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Upreti D, Ishiguro S, Robben N, Nakashima A, Suzuki K, Comer J, Tamura M. Oral Administration of Water Extract from Euglena gracilis Alters the Intestinal Microbiota and Prevents Lung Carcinoma Growth in Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030678. [PMID: 35277036 PMCID: PMC8839094 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The antitumor effects of a partially purified water extract from Euglena gracilis (EWE) and EWE treated by boiling (bEWE) were evaluated using orthotopic lung cancer syngeneic mouse models with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. Daily oral administration of either EWE or bEWE started three weeks prior to the inoculation of LLC cells significantly attenuated tumor growth as compared to the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) control, and the attenuation was further enhanced by bEWE. The intestinal microbiota compositions in both extract-treated groups were more diverse than that in the PBS group. Particularly, a decrease in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and significant increases in Akkermansia and Muribaculum were observed in two types of EWE-treated groups. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) using bEWE-treated mouse feces attenuated tumor growth to an extent equivalent to bEWE treatment, while tumor growth attenuation by bEWE was abolished by treatment with an antibiotic cocktail. These studies strongly suggest that daily oral administration of partially purified water extracts from Euglena gracilis attenuates lung carcinoma growth via the alteration of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Upreti
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.U.); (S.I.); (N.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Susumu Ishiguro
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.U.); (S.I.); (N.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Nicole Robben
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.U.); (S.I.); (N.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Ayaka Nakashima
- Euglena Co., Ltd., Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014, Japan; (A.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Kengo Suzuki
- Euglena Co., Ltd., Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014, Japan; (A.N.); (K.S.)
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.U.); (S.I.); (N.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Masaaki Tamura
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (D.U.); (S.I.); (N.R.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(785)-532-4825; Fax: +1-(785)-532-4557
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Huang C, Li M, Liu B, Zhu H, Dai Q, Fan X, Mehta K, Huang C, Neupane P, Wang F, Sun W, Umar S, Zhong C, Zhang J. Relating Gut Microbiome and Its Modulating Factors to Immunotherapy in Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:642110. [PMID: 33816289 PMCID: PMC8012896 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.642110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gut microbiome is proved to affect the activity of immunotherapy in certain tumors. However, little is known if there is universal impact on both the treatment response and adverse effects (AEs) of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) across multiple solid tumors, and whether such impact can be modulated by common gut microbiome modifiers, such as antibiotics and diet. Methods: A systematic search in PubMed followed by stringent manual review were performed to identify clinical cohort studies that evaluated the relevance of gut microbiome to ICIs (response and/or AEs, 12 studies), or association of antibiotics with ICIs (17 studies), or impact of diet on gut microbiome (16 studies). Only original studies published in English before April 1st, 2020 were used. Qualified studies identified in the reference were also included. Results: At the phylum level, patients who had enriched abundance in Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia almost universally had better response from ICIs, whereas those who were enriched in Proteobacteria universally presented with unfavorable outcome. Mixed correlations were observed for Bacteroidetes in relating to treatment response. Regarding the AEs, Firmicutes correlated to higher incidence whereas Bacteroidetes were clearly associated with less occurrence. Interestingly, across various solid tumors, majority of the studies suggested a negative association of antibiotic use with clinical response from ICIs, especially within 1-2 month prior to the initiation of ICIs. Finally, we observed a significant correlation of plant-based diet in relating to the enrichment of “ICI-favoring” gut microbiome (P = 0.0476). Conclusions: Gut microbiome may serve as a novel modifiable biomarker for both the treatment response and AEs of ICIs across various solid tumors. Further study is needed to understand the underlying mechanism, minimize the negative impact of antibiotics on ICIs, and gain insight regarding the role of diet so that this important lifestyle factor can be harnessed to improve the therapeutic outcomes of cancer immunotherapy partly through its impact on gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, United States
| | - Meizhang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Huanbo Zhu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, United States.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qun Dai
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, United States
| | - Xianming Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Kathan Mehta
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, United States
| | - Chao Huang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, United States
| | - Prakash Neupane
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, United States
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Weijing Sun
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, United States
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Cuncong Zhong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Westwood, KS, United States.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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