Prevalence of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase polymorphisms (UGT1A6∗2, 1A7∗12, 1A8∗3, 1A9∗3, 2B7∗2, and 2B15∗2) in a Saudi population

Proteome and transcriptome analysis revealed florfenicol via affected drug metabolism and lipid metabolism induce liver injury of broilers

In order to explore the mechanism of liver injury induced by florfenicol (FFC) in broilers. Sixty broilers were randomly divided into 2 groups: control group: normal drinking water and feed were given every d; FFC group: tap water containing FFC (0.15g/L) was given every d and feed was taken freely; each group was given 5 dd of continuous medication and feed was taken freely. The results showed that compared with the control group, FFC could significantly inhibit the weight gain of broilers (P < 0.05), and significantly inhibit the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP2H1 in liver tissue (P < 0.05). It was found that the expression of genes related to the effect of cytochrome P450 on the metabolism of exogenous substances, the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors signal pathway, peroxisome pathway and glutathione metabolic pathway in the liver of broilers. The results of qPCR of UDP glucuronosyltransferase family 2A1 (UGT2A1), glutathione S-transferase-like 2 (GSTAL2), hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (HPGDS), glutathione S-transferase theta 1(GSTT1), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1 (IDH1), acyl-CoA oxidase 2 (ACOX2), fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP1), adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL), and phosphoribosyl aminoim idazolesuccino carboxamide synthase (PAICS) genes which were randomly selected from the most significant genes were consistent with those of RNA-seq. The results showed that FFC can affect the drug metabolism and lipid synthesis in the liver of broiler, thus impairing the normal function of liver and the growth and development of broiler.

Clinical pharmacology applications in clinical drug development and clinical care: A focus on Saudi Arabia

Drug development, from preclinical to clinical studies, is a lengthy and complex process. There is an increased interest in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to promote innovation, research and local content including clinical trials (Phase I-IV). Currently, there are over 650 registered clinical trials in Saudi Arabia, and this number is expected to increase. An important part of drug development and clinical trials is to assure the safe and effective use of drugs. Clinical pharmacology plays a vital role in informed decision making during the drug development stage as it focuses on the effects of drugs in humans. Disciplines such as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenomics are components of clinical pharmacology. It is a growing discipline with a range of applications in all phases of drug development, including selecting optimal doses for Phase I, II and III studies, evaluating bioequivalence and biosimilar studies and designing clinical studies. Incorporating clinical pharmacology in research as well as in the requirements of regulatory agencies will improve the drug development process and accelerate the pipeline. Clinical pharmacology is also applied in direct patient care with the goal of personalizing treatment. Tools such as therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacogenomics and model informed precision dosing are used to optimize dosing for patients at an individual level. In KSA, the science of clinical pharmacology is underutilized and we believe it is important to raise awareness and educate the scientific community and healthcare professionals in terms of its applications and potential. In this review paper, we provide an overview on the use and applications of clinical pharmacology in both drug development and clinical care.