Reference Citation Analysis: Find an Article, Find a Category, Find a Journal, Find a Scholar

For: Khan M, Kamal AK, Islam M, Azam I, Virk A, Nasir A, Rehman H, Arif A, Jan M, Akhtar A, Mawani M, Razzak JA, Pasha O. Can trained field community workers identify stroke using a stroke symptom questionnaire as well as neurologists? Adaptation and validation of a community worker administered stroke symptom questionnaire in a peri-urban Pakistani community. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014;24:91-9. [PMID: 25440346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open

For:	Khan M, Kamal AK, Islam M, Azam I, Virk A, Nasir A, Rehman H, Arif A, Jan M, Akhtar A, Mawani M, Razzak JA, Pasha O. Can trained field community workers identify stroke using a stroke symptom questionnaire as well as neurologists? Adaptation and validation of a community worker administered stroke symptom questionnaire in a peri-urban Pakistani community. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014;24:91-9. [PMID: 25440346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open

Number

Cited by Other Article(s)

Abdel-All M, Putica B, Praveen D, Abimbola S, Joshi R. Effectiveness of community health worker training programmes for cardiovascular disease management in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2017;7:e015529. [PMID: 29101131 PMCID: PMC5695434 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Community health workers (CHWs) are increasingly being tasked to prevent and manage cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors in underserved populations in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs); however, little is known about the required training necessary for them to accomplish their role. This review aimed to evaluate the training of CHWs for the prevention and management of CVD and its risk factors in LMICs.

METHODS

A search strategy was developed in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and five electronic databases (Medline, Global Health, ERIC, EMBASE and CINAHL) were searched to identify peer-reviewed studies published until December 2016 on the training of CHWs for prevention or control of CVD and its risk factors in LMICs. Study characteristics were extracted using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and quality assessed using Effective Public Health Practice Project's Quality Assessment Tool. The search, data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two researchers.

RESULTS

The search generated 928 articles of which 8 were included in the review. One study was a randomised controlled trial, while the remaining were before-after intervention studies. The training methods included classroom lectures, interactive lessons, e-learning and online support and group discussions or a mix of two or more. All the studies showed improved knowledge level post-training, and two studies demonstrated knowledge retention 6 months after the intervention.

CONCLUSION

The results of the eight included studies suggest that CHWs can be trained effectively for CVD prevention and management. However, the effectiveness of CHW trainings would likely vary depending on context given the differences between studies (eg, CHW demographics, settings and training programmes) and the weak quality of six of the eight studies. Well-conducted mixed-methods studies are needed to provide reliable evidence about the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of training programmes for CHWs.

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Sarfo F, Gebregziabher M, Ovbiagele B, Akinyemi R, Owolabi L, Obiako R, Akpa O, Armstrong K, Akpalu A, Adamu S, Obese V, Boa-Antwi N, Appiah L, Arulogun O, Mensah Y, Adeoye A, Tosin A, Adeleye O, Tabi-Ajayi E, Phillip I, Sani A, Isah S, Tabari N, Mande A, Agunloye A, Ogbole G, Akinyemi J, Laryea R, Melikam S, Uvere E, Adekunle G, Kehinde S, Azuh P, Dambatta A, Ishaq N, Saulson R, Arnett D, Tiwari H, Jenkins C, Lackland D, Owolabi M. Multilingual Validation of the Questionnaire for Verifying Stroke-Free Status in West Africa. Stroke 2015;47:167-72. [PMID: 26578660 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.010374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]

Affiliation(s)

Fred Sarfo From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.).
Mulugeta Gebregziabher From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Bruce Ovbiagele From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Rufus Akinyemi From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Lukman Owolabi From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Reginald Obiako From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Onoja Akpa From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Kevin Armstrong From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Albert Akpalu From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Sheila Adamu From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Vida Obese From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Nana Boa-Antwi From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Lambert Appiah From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Oyedunni Arulogun From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Yaw Mensah From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Abiodun Adeoye From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Aridegbe Tosin From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Osimhiarherhuo Adeleye From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Eric Tabi-Ajayi From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Ibinaiye Phillip From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Abubakar Sani From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Suleiman Isah From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Nasir Tabari From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Aliyu Mande From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Atinuke Agunloye From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Godwin Ogbole From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Joshua Akinyemi From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Ruth Laryea From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Sylvia Melikam From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Ezinne Uvere From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Gregory Adekunle From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Salaam Kehinde From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Paschal Azuh From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Abdul Dambatta From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Naser Ishaq From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Raelle Saulson From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Donna Arnett From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Hemnant Tiwari From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Carolyn Jenkins From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Dan Lackland From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)
Mayowa Owolabi From the Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S., S.A., V.O., N.B.-A., L.A.); Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, (M.G., B.O., K.A., R.S., C.J., D.L.); Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria (L.O., S.I., N.T., A.M., A.D., N.I.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O., E.T.-A., I.P., A.S., P.A.); Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria (O. Akpa, O. Arulogun, A. Adeoye, A.T., O. Adeleye, A. Agunloye, G.O., J.A., S.M., E.U., G.A., S.K., M.O.); Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana (A. Akpalu, Y.M., R.L.); and Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (D.A., H.T.)

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