Establishment and characterization of a continuous cell line from heart of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and its susceptibility to tilapia lake virus

Fish cell line: depositories, web resources and future applications

Cell lines are important bioresources to study the key biological processes in the areas like virology, pathology, immunology, toxicology, biotechnology, endocrinology and developmental biology. Cell lines developed from fish organs are utilized as a model in vitro system in disease surveillance programs, pharmacology, drug screening and resolving cases of metabolic abnormalities. During last decade, there were consistent efforts made globally to develop new fish cell lines from different organs like brain, eye muscles, fin, gill, heart, kidney, liver, skin, spleen, swim bladder, testes, vertebra etc. This increased use and development of cell lines necessitated the establishment of cell line depositories to store/preserve them and assure their availability to the researchers. These depositories are a source of authenticated and characterized cell lines with set protocols for material transfer agreements, maintenance and shipping as well as logistics enabling cellular research. Hence, it is important to cryopreserve and maintain cell lines in depositories and make them available to the research community. The present article reviews the current status of the fish cell lines available in different depositories across the world, along with the prominent role of cell lines in conservation of life on land or below water.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-023-00601-2.

Tilapia lake virus causes mitochondrial damage: a proposed mechanism that leads to extensive death in fish cells

Background

Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), also known as Tilapinevirus tilapiae, poses a significant threat to tilapia aquaculture, causing extensive mortality and economic losses. Understanding the mechanisms and pathogenesis of TiLV is crucial to mitigate its impact on this valuable fish species.

Methodology

In this study, we utilized transmission electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructural changes in E-11 cells following TiLV infection. We also examined the presence of TiLV particles within the cells. Cellular viability and mitochondrial functions were assessed using MTT and ATP measurement assays and mitochondrial probes including JC-1 staining and MitoTracker™ Red.

Results

Our findings provide novel evidence demonstrating that TiLV causes cytotoxicity through the destruction of mitochondria. Transmission electron micrographs showed that TiLV particles were present in the cytoplasm of E-11 cells as early as 1 h after infection. Progressive swelling of mitochondria and ultrastructural damage to the cells were observed at 1, 3 and 6 days post-infection. Furthermore, losses of mitochondrial mass and membrane potential (MMP) were detected at 1 day after TiLV inoculation, as determined by mitochondrial probes. The results of the MTT assay also supported the hypothesis that the cell deaths in E-11 cells during TiLV infection may be caused by the disruption of mitochondrial structure and function.

Conclusions

Our study reveals the significant role of mitochondrial disruption in contributing to cellular death during the early stages of TiLV infection. These findings advance the understanding of TiLV pathogenesis and further enhance our knowledge of viral diseases in fish.

The Modulation of Immune Responses in Tilapinevirus tilapiae-Infected Fish Cells through MAPK/ERK Signalling

Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel RNA virus that has been causing substantial economic losses across the global tilapia industry. Despite extensive research on potential vaccines and disease control methods, the understanding of this viral infection and the associated host cell responses remains incomplete. In this study, the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway in the early stages of TiLV infection was investigated. The results showed a distinct pattern of ERK phosphorylation (p-ERK) upon TiLV infection in two fish cell lines, E-11 and TiB. Specifically, the p-ERK levels in the TiB cells decreased substantially, while the p-ERK levels in the E-11 cells remained constant. Interestingly, a large number of cytopathic effects were observed in the infected E-11 cells but none in the infected TiB cells. Furthermore, when p-ERK was suppressed using the inhibitor PD0325901, a significant reduction in the TiLV load and decrease in the mx and rsad2 gene expression levels were observed in the TiB cells in days 1–7 following infection. These findings highlight the role of the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway and provide new insights into the cellular mechanisms during TiLV infection that could be useful in developing new strategies to control this virus.

Establishment and characterization of a spinal cord tissue cell line from mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi and its susceptibility to several viruses

In this study, we established and characterized a continuous cell line from the spinal cord tissue of mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi and assessed its susceptibility to infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), Siniperca chuatsi ranavirus (SCRaV) and Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV). The cell line, named SCC, has been successively cultured up to 40 passages. The optimal growing conditions of SCC cells were in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 20% foetal bovine serum (FBS) at 28°C. Karyotype analysis demonstrated 48 normal diploid chromosomes in the cells. The identity of S. chuatsi origin of SCC cells was confirmed by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes. Infection susceptibility assessment showed that ISKNV, SCRIV and SCRV and can be stably produced and transmitted in SCC cells, and the replication efficiency of ISKNV, SCRaV and SCRV ranged from 10^7.4 to 10^9.6 TCID₅₀ /ml. In addition, transmission electron microscopy analysis of ISKNV, SCRAV and SCRV infected SCC cells showed numerous viral particles. In conclusion, the newly established SCC cells provide an important tool for isolation and production of viruses, as well as for molecular and cell biology studies.

Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) from Vietnam is genetically distantly related to TiLV strains from other countries

Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) is reported as a threat to tilapia aquaculture in 16 countries on four continents with outbreaks causing up to 90% mortality. This research is one of the first studies on TiLVs from Vietnam. We propagated successfully one TiLV isolate HB196-VN-2020 from a diseased tilapia sample using an E-11 cell line and evaluated its virulence in two different weights of red hybrid tilapia and three serial 10-fold diluted viral titers. Smaller fish (4.5 ± 1.98 g) were proved to be more susceptible to TiLV infection at the viral titre of 9.1 × 10⁵ TCID₅₀ fish^-1 than larger fish (20.8 ± 7.5 g) with the mortalities of 92.5% and 12.5%, respectively. Reassortant detection analysis revealed seven potential reassortment events among 23 TiLV genomes, indicating the mixed infection of multiple TiLV isolates at the farms and the fish movement among different regions. Seven maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees based on the individual segments or the concatenated coding regions of some segments showed the genetically distant relationship of the Southern Vietnamese isolate RIA2-VN-2019 with the 21 reference isolates, and suggest the different origins of two Vietnamese TiLV isolates (RIA2-VN-2019 and HB196-VN-2020). However, additional sequences from various sampling locations and times are required to better understand the impacts of genetic diversity and reassortments on the evolution, migration and natural selection of TiLVs in Vietnam and other countries.

Establishment and characterization of a continuous cell line from caudal fin of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)

Labeo calbasu is an important food fish and candidate species for diversification of carp aquaculture. In the present study, we have established a continuous cell line, designated as L. calbasu fin (LCF), from caudal fin of L. calbasu using explant method. The cell line has been subcultured for over 73 passages and the LCF cells show optimal growth in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum at a temperature of 28°C. In karyotype analysis, the modal chromosome number of LCF cells at 35th passage was found to be 50. The amplification and sequencing of partial fragments of mitochondrial genes, namely 16S rRNA and COI from LCF cells confirmed the origin of cell line from L. calbasu. The LCF cells could be successfully transfected with GFP reporter gene, indicating suitability of these cells for expression of foreign genes. Further, following inoculation with supernatant from Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) infected cell line, no cytopathic effects were observed in the LCF cells and cell pellet was negative for TiLV in RT-PCR, indicating that LCF cells were not susceptible to TiLV. The developed cell line has been submitted to National Repository of Fish Cell Lines being maintained at ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow (accession no. NRFC063). The newly developed LCF cell line would be helpful in investigating diseases affecting this candidate species particularly the ones suspected to be of viral etiology, and for cytotoxicity and transgenic studies.

Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin against Tilapia tilapinevirus in Fish Cells

The outbreak of the novel Tilapia tilapinevirus or Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is having a severe economic impact on global tilapia aquaculture. Effective treatments and vaccines for TiLV are lacking. In this study, we demonstrated the antiviral activity of ribavirin against TiLV in E-11 cells. Our findings revealed that at concentrations above 100 μg/mL, ribavirin efficiently attenuates the cytopathic effect of the TiLV infection in fish cells. When administered in a dose-dependent manner, ribavirin significantly improved cell survival compared to the untreated control cells. Further investigation revealed that the cells exposed to ribavirin and TiLV had a lower viral load (p < 0.05) than the untreated cells. However, at concentrations above 1000 μg/mL, ribavirin led to cell toxicity. Taken together, our results demonstrate the efficacy of this antiviral drug against TiLV and could be a useful tool for future research on the pathogenesis and replication mechanism of TiLV as well as other piscine viruses.