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Sandrelli RM, Gamperl AK. The upper temperature and hypoxia limits of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) depend greatly on the method utilized. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246227. [PMID: 37622446 PMCID: PMC10560559 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Atlantic salmon were: (i) implanted with heart rate (fH) data storage tags (DSTs), pharmacologically stimulated to maximum fH, and warmed at 10°C h-1 (i.e. tested using a 'rapid screening protocol'); (ii) fitted with Doppler® flow probes, recovered in respirometers and given a critical thermal maximum (CTmax) test at 2°C h-1; and (iii) implanted with fH DSTs, recovered in a tank with conspecifics for 4 weeks, and had their CTmax determined at 2°C h-1. Fish in respirometers and those free-swimming were also exposed to a stepwise decrease in water oxygen level (100% to 30% air saturation) to determine the oxygen level at which bradycardia occurred. Resting fH was much lower in free-swimming fish than in those in respirometers (∼49 versus 69 beats min-1) and this was reflected in their scope for fH (∼104 versus 71 beats min-1) and CTmax (27.7 versus 25.9°C). Further, the Arrhenius breakpoint temperature and temperature at peak fH for free-swimming fish were considerably greater than for those tested in the respirometers and given a rapid screening protocol (18.4, 18.1 and 14.6°C; and 26.5, 23.2 and 20.2°C, respectively). Finally, the oxygen level at which bradycardia occurred was significantly higher in free-swimming salmon than in those in respirometers (∼62% versus 53% air saturation). These results: highlight the limitations of some lab-based methods of determining fH parameters and thermal tolerance in fishes; and suggest that scope for fH may be a more reliable and predictive measure of a fish's upper thermal tolerance than their peak fH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah M. Sandrelli
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7
| | - A. Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St John's, NL, Canada, A1C 5S7
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2
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Reid CH, Raby GD, Faust MD, Cooke SJ, Vandergoot CS. Cardiac activity in walleye (Sander vitreus) during exposure to and recovery from chemical anaesthesia, electroanaesthesia and electrostunning. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:115-127. [PMID: 35506533 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Handling and conducting invasive procedures are necessary for aspects of fisheries science, invariably inducing a stress response and imposing energetic demands on fish. Anaesthesia or immobilisation techniques are often used in an attempt to mitigate stress and improve welfare, yet these also come with their own impacts on post-release recovery. Here, the authors investigated whether changes in cardiac activity (heart rates over time, heart rate maxima, and scopes) differed in adult walleye (Sander vitreus) anaesthetised with AQUI-S® 20E (eugenol), electroanaesthetised with a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit or electrostunned with a commercially developed stunning unit. This experiment was divided into two trials. In the first trial, fish were implanted with heart rate loggers and left to recover for c. 4 days. In the second trial, fish were implanted with heart rate loggers, given 3 days to recover and re-exposed to their initial treatments (excluding surgery). Post-treatment cardiac activity was quantified for both trials. Although highly variable across individuals, the authors found no significant differences in heart rate changes over time or recovery times among treatments. Maximum heart rates were consistent among treatment groups, yet significant differences in heart rate scope provided further evidence of strong interindividual variation in the second trial. Based on these results, the authors did not identify any welfare-relevant differences or concerns associated with one treatment over another. Further investigations of the relationships between measures of cardiac function and other physiological stress markers would be beneficial towards identifying best practices for fish handling in fisheries science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor H Reid
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham D Raby
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew D Faust
- Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife, Sandusky Fisheries Research Station, Sandusky, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher S Vandergoot
- Great Lakes Acoustic Telemetry Observation System, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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3
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Muir CA, Neff BD, Damjanovski S. Adaptation of a mouse Doppler echocardiograph system for assessing cardiac function and thermal performance in a juvenile salmonid. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab070. [PMID: 34512992 PMCID: PMC8415535 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measures of cardiac performance are pertinent to the study of thermal physiology and exercise in teleosts, particularly as they pertain to migration success. Increased heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output have previously been linked to improved swimming performance and increased upper thermal tolerance in anadromous salmonids. To assess thermal performance in fishes, it has become commonplace to measure the response of maximum heart rate to warming using electrocardiograms. However, electrocardiograms do not provide insight into the hemodynamic characteristics of heart function that can impact whole-animal performance. Doppler echocardiography is a popular tool used to examine live animal processes, including real-time cardiac function. This method allows for nonsurgical measurements of blood flow velocity through the heart and has been used to detect abnormalities in cardiovascular function, particularly in mammals. Here, we show how a mouse Doppler echocardiograph system can be adapted for use in a juvenile salmonid over a range of temperatures and timeframes. Using this compact, noninvasive system, we measured maximum heart rate, atrioventricular (AV) blood flow velocity, the early flow-atrial flow ratio and stroke distance in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during acute warming. Using histologically determined measures of AV valve area, we show how stroke distance measurements obtained with this system can be used to calculate ventricular inflow volume and approximate cardiac output. Further, we show how this Doppler system can be used to determine cardiorespiratory thresholds for thermal performance, which are increasingly being used to predict the consequences that warming water temperatures will have on migratory fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie A Muir
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Bryan D Neff
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Sashko Damjanovski
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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Mignucci A, Bourjea J, Forget F, Allal H, Dutto G, Gasset E, McKenzie DJ. Cardiac and behavioural responses to hypoxia and warming in free-swimming gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271040. [PMID: 34308993 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gilthead seabream were equipped with intraperitoneal biologging tags to investigate cardiac responses to hypoxia and warming, comparing when fish were either swimming freely in a tank with conspecifics or confined to individual respirometers. After tag implantation under anaesthesia, heart rate (fH) required 60 h to recover to a stable value in a holding tank. Subsequently, when undisturbed under control conditions (normoxia, 21°C), mean fH was always significantly lower in the tank than in the respirometers. In progressive hypoxia (100% to 15% oxygen saturation), mean fH in the tank was significantly lower than in the respirometers at oxygen levels down to 40%, with significant bradycardia in both holding conditions below this level. Simultaneous logging of tri-axial body acceleration revealed that spontaneous activity, inferred as the variance of external acceleration (VARm), was low and invariant in hypoxia. Warming (21 to 31°C) caused progressive tachycardia with no differences in fH between holding conditions. Mean VARm was, however, significantly higher in the tank during warming, with a positive relationship between VARm and fH across all temperatures. Therefore, spontaneous activity contributed to raising fH of fish in the tank during warming. Mean fH in respirometers had a highly significant linear relationship with mean rates of oxygen uptake, considering data from hypoxia and warming together. The high fH of confined seabream indicates that respirometry techniques may bias estimates of metabolic traits in some fishes, and that biologging on free-swimming fish will provide more reliable insight into cardiac and behavioural responses to environmental stressors by fish in their natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mignucci
- MARBEC, Université de Montpelier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34200 Sète, France
| | - Jérôme Bourjea
- MARBEC, Université de Montpelier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34200 Sète, France
| | - Fabien Forget
- MARBEC, Université de Montpelier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34200 Sète, France
| | - Hossein Allal
- CHU de Montpellier, Service Chirurgie Pédiatrique, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Gilbert Dutto
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34250, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Eric Gasset
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34250, Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - David J McKenzie
- MARBEC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Crossley DA, Stieglitz JD, Benetti DD, Grosell M. The effects of acute temperature change and digestive status on in situ cardiac function in mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 255:110915. [PMID: 33621645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of acute increases in temperature on cardiovascular function of mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). We also describe, for the first time, an artery that supplies the gastrointestinal tract that originates from the fourth branchial artery. We used vascular casting to verify the anatomical location of this unique celiaco-mesenteric artery. We predicted that blood flow in this vessel would be correlated with the digestive state of the animal. Increasing water temperature from 25.0 to 30.5 °C resulted in a linear increase in heart rate (fH) from 165 ± 4 beats∙min-1to 232 ± 7 beats∙min-1. Over this temperature range, fH strongly correlated with water temperature (R2 = 0.79). At 31 °C fH no longer correlated with water temperature, and at 34 °C fH had dropped to 114 ± 19 beats∙min-1. Furthermore, we found that mahi are capable of maintaining constant cardiac output over a temperature range from 25 to 31 °C. Cardiac function appeared to be compromised at temperatures >31 °C. In fed anesthetized fish, blood flow was pulsatile in the celiaco-mesenteric artery and was not in fasted fish. In fed fish, blood flow in the left celiaco-mesenteric artery was 1.99 ± 0.78 ml·min-1·kg-1 compared to the total cardiac output of 168.6 ± 12.7 ml·min-1·kg-1. The data suggest that mahi can differentially regulate gastric blood flow based on feeding state, which may explain the high digestive efficiency and very high growth rates of these pelagic predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, United States.
| | - John D Stieglitz
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149-1098, United States
| | - Daniel D Benetti
- Department of Marine Ecosystems and Society, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149-1098, United States
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149-1098, United States
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Gilbert MJH, Farrell AP. The thermal acclimation potential of maximum heart rate and cardiac heat tolerance in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), a northern cold-water specialist. J Therm Biol 2020; 95:102816. [PMID: 33454044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing heart rate (ƒH) is a central, if not primary mechanism used by fishes to support their elevated tissue oxygen consumption during acute warming. Thermal acclimation can adjust this acute response to improve cardiac performance and heat tolerance under the prevailing temperatures. We predict that such acclimation will be particularly important in regions undergoing rapid environmental change such as the Arctic. Therefore, we acclimated Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), a high latitude, cold-adapted salmonid, to ecologically relevant temperatures (2, 6, 10, 14 and 18 °C) and examined how thermal acclimation influenced their cardiac heat tolerance by measuring the maximum heart rate (ƒHmax) response to acute warming. As expected, acute warming increased ƒHmax in all Arctic char before ƒHmax reached a peak and then became arrhythmic. The peak ƒHmax, and the temperature at which peak ƒHmax (Tpeak) and that at which arrhythmia first occurred (Tarr) all increased progressively (+33%, 49% and 35%, respectively) with acclimation temperature from 2 to 14 °C. When compared at the same test temperature ƒHmax also decreased by as much as 29% with increasing acclimation temperature, indicating significant thermal compensation. The upper temperature at which fish first lost their equilibrium (critical thermal maximum: CTmax) also increased with acclimation temperature, albeit to a lesser extent (+11%). Importantly, Arctic char experienced mortality after several weeks of acclimation at 18 °C and survivors did not have elevated cardiac thermal tolerance. Collectively, these findings suggest that if wild Arctic char have access to suitable temperatures (<18 °C) for a sufficient duration, warm acclimation can potentially mitigate some of the cardiorespiratory impairments previously documented during acute heat exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J H Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4200 - 6270, University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Anthony P Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #4200 - 6270, University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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