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Grandi F, Stocco E, Barbon S, Rambaldo A, Contran M, Fascetti Leon F, Gamba P, Parnigotto PP, Macchi V, De Caro R, Porzionato A. Composite Scaffolds Based on Intestinal Extracellular Matrices and Oxidized Polyvinyl Alcohol: A Preliminary Study for a New Regenerative Approach in Short Bowel Syndrome. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018:7824757. [PMID: 29992163 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7824757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome is a rare malabsorption disease occurring because of massive surgical resections of the small intestine. To date, the issues related to current strategies including intestinal transplantation prompted the attention towards tissue engineering (TE). This work aimed to develop and compare two composite scaffolds for intestinal TE consisting of a novel hydrogel, that is, oxidized polyvinyl alcohol (OxPVA), cross-linked with decellularized intestinal wall as a whole (wW/OxPVA) or homogenized (hW/OxPVA). A characterization of the supports was performed by histology and Scanning Electron Microscopy and their interaction with adipose mesenchymal stem cells occurred by MTT assay. Finally, the scaffolds were implanted in the omentum of Sprague Dawley rats for 4 weeks prior to being processed by histology and immunohistochemistry (CD3; F4/80; Ki-67; desmin; α-SMA; MNF116). In vitro studies proved the effectiveness of the decellularization, highlighting the features of the matrices; moreover, both supports promoted cell adhesion/proliferation even if the wW/OxPVA ones were more effective (p < 0.01). Analysis of explants showed a continuous and relatively organized tissue wall around the supports with a connective appearance, such as myofibroblastic features, smooth muscle, and epithelial cells. Both scaffolds, albeit with some difference, were promising; nevertheless, further analysis will be necessary.
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine, which replaces or regenerates human cells, tissues or organs, to restore or establish normal function, is one of the fastest-evolving interdisciplinary fields in healthcare. Over 200 regenerative medicine products, including cell-based therapies, tissue-engineered biomaterials, scaffolds and implantable devices, have been used in clinical development for diseases such as diabetes and inflammatory and immune diseases. To facilitate the translation of regenerative medicine from research to clinic, nanotechnology, especially magnetic nanoparticles have attracted extensive attention due to their unique optical, electrical, and magnetic properties and specific dimensions. In this review paper, we intend to summarize current advances, challenges, and future opportunities of magnetic nanoparticles for regenerative medicine.
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Cromeens BP, Liu Y, Stathopoulos J, Wang Y, Johnson J, Besner GE. Production of tissue-engineered intestine from expanded enteroids. J Surg Res 2016; 204:164-75. [PMID: 27451883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short bowel syndrome is a life-threatening condition with few solutions. Tissue-engineered intestine (TEI) is a potential treatment, but donor intestine is a limiting factor. Expanded epithelial surrogates termed enteroids may serve as a potential donor source. MATERIALS AND METHODS To produce TEI from enteroids, crypts were harvested from mice and enteroid cultures established. Enteroids were seeded onto polymer scaffolds using Matrigel or culture medium and implanted in immunosuppressed mice for 4 wk. Histology was analyzed using Periodic acid-Schiff staining and immunofluorescence. Neomucosa was quantified using ImageJ software. To determine whether TEI could be produced from enteroids established from small intestinal biopsies, 2 × 2-mm pieces of jejunum were processed for enteroid culture, enteroids were expanded and seeded onto scaffolds, and scaffolds implanted for 4 wk. RESULTS Enteroids in Matrigel produced TEI in 15 of 15 scaffolds, whereas enteroids in medium produced TEI in 9 of 15 scaffolds. Use of Matrigel led to more neomucosal surface area compared to media (10,520 ± 2905 μm versus 450 ± 127 μm, P < 0.05). Histologic examination confirmed the presence of crypts and blunted villi, normal intestinal epithelial lineages, intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Crypts obtained from biopsies produced an average of 192 ± 71 enteroids. A single passage produced 685 ± 58 enteroids, which was adequate for scaffold seeding. TEI was produced in 8 of 9 scaffolds seeded with expanded enteroids. CONCLUSIONS Enteroids can be obtained from minimal starting material, expanded ex vivo, and implanted to produce TEI. This method shows promise as a solution to the limited donor intestine available for TEI production in patients with short bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett P Cromeens
- Department of General Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yanchun Liu
- Department of General Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Yijie Wang
- Department of General Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Gail E Besner
- Department of General Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.
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Finkbeiner SR, Freeman JJ, Wieck MM, El-Nachef W, Altheim CH, Tsai YH, Huang S, Dyal R, White ES, Grikscheit TC, Teitelbaum DH, Spence JR. Generation of tissue-engineered small intestine using embryonic stem cell-derived human intestinal organoids. Biol Open 2015; 4:1462-72. [PMID: 26459240 PMCID: PMC4728347 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is characterized by poor nutrient absorption due to a deficit of healthy intestine. Current treatment practices rely on providing supportive medical therapy with parenteral nutrition; while life saving, such interventions are not curative and are still associated with significant co-morbidities. As approaches to lengthen remaining intestinal tissue have been met with only limited success and intestinal transplants have poor survival outcomes, new approaches to treating SBS are necessary. Human intestine derived from embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), called human intestinal organoids (HIOs), have the potential to offer a personalized and scalable source of intestine for regenerative therapies. However, given that HIOs are small three-dimensional structures grown in vitro, methods to generate usable HIO-derived constructs are needed. We investigated the ability of hESCs or HIOs to populate acellular porcine intestinal matrices and artificial polyglycolic/poly L lactic acid (PGA/PLLA) scaffolds, and examined the ability of matrix/scaffolds to thrive when transplanted in vivo. Our results demonstrate that the acellular matrix alone is not sufficient to instruct hESC differentiation towards an endodermal or intestinal fate. We observed that while HIOs reseed acellular porcine matrices in vitro, the HIO-reseeded matrices do not thrive when transplanted in vivo. In contrast, HIO-seeded PGA/PLLA scaffolds thrive in vivo and develop into tissue that looks nearly identical to adult human intestinal tissue. Our results suggest that HIO-seeded PGA/PLLA scaffolds are a promising avenue for developing the mucosal component of tissue engineered human small intestine, which need to be explored further to develop them into fully functional tissue. Summary: HIO-seeded PGA/PLLA scaffolds thrive in vivo and develop into tissue that looks nearly identical to adult human intestinal tissue. These scaffolds appear to be suitable for further tissue engineering approaches to develop functional intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy R Finkbeiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jennifer J Freeman
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Minna M Wieck
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wael El-Nachef
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher H Altheim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rachel Dyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tracy C Grikscheit
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel H Teitelbaum
- Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Mohamed MS, Chen Y, Yao CL. Intestinal stem cells and stem cell-based therapy for intestinal diseases. Cytotechnology 2015; 67:177-89. [PMID: 24981313 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, many gastrointestinal diseases are a major reason for the increased mortality rate of children and adults every year. Additionally, these patients may cope with the high cost of the parenteral nutrition (PN), which aids in the long-term survival of the patients. Other treatment options include surgical lengthening, which is not sufficient in many cases, and intestinal transplantation. However, intestinal transplantation is still accompanied by many challenges, including immune rejection and donor availability, which may limit the transplant's success. The development of more safe and promising alternative treatments for intestinal diseases is still ongoing. Stem cell-based therapy (SCT) and tissue engineering (TE) appear to be the next promising choices for the regeneration of the damaged intestine. However, suitable stem cell source is required for the SCT and TE process. Thus, in this review we discuss how intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are a promising cell source for small intestine diseases. We will also discuss the different markers were used to identify ISCs. Moreover, we discuss the dominant Wnt signaling pathway in the ISC niche and its involvement in some intestinal diseases. Additionally, we discuss ISC culture and expansion, which are critical to providing enough cells for SCT and TE. Finally, we conclude and recommend that ISC isolation, culture and expansion should be considered when SCT is a treatment option for intestinal disorders. Therefore, we believe that ISCs should be considered a cell source for SCT for many gastrointestinal diseases and should be highlighted in future clinical applications.
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Abstract
Tissue engineering currently constitutes a complex, multidisciplinary field exploring ideal sources of cells in combination with scaffolds or delivery systems in order to form a new, functional organ to replace native organ lack or loss. Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality rates in children. Current therapeutic strategies consist of costly and risky allotransplants that demand lifelong immunosuppression. A promising alternative is the implantation of autologous organoid units (OU) to create a tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI). This strategy is proven to be stem cell and mesenchyme dependent. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are located at the base of the crypt and are responsible for repopulating the cycling mucosa up to the villus tip. The stem cell niche governs the biology of ISCs and, together with the rest of the epithelium, communicates with the underlying mesenchyme to sustain intestinal homeostasis. Biopharmaceuticals are broadly used in the clinic to activate or enhance known signaling pathways and may greatly contribute to the development of a full-thickness intestine by increasing mucosal surface area, improving blood supply, and determining stem cell fate. This review will focus on tissue engineering as a means of building the new small intestine, highlighting the importance of stem cells and recombinant peptide growth factors as biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mari Cleide Sogayar
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL/NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tracy Cannon Grikscheit
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Children׳s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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