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Wang QH, Kuang N, Hu WY, Yin D, Wei YY, Hu TJ. The effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on oxidative stress induced by PCV2 infection in immune cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e61. [PMID: 32735098 PMCID: PMC7402940 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive substances extracted from P. notoginseng that are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and interstitial diseases. PNS have the functions of scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation, improving blood supply for tissue and so on. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PNS on the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection in vitro and in vivo. Methods Using an oxidative stress model of PCV2 infection in a porcine lung cell line (3D4/2 cells) and mice, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were determined to evaluate the regulatory effects of PNS on oxidative stress. Results PNS treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and ROS, the content of GSSG and the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in infected 3D4/2 cells (p < 0.05).Similarly, in the in vivo study, PNS treatment significantly decreased the level of ROS in spleen lymphocytes of infected mice (p < 0.05), increased the levels of GSH and T-GSH (p < 0.05), significantly decreased the GSSG level (p < 0.05), and decreased the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS. Conclusions PNS could regulate the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Hua Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Na Kuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Wen Yue Hu
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Dan Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ying Yi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ting Jun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
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Peng Q, Wang Z, Wu D, Li X, Liu X, Sun W, Liu N. Identification of single amino acid substitutions (SAAS) in neuraminidase from influenza a virus (H1N1) via mass spectrometry analysis coupled with de novo peptide sequencing. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30 Suppl 1:179-184. [PMID: 27539435 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Amino acid substitutions in the neuraminidase of the influenza virus are the main cause of the emergence of resistance to zanamivir or oseltamivir during seasonal influenza treatment; they are the result of non-synonymous mutations in the viral genome that can be successfully detected by polymer chain reaction (PCR)-based approaches. There is always an urgent need to detect variation in amino acid sequences directly at the protein level. Mass spectrometry coupled with de novo sequencing has been explored as an alternative and straightforward strategy for detecting amino acid substitutions, as well - this approach is the primary focus of the present study. METHODS Influenza virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1) propagated in embryonated chicken eggs was purified by ultracentrifugation, followed by PNGase F treatment. The deglycosylated virion was lysed and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The gel band corresponding to neuraminidase was picked up and subjected to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. RESULTS LC-MS/MS analyses, coupled with manual de novo sequencing, allowed the determination of three amino acid substitutions: R346K, S349 N, and S370I/L, in the neuraminidase from the influenza virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1), which were located in three mutated peptides of the neuraminidase: YGNGVWIGK, TKNHSSR, and PNGWTETDI/LK, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We found that the amino acid substitutions in the proteins of RNA viruses (including influenza A virus) resulting from non-synonymous gene mutations can indeed be directly analyzed via mass spectrometry, and that manual interpretation of the MS/MS data may be beneficial. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
- Central Laboratory, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- Central Laboratory, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Donglin Wu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, 130025, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoou Li
- Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Wanchun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Central Laboratory, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
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Mass spectrometry analysis coupled with de novo sequencing reveals amino acid substitutions in nucleocapsid protein from influenza A virus. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2465-74. [PMID: 24521884 PMCID: PMC3958862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid substitutions in influenza A virus are the main reasons for both antigenic shift and virulence change, which result from non-synonymous mutations in the viral genome. Nucleocapsid protein (NP), one of the major structural proteins of influenza virus, is responsible for regulation of viral RNA synthesis and replication. In this report we used LC-MS/MS to analyze tryptic digestion of nucleocapsid protein of influenza virus (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1), which was isolated and purified by SDS poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, LC-MS/MS analyses, coupled with manual de novo sequencing, allowed the determination of three substituted amino acid residues R452K, T423A and N430T in two tryptic peptides. The obtained results provided experimental evidence that amino acid substitutions resulted from non-synonymous gene mutations could be directly characterized by mass spectrometry in proteins of RNA viruses such as influenza A virus.
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Fernandes ND, Downard KM. Origins of the reassortant 2009 pandemic influenza virus through proteotyping with mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:93-102. [PMID: 24446268 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of a proteotyping approach employing high resolution mass spectrometry based is shown to be able to determine the gene origin of all major viral proteins in a triple reassortant pandemic 2009 influenza strain. Key to this approach is the identification of unique swine-host-specific signature and indicator peptides that are characteristic of influenza viruses circulating in North American and Eurasian swine herds in the years prior to the 2009 influenza pandemic. These swine-and human pandemic-specific signatures enable the origins of viral proteins in a clinical virus specimen to be determined and such strains to be rapidly and directly differentiated from other co-circulating seasonal influenza viruses from the same period. The proteotyping strategy offers advantages over traditional RT-PCR-based approaches that are currently the mainstay of influenza surveillance at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Fernandes
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Incorporation of a proteotyping approach using mass spectrometry for surveillance of influenza virus in cell-cultured strains. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:725-35. [PMID: 24226917 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02315-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The reemergence of deadly pandemic influenza virus strains has necessitated the development of improved methods for rapid detection and subtyping of influenza viruses that will enable more strains to be characterized at the molecular level. Representative circulating strains of human influenza viruses from primary clinical specimens were grown in cell culture, purified through polyethylene glycol precipitation, proteolytically digested with an endoproteinase, and analyzed and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry using unique signature peptides that are characteristic of type A H1N1 and H3N2 and type B influenza viruses. This proteotyping approach enabled circulating strains of type A influenza virus to be typed and subtyped, cocirculating seasonal and pandemic H1N1 viruses to be differentiated, and the lineage of type B viruses to be determined through single-ion detection by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results were obtained using virus titers comparable to those used in reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays with clinical specimens grown in cell cultures. The methodology represents a more rapid and direct approach than RT-PCR and can be integrated into existing procedures currently used for the surveillance of emerging pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses.
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Lalle E, Bordi L, Meschi S, Selleri M, Valli MB, Patella E, Capobianchi MR. Comparison of two real-time RT-PCR-based systems for the detection and typing of the pandemic influenza A virus, 2009. J Virol Methods 2011; 177:193-6. [PMID: 21807027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
During the 2009 pandemic the Virology Laboratory of L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy, adopted a real-time RT-PCR developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia to diagnose pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (H1N1pdm). A new multiplex real-time RT-PCR distributed by Astra Diagnostics, coupled with the extraction system developed and commercialized by Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics (referred to as the RealStar system), was tested for the ability to detect and type influenza A in clinical samples, with particular emphasis on influenza A-positive samples untyped by the CDC method. Seventy-six nasopharyngeal swabs, resulting by the CDC method H1N1pdm (n=7), H3N2 (n=3), and not subtyped (n=66), were re-analysed with the RealStar system. All H3N2 and H1N1pdm-positive samples were correctly identified; among the untyped samples, the RealStar system detected 24/66 (36.4%) H1N1pdm and 1/66 (1.5%) seasonal influenza A. In conclusion, the RealStar system confirmed the results of all the influenza A-positive samples subtyped by the CDC method, and was able to type 37.9% of samples untyped by the CDC method. However, 62.1% of samples, detected as influenza A-positive but not subtyped by the CDC method, were found to be negative by the RealStar system. Further investigation is needed to explain this latter, unexpected, finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Lalle
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy.
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Evaluation of twelve real-time reverse transcriptase PCR primer-probe sets for detection of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:1434-40. [PMID: 21289144 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01914-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (rRT-PCR) assays have greatly contributed to the detection, control, and prevention of the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus. To improve the rRT-PCR assays for detection of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus, we evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, and performance of 12 rRT-PCR primer-probe sets [SW (a) to SW (l)] using a panel of virus strains and clinical specimens. These primer-probe sets were derived from published work and designed for detecting the hemagglutinin (HA) or the neuraminidase (NA) gene of the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus. A primer-probe set, SW (CDC), developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S. CDC) to target the HA gene of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus, was used as a referee method. Our results demonstrated that although all primer-probe sets in this study had as high as 98.4 to 100% in silico coverage, some of the primer-probe sets had better specificity, sensitivity, and amplification efficiency than others. Two primer-probe sets, SW (h) and SW (l), which target the NA gene of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus, were highly sensitive (10(4) copies/reaction), had high detection rates (56/60, P = 0.134, and 59/60, P = 1.000), and showed ideal specificity compared with SW (CDC). In addition, a cocktail of primer-probe sets targeted to the HA and NA genes displayed higher detection sensitivity than primer-probe sets targeting HA or NA alone, indicating that for practical applications, a combination of primer-probes targeting HA and NA genes is the best option for the detection of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus.
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Harmon K, Bower L, Kim WI, Pentella M, Yoon KJ. A matrix gene-based multiplex real-time RT-PCR for detection and differentiation of 2009 pandemic H1N1 and other influenza A viruses in North America. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010; 4:405-10. [PMID: 20958935 PMCID: PMC4634613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Harmon et al. (2010) A matrix gene–based multiplex real‐time RT‐PCR for detection and differentiation of 2009 pandemic H1N1 and other influenza A viruses in North America. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(6), 405–410. Background The emergence in humans of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pH1N1) with similarities to swine influenza viruses (SIVs) caused much concern for both human and animal health as potential for interspecies transmission was initially unknown. Objectives The goal of this study was to develop a real‐time RT‐PCR test for the detection and differentiation of 2009 pH1N1 and endemic influenza A viruses in North America. Methods Matrix (M) gene sequences from U.S. human pH1N1 cases and U.S. SIVs were aligned to determine a suitable region for an assay target. Primers were selected to amplify all influenza A. Two probes were designed to differentiate pH1N1 (EA matrix) from endemic (NA matrix) SIVs. The assay was validated using the first U.S. pH1N1 strain, 10 human pH1N1‐positive specimens and nine U.S. SIV isolates, then evaluated on 165 specimens of swine and other animal origin submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Results were compared to other influenza A PCR assays. Sequences from additional pH1N1 strains and contemporary H1N1 SIVs were used to assess robustness of the selected primers and probes for the intended purpose. Results The new assay’s results from clinical specimens concurred with confirmatory PCR testing. The additional probe designed from sequence analysis improved detection of the NA matrix subtype when added to the reaction mixture. Conclusion This assay detects and differentiates pH1N1 and US influenza A viruses in various sample matrices and species. Good bioinformatics support is critical when designing RT‐PCR assays and monitoring their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Harmon
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Middle East 2009 H1N1 pdm isolates. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(10)60151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Frequency of detection of upper respiratory tract viruses in patients tested for pandemic H1N1/09 viral infection. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:3383-5. [PMID: 20592147 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01179-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular testing of 270 consecutive nasopharyngeal swab samples taken in May and June 2009 and 274 samples from patients hospitalized between July and December 2009 showed similar findings of respiratory viruses, with influenza A pandemic virus H1N1/09 being the most represented, followed by human parainfluenza virus type 3 and rhinoviruses. Statistical analyses suggested virus cocirculation in the absence of viral interference.
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Hymas WC, Mills A, Ferguson S, Langer J, She RC, Mahoney W, Hillyard DR. Development of a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of influenza A, influenza B, RSV and typing of the 2009-H1N1 influenza virus. J Virol Methods 2010; 167:113-8. [PMID: 20362006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput real-time RT-PCR assay was developed to amplify and detect a conserved region of the hemagglutinin gene of the 2009-H1N1 influenza A virus using a minor groove binder-conjugated hybridization probe. The assay was paired with a separate triplex real-time assay that detects influenza A via the matrix gene, influenza B and RSV in a multiplex format and compared with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) rRT-PCR assay using 143 samples. The 2009-H1N1 portion of the multiplex assay had 100% correlation with the CDC assay, while the triplex assay had a 99% agreement. An additional 105 samples collected from October to November 2009 were also tested using both the individual 2009-H1N1 and triplex assays. Of these 105 samples, eight were positive for the hemagglutinin target in the H1N1 assay and negative for the matrix target in the triplex assay. Discrepant analysis revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms within the matrix gene of 2009-H1N1 virus-positive samples. The limit of detection for the 2009-H1N1 assay was between 750 and 1,500 copies/reaction and no cross-reactivity with other respiratory pathogens was observed. Overall, this multiplexed format proved to be sensitive, robust and easy to use and serves as a useful tool for pandemic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston C Hymas
- Associated Regional and University Pathologists (ARUP) Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 500 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States.
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