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Yu Y, Wang S, You L. Understanding the Integrated Health Management System Policy in China From Multiple Perspectives: Systematic Review and Content Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e47197. [PMID: 38265862 PMCID: PMC10851112 DOI: 10.2196/47197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integrated health management system (IHMS), which unites all health care-related institutions under a health-centered organizational framework, is of great significance to China in promoting the hierarchical treatment system and improving the new health care reform. China's IHMS policy consists of multiple policies at different levels and at different times; however, there is a lack of comprehensive interpretation and analysis of these policies, which is not conducive to the further development of the IHMS in China. OBJECTIVE This study aims to comprehensively analyze and understand the characteristics, development, and evolution of China's IHMS policy to inform the design and improvement of the system. METHODS We followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines to collect 152 policy documents. With the perspective of policy tools and policy orientation as the core, a comprehensive 6D framework including policy level, policy nature, release time, policy tools, stakeholders, and policy orientation was established by combining the content of policy texts. These dimensions were then analyzed using content analysis. RESULTS First, we found that, regarding the coordination of policy tools and stakeholders, China's IHMS policy was more inclined to use environment-based policy tools (1089/1929, 56.45%), which suggests a need for further balance in the internal structure of policy tools. Attention to different actors varied, and the participation of physicians and residents needs further improvement (65/2019, 3.22% and 11/2019, 0.54%, respectively). Second, in terms of level differences, Shanghai's IHMS policy used fewer demand-based policy tools (43/483, 8.9%), whereas the national IHMS policy and those of other provinces and cities used fewer supply-based tools (61/357, 17.1% and 248/357, 69.5%, respectively). The national IHMS strategy placed more emphasis on the construction of smart health care (including digital health; 10/275, 3.6%), whereas Shanghai was a leader in the development of healthy community and healthy China (9/158, 5.7% and 4/158, 2.5%, respectively). Third, in terms of time evolution, the various policy tools showed an increasing and then decreasing trend from 2014 to 2021, with relatively more use of environment-based policy tools and less use of demand-based policy tools in the last 3 years. The growth of China's IHMS policy can be divided into 3 stages: the disease-centered period (2014-2017), the e-health technology development period (2017-2019), and the health-centered period (2018-2021). CONCLUSIONS Policy makers should make several adjustments, such as coordinating policy tools and the uneven relationships among stakeholders; grasping key policy priorities in the context of local characteristics; and focusing on horizontal, multidimensional integration of health resources starting from the community. This study expands the objects of policy research and improves the framework for policy analysis. The findings provide some possible lessons for future policy formulation and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sufen Wang
- Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijue You
- Department of Informatics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang C, Gu ZC, Ma EL, Liu BL, Pan MM, Wang J, Wang X, Wu B, Lin HW. Clinical comprehensive evaluation of direct oral anticoagulants for patients with atrial fibrillation in China. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:1631-1639. [PMID: 37755492 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are increasingly recommended over warfarin in stroke prevention for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). However, there is an important evidence gap in choosing the most appropriate DOAC for Chinese patients in clinical practice. METHODS A multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was adopted to build a scoring framework. Attributes and criteria were identified and determined by a scoping literature review, two rounds of Delphi surveys, and a consensus meeting. Weights of each attribute and criterion in the framework were determined using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Evidence was collected based on the domestic or at least Asian data. Scoring methods for each criterion were developed depended on their characteristics and determined with an expert consensus meeting. Comprehensive scores of each DOAC were calculated based on the utility scores of each criterion and their corresponding weights. RESULTS A total of 5 attributes, including safety, efficacy, costs/cost-effectiveness, suitability, and accessibility, were determined, and 16 criteria were under the 5 attributes. The safety and efficacy were ranked as the top two important attributes with the weights of 38.8% and 35.9%, respectively, while the suitability received the lowest weight of 7.9%. The comprehensive score for edoxaban was the highest (72.3), followed by dabigatran (49.7), rivaroxaban (37.9), and apixaban (35.8). CONCLUSIONS This study provided a scoring framework developed for comprehensive evaluation of DOACs in China. The ranking of DOACs could help to support the decision-making in clinical practice. The framework could provide a reference for comprehensive evaluation of other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Anticoagulation Pharmacist Alliance, Shanghai Pharmaceutical Association, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Chun Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Anticoagulation Pharmacist Alliance, Shanghai Pharmaceutical Association, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Er-Li Ma
- Shanghai Pharmaceutical Association, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Long Liu
- Shanghai Pharmaceutical Association, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Mang-Mang Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Anticoagulation Pharmacist Alliance, Shanghai Pharmaceutical Association, 200040, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Research Unit, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hou-Wen Lin
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200127, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Anticoagulation Pharmacist Alliance, Shanghai Pharmaceutical Association, 200040, Shanghai, China.
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Lim YC, Lee EK, Park MH. Factors influencing drug switching and changes in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels with atorvastatin: a real-world observational study. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:151. [PMID: 37705044 PMCID: PMC10498597 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although generic drugs have been approved with the assurance of interchangeable applications with original drugs, some physicians, and patients still view their efficacy and interchangeability negatively. Using real-world data, we aimed to determine factors that impact switching between drugs that contain the same active ingredient, i.e., atorvastatin, and, in turn, whether this 'switch' could alter clinical outcomes. METHODS Using the National Health Insurance Service senior cohort, a retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess patients who had newly started atorvastatin 10 mg and had at least two records of national health examinations from 2010 to 2014. Drug switching, which was defined as a change in the atorvastatin product administered 90 days before the first and second examinations, was assessed. Greedy propensity score matching (1:2) was performed between switchers and non-switchers to control for potential confounders. Factors influencing switching were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Changes in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels attributable to drug switching were evaluated using difference-in-differences regression. RESULTS A total of 1,588 patients were included, of whom 25.3% switched drugs (1,187 non-switchers and 401 switchers). Compared to patients taking generics before the first examination, those taking the original drugs had a lower odds ratio (0.31; 95% CI [0.21, 0.46]) for subsequent drug switching. A change in medical institution was associated with a significantly higher odds ratio (6.83; 95% CI [4.66, 10.02]). There were no significant differences in LDL-C alterations between switchers and non-switchers (0.42 mg/dL; 95% CI [-2.29, 3.13]). CONCLUSION The type of first-time drug administered and changes in medical institution can influence drug switching. No significant changes in LDL-C values were observed in the various switching scenarios between the original and generic drugs, suggesting their interchangeable application in real-world clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheol Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
| | - Eui-Kyung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea.
| | - Mi-Hai Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea.
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Zhang C, Ma EL, Liu BL, Wu B, Gu ZC, Lin HW. Framework Development for Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs–a Study Protocol Using the Delphi Method and Analytic Hierarchy Process. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:869319. [PMID: 35662698 PMCID: PMC9161709 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.869319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring the value of drugs to help make health-care decisions is a complex process which involves confronting trade-offs among multiple objectives. Although guidelines have been released for clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs, refinement is required when considering a specific drug used in a specific disease. In this study, a two-level framework for clinical comprehensive evaluation of drugs will be developed. Six first-level indicators, including safety, efficacy, costs/cost-effectiveness, novelty, suitability, and accessibility will be evaluated according to the Chinese Guideline for Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Drugs. The second-level components involved in the framework will be first validated by the Delphi method and subsequently compared with one another to get the index weight based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The scoring criteria of each component in the framework will also be determined by the Delphi method and AHP. The scoring criteria of components representing therapeutic effects will involve both score of therapeutic effects and score of evidence quality. With the evidence of the drug to be evaluated, the score of each component will be obtained according to the established scoring criteria, and the overall comprehensive score value of the drug will be calculated, which will assist the evidence-based decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Anticoagulation Pharmacist Alliance, Shanghai Pharmaceutical Association, Shanghai, China
| | - Er-Li Ma
- Shanghai Pharmaceutical Association, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Long Liu
- Shanghai Pharmaceutical Association, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Wu, ; Zhi-Chun Gu,
| | - Zhi-Chun Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Anticoagulation Pharmacist Alliance, Shanghai Pharmaceutical Association, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Wu, ; Zhi-Chun Gu,
| | - Hou-Wen Lin
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Anticoagulation Pharmacist Alliance, Shanghai Pharmaceutical Association, Shanghai, China
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Elezbawy B, Fasseeh AN, Sedrak A, Eldessouki R, Gamal M, Eldebeiky M, Amer H, Akeel S, Morsy A, Amin A, Shafik A, Abaza S, Kaló Z. A multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) tool for purchasing off-patent oncology medicines in Egypt. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:10. [PMID: 35232487 PMCID: PMC8886839 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-022-00414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multi- criteria decision analysis (MCDA) can assist policymakers in objectively choosing between alternative therapeutic options based on multiple value attributes. Our aim was to create an MCDA tool for the national tenders of off-patent oncology medicines in Egypt. Methods An initial list of criteria was developed through a literature review complemented by local expert interviews. Price or cost-related criteria were excluded to abide by the national regulations of the tender process. Next, a workshop hosting diversified stakeholders representing different governmental bodies was held. Anonymous voting was used to rank and weigh the criteria as well as assigning scores. Price was added as a separate step to identify best option based on price per point. The tool was then tested on a national tender sample of off-patent oncology medicines to assess its performance, and it was readjusted accordingly in a second workshop. Results Seven non-price criteria were selected, including use in reference countries (23.49% weight), equivalence with the reference product (18.79%), manufacturing quality (15.53%), provision of pharmacovigilance services (12.94%), supply reliability (10.78%), previous use in local settings (9.8%) and macroeconomic benefit (8.67%). A medicine receives a score ranging from 0 to 100% of each criterion’s weight. The aggregated score is calculated on a hundred-point scale. Based on participants’ consensus, an overall score of 65 was set as a cut-off for passing the technical eligibility phase of the tendering process. Any product receiving a lower score would be disqualified from the tender. For qualified products, the lower price per point represents preferential option for the national tender. Conclusions The created MCDA tool is capable of objectively comparing similar off-patent oncology medicines by considering multiple value attributes and providing reliable scoring functions for each.
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Tesar T, Golias P, Masarykova L, Kawalec P, Inotai A. The Impact of Reimbursement Practices on the Pharmaceutical Market for Off-Patent Medicines in Slovakia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:795002. [PMID: 34966285 PMCID: PMC8710743 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.795002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of selected legislative initiatives and their implementation for off-patent medicinal products in Slovakia compared with the rest of the Visegrád Group (V4 countries). Methods: We analyzed the development of applications for the reimbursement of generic and biosimilar drugs. Particular emphasis was placed on a) the availability and penetration of biosimilars from 2006 to 2020 in Slovakia, b) a comparative analysis of biosimilars in V4 countries based on the national reimbursement lists of medicinal products for August 2021. Data relating to the sales of generic and biosimilar medicines in Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia were based on the IQVIA MIDAS MAT July 2021. Results: The number of applications for the reimbursement of generic drugs decreased from 296 in 2016 to 165 in 2020. In financial terms, the sales of generic medicines in Slovakia increased from 21.7% in 2015 to 22.3% in 2020. Over the same period, the sales of generic drugs in Poland fell from 40.4% in 2015 to 35.0% in 2020, from 26.2 to 22.1% in Hungary, and from 29.6 to 20.4% in Czechia. When considering the 66 biosimilars registered by the European Medicines Agency 38 drugs (58%) were available on the Slovak market as of August 1, 2021; this compared to 32 drugs (48%) in Poland, 38 drugs (58%) in Hungary, and 40 drugs (61%) in Czechia. In financial terms, the sales of biosimilars in Slovakia increased from 0.94% in 2015 to 2.00% in 2020. Over the same period, the sales of biosimilars in Poland increased from 0.59% in 2015 to 1.29% in 2020, from 0.72 to 2.23% in Hungary, and from 0.76 to 2.15% in Czechia. Conclusion: To intensify the use of generic and biosimilar medicines, we suggest the comprehensive re-evaluation of combinations of the three-threshold entry, the amount of mandatory price reductions, and external reference pricing requirements (as the average of the three lowest prices among the official prices of a medicinal product in other Member States) for generic and biosimilar drugs. We also suggest cancellation of the exception from the fixed co-payment of the insured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Tesar
- Department of Organization and Management of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Golias
- Institute for Economic and Social Reforms, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Masarykova
- Department of Organization and Management of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Paweł Kawalec
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - András Inotai
- Syreon Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.,Center of Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Petykó ZI, Kaló Z, Espin J, Podrazilová K, Tesař T, Maniadakis N, Fricke FU, Inotai A. Development of a core evaluation framework of value-added medicines: report 1 on methodology and findings. COST EFFECTIVENESS AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION 2021; 19:57. [PMID: 34465350 PMCID: PMC8406013 DOI: 10.1186/s12962-021-00311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medicines that are based on known molecules and are further developed to address healthcare needs and deliver relevant improvement for patients, healthcare professionals and/or payers are called value-added medicines (VAMs). The evaluation process of VAMs is heterogeneous across countries, and it has been primarily designed for originator pharmaceuticals with confirmatory evidence collected alongside pivotal clinical trials. There is a mismatch between evidence requirements by public decision-makers and evidence generated by manufacturers of VAMs. Our objective was to develop a core evaluation framework for VAMs. Methods Potential benefits offered by VAMs were collected through a systematic literature review and allocated to separate domains in an iterative process. The draft list of domains and their applicability were validated during two consecutive virtual workshops by health policy experts representing countries with different economic statuses, geographical and decision-making contexts. Results Based on 158 extracted studies, the final consensus on the evaluation framework resulted in 11 value domains in 5 main clusters, including unmet medical needs, health gain (measured by health care professionals), patient-reported outcomes, burden on households, and burden on the health care system. Conclusions The proposed framework could reduce the heterogeneity in value assessment processes across countries and create incentives for manufacturers to invest in incremental innovation. However, some domains may not be equally relevant or accepted in all countries, therefore the core framework needs thorough adaptation in specific jurisdictions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12962-021-00311-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ida Petykó
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University, Üllői rd. 25, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.,Syreon Research Institute, Mexikói str. 65/A, Budapest, 1142, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kaló
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University, Üllői rd. 25, Budapest, 1085, Hungary.,Syreon Research Institute, Mexikói str. 65/A, Budapest, 1142, Hungary
| | - Jaime Espin
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Tomáš Tesař
- Department of Organisation and Management of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nikos Maniadakis
- Department of Public Health Policies, Sector of Health Systems and Policy, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | | | - András Inotai
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University, Üllői rd. 25, Budapest, 1085, Hungary. .,Syreon Research Institute, Mexikói str. 65/A, Budapest, 1142, Hungary.
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Godman B, Fadare J, Kwon HY, Dias CZ, Kurdi A, Dias Godói IP, Kibuule D, Hoxha I, Opanga S, Saleem Z, Bochenek T, Marković-Peković V, Mardare I, Kalungia AC, Campbell S, Allocati E, Pisana A, Martin AP, Meyer JC. Evidence-based public policy making for medicines across countries: findings and implications for the future. J Comp Eff Res 2021; 10:1019-1052. [PMID: 34241546 DOI: 10.2217/cer-2020-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Global expenditure on medicines is rising up to 6% per year driven by increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and new premium priced medicines for cancer, orphan diseases and other complex areas. This is difficult to sustain without reforms. Methods: Extensive narrative review of published papers and contextualizing the findings to provide future guidance. Results: New models are being introduced to improve the managed entry of new medicines including managed entry agreements, fair pricing approaches and monitoring prescribing against agreed guidance. Multiple measures have also successfully been introduced to improve the prescribing of established medicines. This includes encouraging greater prescribing of generics and biosimilars versus originators and patented medicines in a class to conserve resources without compromising care. In addition, reducing inappropriate antibiotic utilization. Typically, multiple measures are the most effective. Conclusion: Multiple measures will be needed to attain and retain universal healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Godman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Joseph Fadare
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Medicine, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Hye-Young Kwon
- Division of Biology and Public Health, Mokwon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Carolina Zampirolli Dias
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanj Kurdi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Isabella Piassi Dias Godói
- Institute of Health & Biological Studies - Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Avenida dos Ipês, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Cidade Jardim, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
- Researcher of the Group (CNPq) for Epidemiological, Economic and Pharmacological Studies of Arboviruses (EEPIFARBO) - Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará; Avenida dos Ipês, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Cidade Jardim, Marabá, Pará, Brazil
| | - Dan Kibuule
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Iris Hoxha
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine Tirana, Albania
| | - Sylvia Opanga
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zikria Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tomasz Bochenek
- Department of Nutrition & Drug Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Vanda Marković-Peković
- Department of Social Pharmacy, University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Medicine, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina
| | - Ileana Mardare
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Stephen Campbell
- Centre for Primary Care, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eleonora Allocati
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri' IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Pisana
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antony P Martin
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Johanna C Meyer
- School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
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Case studies for implementing MCDA for tender and purchasing decisions in hospitals in Indonesia and Thailand. J Pharm Policy Pract 2021; 14:52. [PMID: 34127071 PMCID: PMC8200782 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-021-00333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approach has been suggested for helping purchasers in low- and middle-income countries in an evidence-based assessment of multi-source pharmaceuticals to mitigate potential adverse consequences of price-based decisions on patient access to effective medicines. Six workshops for developing MCDA-instruments for purchasing were conducted in Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Thailand, and Kuwait in 2017–2020. In Indonesia and Thailand, two pilot-initiatives aimed to implement the instruments for hospital drug purchasing decisions. Objective By analysing and comparing the experiences and progress from the MCDA-workshops and the two case-examples for hospital implementation in Indonesia and Thailand, we aim to gain insights, which will support future implementation. Methods The selection of criteria and their average weight were compared quantitatively across the MCDA-instruments developed in all four countries and settings. Implementation experiences from two case-examples were studied, which included (1) testing the instrument across a variety of drugs in seven hospitals in Thailand and (2) implementation in one specialty hospital in Indonesia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted via web-conferences with four diverse stakeholders in the pilot implementation projects in Thailand and Indonesia. The open responses were evaluated through qualitative content analysis and synthesis using grounded theory coding. Results Drivers for implementation were making ‘better’ decisions, achieving transparency and a rational selection process, reducing drug shortages, and assuring consistent quality. Challenges were seen on the technical level (definition or of criteria, scoring methods, access to data) or change-related challenges (resistance, perception of increased workload, lack of competencies or capabilities, lack of resources). The comparison of the MCDA instruments revealed high similarity, but also clear need for local adaptations in each specific case. Conclusion A set a of measures targeting challenges related to utility, methodology, data requirements, capacity building and training as well as the broader societal impact can help to overcome challenges in the implementation. Careful planning of implementation and organizational change is recommended for ensuring commitment and fit to local context and culture. Designing a collaborative change program for each application of MCDA-based purchasing will enable healthcare stakeholders to maximally benefit in terms of quality and effectiveness of care and access for patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40545-021-00333-8.
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Farghaly MN, Al Dallal SAM, Fasseeh AN, Monsef NA, Suliman EAMA, Tahoun MA, Abaza S, Kaló Z. Recommendation for a Pilot MCDA Tool to Support the Value-Based Purchasing of Generic Medicines in the UAE. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:680737. [PMID: 34168564 PMCID: PMC8217964 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In recent periods the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has strengthened economic measures in its pharmaceutical policy by promoting local manufacturing and facilitating the use of generic medicines. International examples indicate the importance of quality control elements in the implementation of cost containment policies. Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is increasingly used in health care to facilitate health care decision based on multiple objectives. Our objective was to develop a pilot MCDA tool for repeated use to support the value-based purchasing of generic medicines in the UAE. Methods: An international evidence framework was adapted to UAE in a multistakeholder workshop organized by Dubai Health Authority. After validating the relevance of nine criteria in the local jurisdiction, participants decided the ranking and weight of each criterion by anonymous voting. Results: The top four criteria focused on quality elements starting with real-world clinical or economic outcomes (with 19.8% weight), followed by the quality assurance of manufacturing (17.3%), then evidence on the equivalence with the original product (14.8%), and drug formulation and stability (12.3%). The pharmaceutical acquisition cost criteria ranked fifth with 9.4% weight. The bottom four criteria, including reliability of drug supply, macroeconomic benefit, pharmacovigilance and added value services related to the product had similar weights in the range of 5.5–7.7%. Conclusion: Policy-makers in Dubai put high emphasis of value-based health care by incentivizing manufacturers of off-patent pharmaceuticals to generate additional scientific evidence compared to the mandatory minimum and acknowledging efforts to improve quality standards. The MCDA tool is considered suitable to improve the transparency and consistency of decision making in UAE for off-patent pharmaceuticals, and subsequently for other health technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmad Nader Fasseeh
- Doctoral School of Sociology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Syreon Middle East, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed Attia Tahoun
- Established Pharmaceuticals Division, Abbott Laboratories, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Zoltán Kaló
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Syreon Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
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Tesar T, Golias P, Kobliskova Z, Wawruch M, Kawalec P, Inotai A. Potential Cost-Savings From the Use of the Biosimilars in Slovakia. Front Public Health 2020; 8:431. [PMID: 32974261 PMCID: PMC7472099 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To analyse the market shares of biosimilars in Slovakia and to calculate the potential cost-savings from the use of biosimilars in Slovakia based on two different data sources. Methods: National reimbursement lists from the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia were used for analyzing the availability of biosimilars with public funding. In addition, the reimbursement dossiers of biosimilars, the justifications of reimbursement decisions by the Slovak Ministry of Health, and final reimbursement decrees, which are published on the webpage of the Slovak Ministry of Health, were utilized for this study. Reimbursement decisions regarding biosimilars by the Slovak Ministry of Health from 2006 to August 2019 were considered and the detailed utilization of biosimilars in 2018 was analyzed based on data from the State Institute for Drug Control. The study was validated based on data from the Slovak National Health Information Center. Results: Fifty four biosimilars were approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in August 2019. Of the total group of licensed biosimilars on the market, 29 biosimilars (54%) were available in the Czech Republic, 28 biosimilars (52%) were available in Poland, and 27 biosimilars (50%) were available in Hungary and 24 biosimilars (44%) were available in Slovakia. Our analysis, based on the data provided by distributors of medicinal products to the State Institute for Drug Control, revealed that the health fund in Slovakia could have saved 35 to 50 million euros per year if biosimilars with marketing authorisations had been available on the Slovak market. The calculations assumed a 25-35% price decrease against the original biological medical products, and that there would be no increase in the utilization of biosimilars in Slovakia. Conclusions: To achieve significant improvement in patient access to biosimilars in Slovakia, a top-down approach establishing targets and quotas for the procurement of biosimilars should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Tesar
- Department of Organisation and Management in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Golias
- Institute for Economic and Social Reforms, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kobliskova
- Department of Organisation and Management in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Wawruch
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Paweł Kawalec
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - András Inotai
- Syreon Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.,Center of Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Petykó ZI, Inotai A, Holtorf AP, Brixner D, Kaló Z. Barriers and facilitators of exploiting the potential of value-added medicines. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2020; 20:229-236. [PMID: 32321326 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2020.1758558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) is costly and only a minority of patients can access innovative medicines due to affordability constraints. Value-added medicines (VAMs) can offer potential benefits at significantly lower R&D costs. AREAS COVERED VAMs may address different health care needs and problems, including off-label use of medicines, poor patient adherence, problems related to polypharmacy, need for home and/or personalized health care services. However, several barriers prevent societies from maximizing the benefits of incremental innovation related to VAMs. Generic manufacturers have limited budget and experience to demonstrate the value of new VAMs. Current market exclusivity options do not efficiently exclude freeridership and do not guarantee a return on investment for VAM innovators. Value propositions of VAMs are limitedly consistent with current HTA frameworks, consequently, incremental innovation is not acknowledged, nor rewarded with differential pricing by payers. Moreover, VAMs are often perceived solely as generic medicines by prescribers. EXPERT OPINION Current practices may need to be reconsidered to exploit the full societal benefit of VAMs, including more efficient policies to guarantee market exclusivity for incremental innovation, acknowledgment of a fair price premium based on a specific value framework and the acceptance of low-cost evidence generation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ida Petykó
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary.,Syreon Research Institute , Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Inotai
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary.,Syreon Research Institute , Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Diana Brixner
- Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Zoltán Kaló
- Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary.,Syreon Research Institute , Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Inotai A, Kaló Z. How to solve financing gap to ensure patient access to patented pharmaceuticals in CEE countries? - the good, the bad, and the ugly ways. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2019; 19:627-632. [PMID: 31810392 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2019.1702524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: There is significant difference in utilization of patented medicines in the EU, as pharmaceuticals at Western European price levels are usually not cost-effective in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. The article reviews options to solve the 'financing gap' posed by the challenge of covering patented medicines from more restricted resources in countries with greater unmet medical need.Areas covered: Hidden volume restrictions to patented pharmaceuticals implemented by payers to facilitate financial sustainability may increase European inequity in patient access. Confidential price discounts and financial risk-sharing agreements improve cost-effectiveness of pharmaceuticals with limited impact on the European floor price. Narrowing the eligible group of patients on the positive drug list can help to target the medicines to patients with potentially greater health benefit whilst reducing the budget impact. Pay-for-performance schemes can improve cost-effectiveness of pharmaceuticals with significant uncertainty or heterogeneity in the magnitude of added therapeutic value. Increased utilization of off-patent pharmaceuticals can increase patient access through re-investing the savings from generic or biosimilar price erosion.Expert opinion: Transparent and sustainable pharmaceutical policies aiming to improve the allocative efficiency of scarce resources should be implemented in CEE to reduce financing gap and improve patient access to high-cost medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Inotai
- Syreon Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.,Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kaló
- Syreon Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.,Center for Health Technology Assessment, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Tesar T, Golias P, Inotai A, Kawalec P, Wawruch M. The impact of implemented regulations on biosimilars in Slovakia. HEALTH POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Harsányi A, Csanádi M, Márky K, Vincziczki ÁZ, Kaló Z, Inotai A. Influence of biosimilar infliximab launch on the utilization pattern of biological medicines: the case of Hungary. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2019; 20:653-659. [PMID: 31510811 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2019.1667232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Utilization of multisource biological (off-patent originator and its biosimilar) medicines can improve the efficiency of resource allocation by 1) generating savings while maintaining health outcomes or 2) increasing the number of patients treated with more affordable treatments. This study evaluates the efficiency of the Hungarian biosimilar drug policy on the case of biosimilar infliximab. Methods: We analyzed the utilization of biologicals in all reimbursed indications of infliximab including initial therapy of new patients and switching patterns retrospectively based on patient-level payer's data between September 2012 and December 2016. Results: Despite the economic rationale, patent expiry did not manifest in increased utilization of multisource infliximab in an access-restricted environment: 1) Patients previously treated with original biologicals were switched mainly to other original biologicals instead of more affordable biosimilar alternatives. 2) Although some treatment-naive patients started on more affordable multisource infliximab with price competition, the majority of new patients started on other original biologicals with monopolistic price. Conclusion: Policy tools and measures should be developed to facilitate first-line use of multisource biologicals for treatment-naive patients and promoting the use of more affordable multisource biologicals in case of switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Harsányi
- Department of Health Policy and Health Economics, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) , Budapest, Hungary.,National Institute of Health Insurance Fund Management , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marcell Csanádi
- Syreon Research Institute , Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Central Clinical Pharmacy, University of Pécs , Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Márky
- National Institute of Health Insurance Fund Management , Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltán Kaló
- Department of Health Policy and Health Economics, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) , Budapest, Hungary.,Syreon Research Institute , Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Inotai
- Department of Health Policy and Health Economics, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) , Budapest, Hungary.,Syreon Research Institute , Budapest, Hungary
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Abdullah AH, Holtorf AP, Al-Hussaini M, Lemay J, Alowayesh M, Kaló Z. Stakeholder driven development of a multi-criteria decision analysis tool for purchasing off-patent pharmaceuticals in Kuwait. J Pharm Policy Pract 2019; 12:9. [PMID: 31011430 PMCID: PMC6466779 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-019-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Kuwait, the government is planning to improve the specifications for purchase of medicine and to improve the tendering system intending to slow the growth of the expenditure for medicine and to improve the sustainability of the healthcare system. Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a method which can help to assess multiple and sometimes conflicting criteria in the evaluation of the available alternatives. The objective of this initiative was to develop collaboratively a MCDA tool which is locally relevant, and which could be used to improve the use of performance indicators in the purchasing of off-patent pharmaceuticals. Methods Nineteen leading experts representing a broad range of pharmaceutical policy stakeholders elaborated a locally adapted MCDA format by following a 7-step process for criteria selection, scoring, ranking and weighting. Results The most important criterion was the price measured as savings versus the originator product with a weight of 35% in the final decision and a full score with a 60% price reduction. In addition, eight criteria were considered important for assessing the product performance in the Kuwaiti healthcare system: ‘equivalence with the reference product’ (weight of 16.2%), ‘stability and drug formulation’ (13.5%), ‘quality assurance’ (11.2%), ‘reliability of drug supply’ (8.8%), ‘macroeconomic benefit’ (5.5%), ‘real world outcomes (clinical and economic)’ (4.2%), ‘pharmacovigilance’ (3.3%), and ‘added value services related to the product’ (2.3%). Conclusions A MCDA model was successfully adapted to the Kuwait decision context by a group of Kuwaiti pharmacists from a broad range of institutions. The participants agreed with the approach and considered it suitable to improve the transparency and consistency of decision making for off-patent pharmaceuticals in Kuwait. A pilot implementation project was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anke-Peggy Holtorf
- Health Outcomes Strategies GmbH, Colmarerstrasse 58, 4055 Basel, CH Switzerland
| | - Maryam Al-Hussaini
- 3Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Public Authority for Applied Education and Training PAAET, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Jacinthe Lemay
- 4Department of Pharmacology and Applied Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Maryam Alowayesh
- 5Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Zoltán Kaló
- Syreon Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary.,7Department of Health Policy and Health Economics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Inotai A, Brixner D, Maniadakis N, Dwiprahasto I, Kristin E, Prabowo A, Yasmina A, Priohutomo S, Németh B, Wijaya K, Kalo Z. Development of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework for off-patent pharmaceuticals - an application on improving tender decision making in Indonesia. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18:1003. [PMID: 30594250 PMCID: PMC6310978 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3805-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Off-patent pharmaceuticals (OPPs) hold vital importance in meeting public health objectives, especially in developing countries where resources are limited. OPPs are comprised of off-patent originals, branded generics and unbranded generics; nonetheless, these products are not identical and often there are differences in their equivalence, manufacturing quality standards and reliability of supply. This necessitates reconsideration of the lowest price policy objective in pharmaceutical decision making. The aim of this study was to develop a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework through a pilot workshop to inform the national procurement of OPPs in Indonesia. Methods An initial list of potentially relevant criteria was identified based on previous work and a literature review. In a 2-day pilot policy workshop, twenty local experts representing different stakeholder groups and decision-making bodies selected the final criteria, approved the scoring function for each criterion, and assigned weights to each criterion. Results An MCDA framework was proposed for OPP drug decision making in developing countries, which included price and 8 non-price criteria. Based on the pilot policy workshop 6 + 1 criteria were considered relevant for Indonesia: pharmaceutical price (40% weight), manufacturing quality (18.8%), equivalence with the reference product (12.2%), product stability and drug formulation (12.2%), reliability of drug supply (8.4%), real world clinical or economic outcomes, such as adherence or non-drug costs (4.2%) and pharmacovigilance (3.6%). Conclusions According to the pilot policy workshop, other criteria apart from price need to be strengthened in the tendering process. The introduction of additional criteria for OPP procurement in an MCDA framework creates incentives for manufacturers to invest into improved manufacturing standards, equivalence proof, product quality, reliability of supply or even additional real-world data collection, which ultimately may result in more health gain for the society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Inotai
- Syreon Research Institute, Mexikói str. 65/A, Budapest, 1142, Hungary. .,Department of Health Policy and Health Economics, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Diana Brixner
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah College Of Pharmacy, Pharmacotherapy Outcomes Research Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nikos Maniadakis
- Health Services Organization and Management, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Iwan Dwiprahasto
- Department Of Pharmacology & Therapy, Faculty Of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Erna Kristin
- Department Of Pharmacology & Therapy, Faculty Of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Agus Prabowo
- National Public Procurement Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Alfi Yasmina
- Department Of Pharmacology, Faculty Of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
| | - Sigit Priohutomo
- Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Culture Building, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bertalan Németh
- Syreon Research Institute, Mexikói str. 65/A, Budapest, 1142, Hungary.,Department of Health Policy and Health Economics, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Kalman Wijaya
- Abbott Established Pharmaceutical Division, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zoltan Kalo
- Syreon Research Institute, Mexikói str. 65/A, Budapest, 1142, Hungary.,Department of Health Policy and Health Economics, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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Maniadakis N, Holtorf AP, Otávio Corrêa J, Gialama F, Wijaya K. Shaping Pharmaceutical Tenders for Effectiveness and Sustainability in Countries with Expanding Healthcare Coverage. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2018; 16:591-607. [PMID: 29987759 PMCID: PMC6132432 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-018-0405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Policy makers in countries, aiming to build and expand their healthcare systems and coverage, need effective procedures to support the most efficient use of limited financial resources. Tendering is commonly deployed to minimize and fix the purchasing price for the contract duration, especially for off-patent pharmaceuticals. While tenders can reduce acquisition costs, they may also expose the healthcare systems to risks including drug shortages, quality trade-offs, and ultimately, compromised patient health outcomes. Careful planning is therefore required. The effectiveness and impact of tendering were examined in different healthcare settings to establish good tender practices and to develop guidance for tender stakeholders in countries with expanding healthcare coverage for the effective conduct. The literature was reviewed for tender practices and outcomes in all countries, and tender experts from one multi-national pharmaceutical company in 17 countries with expanding healthcare coverage were surveyed on current tender practices. Tendering is a common practice for multisource pharmaceuticals in most countries worldwide. However, countries with expanding healthcare coverage specifically are vulnerable to the risks of defective tendering practices. Risk factors include non-transparent tender practices, a lack of consistency, unclear tender award criteria, a focus on lowest price only, single-winner tendering, and generally, a lack of impact monitoring. If well planned, managed, and conducted, tenders can be advantageous. Countries with expanding healthcare coverage should approach tenders strategically to achieve the desired improvements in healthcare. The good tender practices derived from this study may guide policy makers and purchasers in countries with expanding healthcare coverage on how to expand access to healthcare at an affordable cost. These include the use of multiple selection criteria and performance monitoring. Plain Language Summary Decision makers in countries aiming to expand their healthcare systems must best use the limited money available for healthcare. Tendering is commonly deployed for pharmaceuticals produced by multiple manufacturers (so-called multisource pharmaceuticals), to choose the product with the lowest price. Through tenders, purchasers request offers from suppliers for the needed products.The ultimate purpose of our research was to develop a guidance on robust tender processes. Therefore, we reviewed the literature to examine the effectiveness and impact of current tendering practices. In addition, we conducted a survey among tender experts from one pharmaceutical company in 17 countries with expanding healthcare coverage.In both the survey and the literature review, we confirmed that worldwide, tendering is a common practice for multisource pharmaceuticals. However, defective tendering practices may increase the vulnerability for some risks including abuse due to intransparent processes, lack of consistency, unclear tender award criteria, a focus on lowest price only, single winner tendering, and generally, a lack of impact monitoring after the end of the tender process.Hence, tenders must be well planned, managed, and conducted to be advantageous. Countries with defined and transparent tender frameworks and processes will be better equipped to achieve the desired improvements in the healthcare systems. 'Good tender practices' include the clear definition of requirements to be used as selection criteria in addition to acquisition costs, and for monitoring of the tender success. 'Good tender practices' may help to manage cost and improve healthcare at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Maniadakis
- Department of Health Services Management, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Anke-Peggy Holtorf
- Health Outcomes Strategies GmbH, Colmarerstrasse 58, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Fotini Gialama
- Department of Health Services Management, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Kalman Wijaya
- Abbott Products Operations AG, Allschwil, Switzerland
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An Evidence Framework for Off-Patent Pharmaceutical Review for Health Technology Assessment in Emerging Markets. Value Health Reg Issues 2018; 16:9-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Inotai A, Nguyen HT, Hidayat B, Nurgozhin T, Kiet PHT, Campbell JD, Németh B, Maniadakis N, Brixner D, Wijaya K, Kaló Z. Guidance toward the implementation of multicriteria decision analysis framework in developing countries. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2018; 18:585-592. [PMID: 30092151 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2018.1508345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is increasingly used in health care mainly because it moves decision-making from ad hoc to an evidence-based and comprehensive process. Developing countries with more restricted financial and human research capacities, however, should consider their own methods of MCDA development and implementation. Areas covered: An MCDA framework to improve procurement decisions of off-patent pharmaceuticals was developed for developing countries and adapted to Indonesia, Kazakhstan and Vietnam during three policy workshops. Based on the experience of these workshops and one joint workshop with international experts and decision makers from multiple developing countries, general recommendations were formulated on how to implement MCDA specifically in developing countries. We provide 17 practical MCDA implementation recommendations in four major areas, including (1) MCDA objectives; (2) technical considerations of MCDA tool; (3) development and customization of MCDA tool and (4) policy implementation of MCDA in decision-making. Expert commentary: These practical MCDA recommendations for developing countries contribute to feasible, transparent, stepwise, iterative and standardized decision-making in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Inotai
- a Syreon Research Institute , Budapest , Hungary.,b Department of Health Policy and Health Economics , Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Huong Thanh Nguyen
- c Department of Health Policy , Hanoi University of Public Health , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Budi Hidayat
- d Center for Health Economics and Policy Studies (CHEPS), Faculty of Public Health , Universitas Indonesia , Depok , Indonesia
| | - Talgat Nurgozhin
- e Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University , Almaty , Kazakhstan
| | - Pham Huy Tuan Kiet
- f Department of Health Economics , Hanoi Medical University , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Jonathan D Campbell
- g Department of Clinical Pharmacy , University of Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA
| | | | - Nikos Maniadakis
- h Department of Health Services Organization and Management , National School of Public Health , Athens , Greece
| | - Diana Brixner
- i Department of Pharmacotherapy , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Kalman Wijaya
- j Abbott Established Pharmaceutical Division, Abbott , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Kaló
- a Syreon Research Institute , Budapest , Hungary.,b Department of Health Policy and Health Economics , Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) , Budapest , Hungary
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Gini Index-Based Maximum Concentration and Area Under the Curve Split Points for Analysing Adverse Event Occurrence in Bioequivalence Studies. Pharmaceut Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40290-017-0217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Patient Access, Unmet Medical Need, Expected Benefits, and Concerns Related to the Utilisation of Biosimilars in Eastern European Countries: A Survey of Experts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9597362. [PMID: 29546072 PMCID: PMC5818964 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9597362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This policy research aims to map patient access barriers to biologic treatments, to explore how increased uptake of biosimilars may lower these hurdles and to identify factors limiting the increased utilisation of biosimilars. A policy survey was developed to review these questions in 10 Central and Eastern European (CEE) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. Two experts (one public and one private sector representative) from each country completed the survey. Questions were related to patient access, purchasing, clinical practice, and real-world data collection on both original biologics and biosimilars. Restrictions on the number of patients that can be treated and related waiting lists were reported as key patient access barriers. According to respondents, for both clinicians and payers the primary benefit of switching patients to biosimilars would be to treat more patients. However, concerns with therapeutic equivalence and fear of immunogenicity may reduce utilisation of biosimilars. Similar limitations in patient access to both original biologics and biosimilars raise concerns about the appropriateness and success of current biosimilar policies in CEE and CIS countries. The conceptual framework for additional real-world data collection exists in all countries which may provide a basis for future risk-management activities including vigorous pharmacovigilance data collection.
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van der Gronde T, Uyl-de Groot CA, Pieters T. Addressing the challenge of high-priced prescription drugs in the era of precision medicine: A systematic review of drug life cycles, therapeutic drug markets and regulatory frameworks. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182613. [PMID: 28813502 PMCID: PMC5559086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent public outcry has highlighted the rising cost of prescription drugs worldwide, which in several disease areas outpaces other health care expenditures and results in a suboptimal global availability of essential medicines. METHOD A systematic review of Pubmed, the Financial Times, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal and the Guardian was performed to identify articles related to the pricing of medicines. FINDINGS Changes in drug life cycles have dramatically affected patent medicine markets, which have long been considered a self-evident and self-sustainable source of income for highly profitable drug companies. Market failure in combination with high merger and acquisition activity in the sector have allowed price increases for even off-patent drugs. With market interventions and the introduction of QALY measures in health care, governments have tried to influence drug prices, but often encounter unintended consequences. Patent reform legislation, reference pricing, outcome-based pricing and incentivizing physicians and pharmacists to prescribe low-cost drugs are among the most promising short-term policy options. Due to the lack of systematic research on the effectiveness of policy measures, an increasing number of ad hoc decisions have been made with counterproductive effects on the availability of essential drugs. Future challenges demand new policies, for which recommendations are offered. CONCLUSION A fertile ground for high-priced drugs has been created by changes in drug life-cycle dynamics, the unintended effects of patent legislation, government policy measures and orphan drug programs. There is an urgent need for regulatory reform to curtail prices and safeguard equitable access to innovative medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon van der Gronde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carin A. Uyl-de Groot
- Institute for Medical Technology Assessment, Department of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Toine Pieters
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Applying Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) Simple Scoring as an Evidence-based HTA Methodology for Evaluating Off-Patent Pharmaceuticals (OPPs) in Emerging Markets. Value Health Reg Issues 2017; 13:1-6. [PMID: 29073981 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Off-patent pharmaceuticals (OPPs) represent more than 60% of the pharmaceutical market in many emerging countries, where they are frequently evaluated primarily on cost rather than with health technology assessment. OPPs are assumed to be identical to the originators. Branded and unbranded generic versions can, however, vary from the originator in active pharmaceutical ingredients, dosage, consistency formulation, excipients, manufacturing processes, and distribution, for example. These variables can alter the efficacy and safety of the product, negatively impacting both the anticipated cost savings and the population's health. In addition, many health care systems lack the resources or expertise to evaluate such products, and current assessment methods can be complex and difficult to adapt to a health system's needs. Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) simple scoring is an evidence-based health technology assessment methodology for evaluating OPPs, especially in emerging countries in which resources are limited but decision makers still must balance affordability with factors such as drug safety, level interchangeability, manufacturing site and active pharmaceutical ingredient quality, supply track record, and real-life outcomes. MCDA simple scoring can be applied to pharmaceutical pricing, reimbursement, formulary listing, and drug procurement. In November 2015, a workshop was held at the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research Annual Meeting in Milan to refine and prioritize criteria that can be used in MCDA simple scoring for OPPs, resulting in an example MCDA process and 22 prioritized criteria that health care systems in emerging countries can easily adapt to their own decision-making processes.
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Elek P, Harsányi A, Zelei T, Csetneki K, Kaló Z. Policy objective of generic medicines from the investment perspective: The case of clopidogrel. Health Policy 2017; 121:558-565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Dias-Souza MV. Strategies for Expanding Access and Improving the Quality of Pharmaceutical Services. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical services are among the most accessible healthcare assistance systems worldwide, being provided generally in enterprises like Drugstores and Compounding Pharmacies. Pharmacists are highly accessible healthcare professionals considering also the availability, geographic distribution and location of pharmaceutical enterprises. However, there are several challenges for providing these services for patients with limitations such as low education, difficulties on reaching the Pharmacist, and the need for individualized monitoring (due to the complexity of therapy). Reports of low quality services are growing worldwide, and in order to expand access and improve the quality of pharmaceutical services, Pharmacists must move from being medication dispensers with focus in administrative management to a clinically-oriented practice with a humanistic view. The aim of this chapter is to make an approach on the implementation of effective strategies and ways to improve the quality of Pharmacists' work as specialized healthcare providers.
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Lee CY, Chen X, Romanelli RJ, Segal JB. Forces influencing generic drug development in the United States: a narrative review. J Pharm Policy Pract 2016; 9:26. [PMID: 27688886 PMCID: PMC5034442 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-016-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration, as protectors of public health, encourages generic drug development and use so that patients can access affordable medications. The FDA, however, has limited mechanisms to encourage generic drug manufacturing. Main results Generic drug manufacturers make decisions regarding development of products based on expected profitability, influenced by market forces, features of the reference listed drug, and manufacturing capabilities, as well as regulatory restrictions. Barriers to the development of generic drugs include the challenge of demonstrating bioequivalence of some products, particularly those that are considered to be complex generics. Conclusions We present here a focused review describing the influences on generic manufacturers who are prioritizing drugs for generic development. We also review proposed strategies that regulators may use to incentivize generic drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ying Lee
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, 624 N. Broadway, Room 644, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, 624 N. Broadway, Room 644, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | | | - Jodi B Segal
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, 624 N. Broadway, Room 644, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Division of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 624 N. Broadway, Room 644, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Stoimenova A, Penkov S, Savova A, Manova M, Petrova G. Generic policy in Bulgaria: a policy of failure or success? BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2016.1208061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Assena Stoimenova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Social Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Bulgarian Drug Agency, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Alexandra Savova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Social Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- National Council on Pricing and Reimbursement of Medicinal Products, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Manoela Manova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Social Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
- National Council on Pricing and Reimbursement of Medicinal Products, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Guenka Petrova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Social Pharmacy and Pharmacoeconomics, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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