Percutaneous image-guided cryoablation for the treatment of phantom limb pain in amputees: a pilot study

Chronic Pain Considerations in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease affects close to half of the United States population and many of these patients will develop chronic pain syndromes as a result of their disease process. This article provides an overview of several pain syndromes that result, directly or indirectly, from cardiovascular disease including peripheral arterial disease, angina, thoracic outlet syndrome, postamputation pain, complex regional pain syndrome, and poststroke pain. Psychological and medical comorbidities that affect the medical decision-making process in the treatment of chronic pain associated with cardiovascular disease are also discussed.