical utilization and application of TDM at a major teaching hospital in Jeddah. Methods A cross sectional survey of the clinical utilization and application of TDM at King Abdulaziz University Teaching Hospital across nurses in medical, surgical, pediatric, and intensive care units. The sample size (n = 130) represented 30% of the nursing population. The collection of questionnaires started on the 31st of January 2019 and was completed by the 10th of March 2019. Results The indication to use TDM was well-known to respondents. However, only 64% of respondents reported collection and measuring of the correct drug levels at a precise sampling time with no specific protocols being followed for each drug. Moreover, only 53% reported that the drug levels were being re-measured and adequately monitored for the right indication and proper sampling time. Regarding the presence of clinical pharmacists, 70% of the respondents indicated that no clinical pharmacist worked in their department. Conclusion Results demonstrate that appropriate sampling time was not used for the majority of monitored drugs. In the absence of a TDM request form, this finding probably indicates the lack of national or local TDM guidelines. In conclusion, TDM services, which include standardized forms, references, and an active clinical pharmacist will likely improve the application of TDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad Almohammde
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadil Alhodian
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Almofareh
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah Alshehri
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diena M Almasri
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ragia H Ghoneim
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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9
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AlQarni K, AlQarni EA, Naqvi AA, AlShayban DM, Ghori SA, Haseeb A, Raafat M, Jamshed S. Assessment of Medication Adherence in Saudi Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Khobar City, Saudi Arabia. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1306. [PMID: 31787894 PMCID: PMC6856211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Medication adherence is defined as taking medications as advised and prescribed by health care professionals for stated duration. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic illnesses in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to document medication adherence in Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi out-patients with type 2 DM in the city of Khobar, Saudi Arabia. The study used the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) to document medication adherence in this population. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 23. Study was ethically approved. Results: Data was collected from 212 patients. Few patients (35.8%) had high adherence to anti diabetic medications. The correlation between HbA1c level and adherence score was negative and significantly strong (ρ = -0.413, p < 0.0001). Most patients (N = 126, 59.4%) modified their medication therapy during month of Ramadan and on Eid occassion. Education level was not a determinant of adherence in this population. Conclusion: This study highlighted that medication adherence is influenced by religious and social factors. Patient counseling is required to improve patient beliefs and increase awareness of adhering to prescribed anti diabetic pharmacotherapy. A pharmacist can play constructive role of a disease educator and patient counselor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled AlQarni
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elham A AlQarni
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atta Abbas Naqvi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhfer Mahdi AlShayban
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Azizullah Ghori
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Raafat
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazia Jamshed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Kulliyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia.,Qualitative Research-Methodological Application in Health Sciences Research Group, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
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10
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Emeka PM, AlMunjem MF, Rasool ST, Kamil N. Evaluation of Counseling Practices and Patient's Satisfaction Offered by Pharmacists for Diabetics Attending Outpatient Pharmacies in Al Ahsa. J Patient Exp 2019; 7:338-345. [PMID: 32821793 PMCID: PMC7410136 DOI: 10.1177/2374373519846945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patient counseling can be helpful in improving the outcome of disease management, particularly chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, which is common in Saudi Arabia. The present study looks to investigate the levels of counseling and satisfaction among patients attending diabetic clinics in outpatient hospital pharmacy in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Method This is a cross-sectional investigation, carried out by using interview-structured questionnaire, targeting diabetes mellitus patients with or without comorbid states. The questionnaire was divided into 3 parts comprising of demographics, counseling types given while collecting prescription, and satisfaction rating of services provided. Result More males than females participated; most of whom were college graduates older than 51 years. Sixty-three percent of the entire participants are type 1 diabetic patients, while 37% are type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Coexistence of hypercholesterolemia was higher among type 1 diabetes patients with 51.9%, while hypertension was more common among type 2 diabetic patients representing 68.2%. Findings also showed that counseling was provided for medication use among type 1 diabetic patients but was deficient in the case of type 2 diabetic patients. Patients received low level of counseling on side effects and healthy lifestyle living. Satisfaction level was only 11.1%, indicating that counseling services might be deficient. Conclusion This study has revealed poor counseling practices and low satisfaction levels in services provided by outpatient hospital pharmacies to diabetic patients. In the face of increasing prevalence of diabetes and comorbidity, counseling of diabetic patients is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Promise M Emeka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manea Fares AlMunjem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahibzada Tasleem Rasool
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor Kamil
- Department of Pharmacology, Barrett Hodgson University, Karachi, Pakistan
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11
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Altyar AE, Sadoun SA, Alradadi RS, Aljohani SS. Evaluating Pharmacy Practice in Hospital Settings in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia: Prescribing and Transcribing-2018. Hosp Pharm 2019; 55:306-313. [PMID: 32999500 DOI: 10.1177/0018578719844707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prescription and transcription processes in hospital settings in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Method: A customized version of the original American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) survey was distributed to a total of 26 hospitals in Jeddah city that fits our criteria starting from December 2017. Hospitals' names were adopted from the Ministry of Health and Jeddah Municipality websites. All questionnaires were collected in June 2018. After that, they were classified according to the type of care provided by the hospital, size, ownership, teaching affiliation, and accreditation. Data were entered electronically using Google forms, and then Microsoft Excel was used to conduct descriptive statistics. Results: The survey had a response rate of 57%. A strict formulary system was adopted in 53.3% of hospitals, and clinical practice guidelines were used to optimize medication use in 86.7% of hospitals. Pharmacists do not have the authority to write medication orders in about 86.7% of hospitals and only 40.0% of hospitals have pharmacists routinely assigned to patient care units. However, Pharmacists actively provided consultation, mostly in drug information (80.0%). Computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) is used to receive medication orders electronically in 80.0% of hospitals, and electronic health record (EHR) is used in about 53.3% of hospitals and 50.0% of those hospitals have pharmacists who document their clinical intervention in EHR. Conclusion: Survey results suggest that pharmacists in hospital settings have not yet been positioned to improve the prescribing and transcribing components of the medication-use process.
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Leung D, Ensom MHH, Carr R. Survey of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Practices in Pediatric Health Care Programs across Canada. Can J Hosp Pharm 2019; 72:126-132. [PMID: 31036973 PMCID: PMC6476573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is helpful in situations where a drug has a narrow therapeutic index, a drug dosage does not reliably predict serum concentration, or a serum drug concentration has surrogate value (i.e., is reflective of clinical outcomes). TDM is especially important for the pediatric population, where wide variability in pharmacokinetics and differences in body composition and drug disposition exist. Unfortunately, very little is known about pediatric TDM patterns and the factors that affect the ordering of serum drug measurements. OBJECTIVES To describe TDM practice for pediatric patients in Canada, to report on the drugs that are monitored and how they are monitored, and to discern factors that influence pediatric TDM patterns. METHODS An electronic survey was developed with online survey software and was disseminated to 42 pediatric health care centres in Canada over the period January to March 2016. RESULTS Of the 42 sites invited to participate in the survey, 20 (48%) responded. All sites reported performing TDM for pediatric patients, and the median number of drugs monitored was 18.5 (range 9-28) per site. The sites differed in terms of TDM practice (e.g., indications for TDM, types of serum drug measurements). Pharmacogenetic testing currently does not play a major role in TDM. Reported barriers to TDM practice include perceived lack of clinical value for certain drugs, limited access to analytical testing, and delayed return of test results. CONCLUSIONS TDM practice is widespread in Canada. To better utilize TDM for clinical practice, future efforts can be aimed toward increasing awareness of the clinical value of TDM and improving the timeliness of access to TDM results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Leung
- , BSc(Hons), BSc(Pharm), ACPR, was, at the time of writing, a Pharmacy Resident, Lower Mainland Pharmacy Services and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia. She is now a Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy, Children's & Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Mary H H Ensom
- , BS(Pharm), PharmD, FASHP, FCCP, FCSHP, was, at the time of writing, a Professor, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Distinguished University Scholar, The University of British Columbia; a Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Children's & Women's Health Centre of British Columbia; and Senior Associate Clinician Scientist, Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia. She has since retired and is now Professor Emerita, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia
| | - Roxane Carr
- , BSc, BSc(Pharm), ACPR, PharmD, BCPS, FCSHP, is Clinical Coordinator, Department of Pharmacy, Children's & Women's Health Centre of British Columbia, and Assistant Professor, Part-time, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
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Alhameed AF, Khansa SA, Hasan H, Ismail S, Aseeri M. Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice; the Active Role of Inpatient Pharmacists in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. PHARMACY 2019; 7:pharmacy7010020. [PMID: 30781607 PMCID: PMC6473576 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy7010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many hospitals face barriers in the implementation of TDM services, this study aimed to evaluate a pharmacist-led TDM service to optimize patients' outcomes. Adult patients who were administered vancomycin, gentamicin, or amikacin were included. The pre-phase included a retrospective assessment of patients and the intervention phase consisted of an educational program. The post-phase assessed patients based on TDM services provided by inpatient pharmacists on a 24-h, 7-day basis for 3 months. The primary outcome was to assess the mean difference in proportion of correct initial doses of prescribing orders. Secondary outcomes included assessing the mean differences in proportions of correct dose adjustments and correct drug sampling time. Seventy-five patients in each phase were eligible. Patients who received optimal initial dosing in the post-phase showed a higher statistical significance, mean difference of 0.31, [95% CI (0.181⁻0.4438), p < 0.0001]. Patients in the post-phase received more optimal dose adjustments, mean difference of 0.1, [95% CI (-0.560⁻0.260), p = 0.2113]. Drug levels were ordered more correctly in the post-phase, mean difference of 0.03, [95% CI (-0.129⁻0.189), p = 0.7110]. This study demonstrated the important role of TDM services led by pharmacists in optimizing the initial dosing for these antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar F Alhameed
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, 21423 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, MNGHA, 42221 Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sara Al Khansa
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, 21423 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Khalid Hospital, MNGHA, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hani Hasan
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, 21423 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Khalid Hospital, MNGHA, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sherine Ismail
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, 21423 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Khalid Hospital, MNGHA, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Aseeri
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, 21423 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Khalid Hospital, MNGHA, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Rovers JP, Mages MD. A model for a drug distribution system in remote Australia as a social determinant of health using event structure analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:677. [PMID: 28946918 PMCID: PMC5613525 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The social determinants of health include the health systems under which people live and utilize health services. One social determinant, for which pharmacists are responsible, is designing drug distribution systems that ensure patients have safe and convenient access to medications. This is critical for settings with poor access to health care. Rural and remote Australia is one example of a setting where the pharmacy profession, schools of pharmacy, and regulatory agencies require pharmacists to assure medication access. Studies of drug distribution systems in such settings are uncommon. This study describes a model for a drug distribution system in an Aboriginal Health Service in remote Australia. The results may be useful for policy setting, pharmacy system design, health professions education, benchmarking, or quality assurance efforts for health system managers in similarly remote locations. The results also suggest that pharmacists can promote access to medications as a social determinant of health. The primary objective of this study was to propose a model for a drug procurement, storage, and distribution system in a remote region of Australia. The secondary objective was to learn the opinions and experiences of healthcare workers under the model. METHODS Qualitative research methods were used. Semi-structured interviews were performed with a convenience sample of 11 individuals employed by an Aboriginal health service. Transcripts were analyzed using Event Structure Analysis (ESA) to develop the model. Transcripts were also analyzed to determine the opinions and experiences of health care workers. RESULTS The model was comprised of 24 unique steps with seven distinct components: choosing a supplier; creating a list of preferred medications; budgeting and ordering; supply and shipping; receipt and storage in the clinic; prescribing process; dispensing and patient counseling. Interviewees described opportunities for quality improvement in choosing suppliers, legal issues and staffing, cold chain integrity, medication shortages and wastage, and adherence to policies. CONCLUSION The model illustrates how pharmacists address medication access as a social determinant of health, and may be helpful for policy setting, system design, benchmarking, and quality assurance by health system designers. ESA is an effective and novel method of developing such models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Rovers
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Drake University, 2507 University Avenue, Des Moines, IA, 50311, USA.
| | - Michelle D Mages
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311, USA
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Al Sabban H, Al-Jedai A, Bajis D, Penm J. The Revised Basel Statements on the Future of Hospital Pharmacy: What Do They Mean for Saudi Arabia? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2017; 26:281-283. [PMID: 28875530 DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the current hospital pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia according to the revised Basel statements. METHODS A review of the available data based on published literature in the subject area was carried out. KEY FINDINGS The original Basel Statements were developed at the 2008 Global Conference on the Future of Hospital Pharmacy in Basel, Switzerland. Representatives from 98 countries, including Saudi Arabia, attended this conference. The revision of the Basel statements simplified and merged many of the original Basel statements. In addition to making the Basel statements more concise, the revision added new statements to reflect global trends and the expanded responsibilities of hospital pharmacists. CONCLUSION The release of the Basel statements represents an important opportunity to bring Saudi Arabian practices into complete concurrence with international standards and to identify areas that should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadi Al Sabban
- Pharmaceutical Care Division, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al-Jedai
- Pharmaceutical Care Division, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Bajis
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Penm
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Makeen HA. Clinical pharmacists as medication therapy experts in diabetic clinics in Saudi Arabia - Not just a perception but a need. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 25:939-943. [PMID: 28951682 PMCID: PMC5606163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacist’s role is expanding from medication dispensing to patient care. There are several newer horizons in which clinical pharmacists have a vital role to play such as diabetic care, handling asthma patients, pain management, anti-coagulation therapy and in hyperlipidemia. Among these, the disorder that is perceived to reach epidemic proportions globally is diabetes mellitus. In the Arab world, particularly in countries like Saudi Arabia, the number affected and the cost incurred in the management of diabetes are relatively high. Apart from adding to the economic burden, the complications arising due to a lag in identification and management are manifold. In developed countries, several practicing hospitals and clinics have inducted clinical pharmacists as vital members of the healthcare team. With profound knowledge about medications, clinical pharmacists are inclined to stay abreast with recent developments in research and latest guidelines, thus supporting physicians in evidence based practice. Clinical pharmacists through Medication Therapy Management can render services by guiding, identifying and monitoring drug related issues faced by the patients. This can contribute in reducing the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and improving the quality of life. To keep pace with the growing prevalence of diabetes in the kingdom, clinical pharmacists need to undergo specialized training in high risk areas. Health regulating bodies should be keen in adopting provisions of inducting them in discrete specialties which can also help in trimming heathcare expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz A Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Mazhar F, Ahmed Y, Haider N, Al Ghamdi F. Community pharmacist and primary care physician collaboration: The missing connection in pharmaceutical care. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2016; 12:273-275. [PMID: 31435251 PMCID: PMC6695022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical care (PC) involves the active participation of the pharmacist in the improvement of the quality of life of the patient through the dispensation, counselling, and monitoring of drug therapy. Community pharmacists often encounter patients first, and, for some patients, the pharmacist is their only contact with a healthcare professional. It is easier and quicker for patients to contact a community pharmacist. However, there is a very limited or a total absence of PC services in community pharmacies of the KSA. To describe the inter-professional collaboration between primary care physicians and community pharmacists concerning PC services, a qualitative study was designed using a thorough, in-depth interview carried out in the cities of Dhahran and Dammam of the Eastern province of the Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Mazhar
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, KSA.,Department of Pharmacy, King Fahad University Hospital, Al-Khobar, KSA.,Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, KSA.,Department of Pharmacy, King Fahad University Hospital, Al-Khobar, KSA
| | - Yousif Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, King Fahad University Hospital, Al-Khobar, KSA.,Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, KSA.,Department of Pharmacy, King Fahad University Hospital, Al-Khobar, KSA
| | - Nafis Haider
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, King Fahd Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, KSA.,Department of Pharmacy, King Fahad University Hospital, Al-Khobar, KSA
| | - Faris Al Ghamdi
- Department of Pharmacy, King Fahad University Hospital, Al-Khobar, KSA
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El Mahalli A, El-Khafif SH, Yamani W. Assessment of Pharmacy Information System Performance in Three Hospitals in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. PERSPECTIVES IN HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2016; 13:1b. [PMID: 26903780 PMCID: PMC4739441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacy information system is one of the central pillars of a hospital information system. This research evaluated a pharmacy information system according to six aspects of the medication process in three hospitals in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. System administrators were interviewed to determine availability of functionalities. Then, system users within the hospital were targeted to evaluate their level of usage of these functionalities. The study was cross-sectional. Two structured surveys were designed. The overall response rate of hospital users was 31.7 percent. In all three hospitals studied, the electronic health record is hybrid, implementation has been completed and the system is running, and the systems have computerized provider order entry and clinical decision support. Also, the pharmacy information systems are integrated with the electronic health record, and computerized provider order entry and almost all prescribing and transcription functionalities are available; however, drug dispensing is a mostly manual process. However, the study hospitals do not use barcode-assisted medication administration systems to verify patient identity and electronically check dose administration, and none of them have computerized adverse drug event monitoring that uses the electronic health record. The numbers of users who used different functionalities most or all of the time was generally low. The highest frequency of utilization was for patient administration records (56.8 percent), and the lowest was for linkage of the pharmacy information system to pharmacy stock (9.1 percent). Encouraging users to use different functionalities was highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza El Mahalli
- Department of Health Information Management and Technology in the College of Public Health and Health Informatics at the University of Dammam in Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar H El-Khafif
- Department of Industrial Electronics and Control Engineering in Faculty of Electronic Engineering at Menoufia University in Egypt
| | - Wid Yamani
- Department of Health Information Management and Technology in the College of Public Health and Health Informatics at the University of Dammam in Saudi Arabia
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A drug procurement, storage and distribution model in public hospitals in a developing country. Res Social Adm Pharm 2015; 12:371-83. [PMID: 26320401 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest in pharmaceutical supply chains and distribution of medications at national and international levels. Issues of access and efficiency have been called into question. However, evaluations of system outcomes are not possible unless there are contextual data to describe the systems in question. Available guidelines provided by international advisory bodies such as the World Health Organization and the International Pharmacy Federation may be useful for developing countries like Vietnam when seeking to describe the pharmaceutical system. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe a conceptual model for drug procurement, storage, and distribution in four government-owned hospitals in Vietnam. METHOD This study was qualitative and used semi-structured interviews with key informants from within the Vietnamese pharmaceutical system. Translated transcriptions were used to conduct a content analysis of the data. RESULTS A conceptual model for the Vietnamese pharmaceutical system was described using structural and functional components. This model showed that in Vietnam, governmental policy influences the structural framework of the system, but allows for flexibility at the functional level of practice. Further, this model can be strongly differentiated from the models described by international advisory bodies. This study demonstrates a method for health care systems to describe their own models of drug distribution to address quality assurance, systems design and benchmarking for quality improvement.
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Albadr Y, Bohassan AK, Ming LC, Khan TM. An exploratory study investigating the potential drug-drug interactions in internal medicine department, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Albadr
- College of Clinical Pharmacy; Dammam University; Dammam Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Long Chiau Ming
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM); Puncak Alam Selangor Malaysia
- Brain and Neuroscience Communities of Research; Universiti Teknologi MARA; Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
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