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Júlio S, Ferro RA, Santos S, Alexandre A, Caldeira MJ, Franco J, Barroso M, Gaspar H. Synthesis of emerging cathinones and validation of a SPE GC-MS method for their simultaneous quantification in blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:571-589. [PMID: 36494605 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, synthetic cathinones have emerged as an important class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) worldwide. The proliferation of these psychostimulants and their sought-after effects among recreational drug users pose a serious threat to public health and enormous challenges to forensic laboratories. For forensic institutions, it is essential to be one step ahead of covert laboratories, foreseeing the structural changes possible to introduce in the core skeleton of cathinones while maintaining their stimulating activity. In this manner, it is feasible to equip themselves with standards of possible new cathinones and validated analytical methods for their qualitative and quantitative detection. Therefore, the aim of the work herein described was to synthesize emerging cathinones based on the evolving patterns in the illicit drug market, and to develop an analytical method for their accurate determination in forensic situations. Five so far unreported cathinones [4'-methyl-N-dimethylbuphedrone (4-MDMB), 4'-methyl-N-ethylbuphedrone (4-MNEB), 4'-methyl-N-dimethylpentedrone (4-MDMP), 4'-methyl-N-dimethylhexedrone (4-MDMH), and 4'-methyl-N-diethylbuphedrone (4-MDEB)] and a sixth one, 4'-methyl-N-ethylpentedrone, already reported to EMCDDA and also known as 4-MEAP, were synthesized and fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). An analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of these cathinones in blood, using solid phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and validated. The results prove that this methodology is selective, linear, precise, and accurate. For all target cathinones, the extraction efficiency was higher than 73%, linearity was observed in the range of 10 (lower limit of quantification, LLOQ) to 800 ng/mL, with coefficients of determination higher than 0.99, and the limits of detection (LODs) were 5 ng/mL for all target cathinones. The stability of these cathinones in blood matrices is dependent on the storage conditions; 4-MNEB is the most stable compound and 4-MDMH is the least stable compound. The low limits obtained allow the detection of the compounds in situations where they are involved, even if present at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Júlio
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel A Ferro
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andrea Alexandre
- Laboratório de Polícia Científica da Polícia Judiciária - Setor de Drogas e Toxicologia, Rua Gomes Freire, 1169-007, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Caldeira
- Laboratório de Polícia Científica da Polícia Judiciária - Setor de Drogas e Toxicologia, Rua Gomes Freire, 1169-007, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Franco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P. - Delegação do Sul, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1169-201, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P. - Delegação do Sul, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1169-201, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Helena Gaspar
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal. .,MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630, Peniche, Portugal.
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Sakai Y, Taguchi M, Morikawa Y, Suenami K, Yanase E, Takayama T, Ikari A, Matsunaga T. Lowering of brain endothelial cell barrier function by exposure to 4'-iodo-α-pyrrolidinononanophenone. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 364:110052. [PMID: 35872046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Overuse of pyrrolidinophenones (PPs) is known to cause damage to vascular and central nervous systems, but little is known about its effect on brain endothelial barrier function. In this study, we found that exposure to 4'-iodo-α-pyrrolidinononanophenone (I-α-PNP), one of the most potently cytotoxic PPs, at sublethal concentrations decreases trans-endothelial electrical resistance and increases paracellular permeability across a monolayer of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Treatment with I-α-PNP also elevated the production of superoxide anion. Furthermore, the treatment reduced the expression and plasma membrane localization of a tight junction protein claudin-5 (CLDN5), which was almost restored by pretreatment with an antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine. These results indicate that I-α-PNP treatment may down-regulate the plasma membrane-localized CLDN5 by elevating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The treatment with I-α-PNP increased the nuclear translocation of Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor, and pretreating with a FoxO1 inhibitor ameliorated the decrease in CLDN5 mRNA. In addition, I-α-PNP treatment up-regulated the expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and MMP9, and the addition of an MMP inhibitor reversed the degradation of CLDN5 by I-α-PNP. Moreover, I-α-PNP treatment facilitated the activation of 26S proteasome-based proteolytic activity and pretreatment with an inhibitor of 26S proteasome, but not autophagy, suppressed the CLDN5 degradation by I-α-PNP. Accordingly, it is suggested that the down-regulation of CLDN5 by exposure to I-α-PNP is ascribable to suppression of the gene transcription due to FoxO1 nuclear translocation through ROS production and to acceleration both of the MMPs (MMP2 and MMP9)- and 26S proteasome-based proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sakai
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan.
| | - Maki Taguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Suenami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Emiko Yanase
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1112, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takayama
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 502-8585, Japan
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3
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Guilty by Dissociation: Part A: Development of a rapid Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC)-MS/MS methodology for the analysis of regioisomeric diphenidine-derived Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 216:114798. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Apoptotic mechanism in human brain microvascular endothelial cells triggered by 4'-iodo-α-pyrrolidinononanophenone: Contribution of decrease in antioxidant properties. Toxicol Lett 2022; 355:127-140. [PMID: 34863860 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we newly synthesized four α-pyrrolidinononanophenone (α-PNP) derivatives [4'-halogenated derivatives and α-pyrrolidinodecanophenone (α-PDP)], and then performed the structure-cytotoxicity relationship analyses. The results showed the rank order for the cytotoxic effects, α-PNP < α-PDP < 4'-fluoro-α-PNP < 4'-chrolo-α-PNP < 4'-bromo-α-PNP < 4'-iodo-α-PNP (I-α-PNP), and suggest that cytotoxicities of 4'-halogenated derivatives were more intensive than that of elongation of the hydrocarbon chain (α-PDP). We also surveyed the apoptotic mechanism of I-α-PNP in brain microvascular endothelial (HBME) cells that are utilized as the in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. HBME cell treatment with I-α-PNP facilitated the apoptotic events (caspase-3 activation, externalization of phosphatidylserine, and DNA fragmentation), which were almost completely abolished by pretreating with antioxidants. In addition, the immunofluorescent staining revealed the enhanced production of hydroxyl radical in mitochondria by the I-α-PNP treatment, inferring that the I-α-PNP treatment triggers the apoptotic mechanism dependent on the enhanced ROS production in mitochondria. The treatment with I-α-PNP increased the production of cytotoxic aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and decreased the amount of reduced glutathione. Additionally, the treatment decreased the 26S proteasome-based proteolytic activities and aggresome formation. These results suggest that decrease in the antioxidant properties is also ascribable to HBME cell apoptosis elicited by I-α-PNP.
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Kanu AB. Recent developments in sample preparation techniques combined with high-performance liquid chromatography: A critical review. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462444. [PMID: 34380070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review article compares and contrasts sample preparation techniques coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and describes applications developed in biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene in the last two decades. The proper sample preparation technique can offer valued data for a targeted application when coupled to HPLC and a suitable detector. Improvements in sample preparation techniques in the last two decades have resulted in efficient extraction, cleanup, and preconcentration in a single step, thus providing a pathway to tackle complex matrix applications. Applications such as biological therapeutics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, environmental/industrial hygiene, forensics, glycan cleanup, etc., have been significantly enhanced due to improved sample preparation techniques. This review looks at the early sample preparation techniques. Further, it describes eight sample preparation technique coupled to HPLC that has gained prominence in the last two decades. They are (1) solid-phase extraction (SPE), (2) liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), (3) gel permeation chromatography (GPC), (4) Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged, Safe (QuEChERS), (5) solid-phase microextraction (SPME), (6) ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction (UASE), and (7) microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MWASE). SPE, LLE, GPC, QuEChERS, and SPME can be used offline and online with HPLC. UASE and MWASE can be used offline with HPLC but have also been combined with the online automated techniques of SPE, LLE, GPC, or QuEChERS for targeted analysis. Three application areas of biomedical, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene are reviewed for the eight sample preparation techniques. Three hundred and twenty references on the eight sample preparation techniques published over the last two decades (2001-2021) are provided. Other older references were included to illustrate the historical development of sample preparation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakarr Kanu
- Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, United States.
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Sogos V, Caria P, Porcedda C, Mostallino R, Piras F, Miliano C, De Luca MA, Castelli MP. Human Neuronal Cell Lines as An In Vitro Toxicological Tool for the Evaluation of Novel Psychoactive Substances. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136785. [PMID: 34202634 PMCID: PMC8268582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are synthetic substances belonging to diverse groups, designed to mimic the effects of scheduled drugs, resulting in altered toxicity and potency. Up to now, information available on the pharmacology and toxicology of these new substances is very limited, posing a considerable challenge for prevention and treatment. The present in vitro study investigated the possible mechanisms of toxicity of two emerging NPS (i) 4′-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinoexanophenone (3,4-MDPHP), a synthetic cathinone, and (ii) 2-chloro-4,5-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (2-Cl-4,5-MDMA), a phenethylamine. In addition, to apply our model to the class of synthetic opioids, we evaluated the toxicity of fentanyl, as a reference compound for this group of frequently abused substances. To this aim, the in vitro toxic effects of these three compounds were evaluated in dopaminergic-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Following 24 h of exposure, all compounds induced a loss of viability, and oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent manner. 2-Cl-4,5-MDMA activates apoptotic processes, while 3,4-MDPHP elicits cell death by necrosis. Fentanyl triggers cell death through both mechanisms. Increased expression levels of pro-apoptotic Bax and caspase 3 activity were observed following 2-Cl-4,5-MDMA and fentanyl, but not 3,4-MDPHP exposure, confirming the different modes of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sogos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (V.S.); (P.C.); (C.P.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.A.D.L.)
| | - Paola Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (V.S.); (P.C.); (C.P.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.A.D.L.)
| | - Clara Porcedda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (V.S.); (P.C.); (C.P.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.A.D.L.)
| | - Rafaela Mostallino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (V.S.); (P.C.); (C.P.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.A.D.L.)
| | - Franca Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (V.S.); (P.C.); (C.P.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.A.D.L.)
| | - Cristina Miliano
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA;
| | - Maria Antonietta De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (V.S.); (P.C.); (C.P.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.A.D.L.)
| | - M. Paola Castelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (V.S.); (P.C.); (C.P.); (R.M.); (F.P.); (M.A.D.L.)
- Guy Everett Laboratory, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
- Center of Excellence “Neurobiology of Addiction”, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-6754065
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Detection of 4-FMC, 4-MeO-α-PVP, 4-F-α-PVP, and PV8 in blood in a forensic case using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 325:110888. [PMID: 34186472 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a case of fatal poisoning by 4-F-methcathinone (4-FMC; also called flephedrone), 4-methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (4-MeO-α-PVP), 4-fluoro-α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (4-F-α-PVP), and α-pyrrolidinohepatanophenone (PV8). In this study, we compared the mass spectra of 4-FMC, 4-MeO-α-PVP, 4-F-α-PVP, PV8, and α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone between LC-ESI-LIT-MS and GC-EI-MS analyses. Subsequently, we applied LC-ESI-LIT-MS for detection and quantification analyses of 4-FMC, 4-MeO-α-PVP, 4-F-α-PVP, and PV8 in human authentic whole blood samples. More specific mass spectra for the target compounds were obtained with the LC-ESI-LIT-MS qualitative analyses than with the GC-EI-MS analyses, indicating that LC-ESI-LIT-MS was more suitable for the qualitative analysis of cathinones. The LC-ESI-LIT-MS validation data showed moderately good linearity and reproducibility for the compounds in the quantitative analyses at the range of 1-500 ng/mL. The detection limits of four cathinones ranged from 0.1 to 1 ng/mL. The concentrations of 4-FMC, 4-MeO-α-PVP, 4-F-α-PVP, and PV8 in heart whole blood samples were 365, 449, 145, and 218 ng/mL, respectively. Those of the 4 cathinones in femoral vein whole blood samples were 397, 383, 127, and 167 ng/mL, respectively. We can then assume that the cause of death was acute poisoning by a combination of 4-FMC, 4-MeO-α-PVP, 4-F-α-PVP, and PV8. In this article, we present a detailed LC-ESI-LIT-MS procedure for detection and quantification analyses of 4-FMC, 4-MeO-α-PVP, 4-F-α-PVP, and PV8 in authentic human whole blood samples.
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Soares J, Costa VM, Bastos MDL, Carvalho F, Capela JP. An updated review on synthetic cathinones. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2895-2940. [PMID: 34100120 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03083-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cathinone, the main psychoactive compound found in the plant Catha edulis Forsk. (khat), is a β-keto analogue of amphetamine, sharing not only the phenethylamine structure, but also the amphetamine-like stimulant effects. Synthetic cathinones are derivatives of the naturally occurring cathinone that largely entered the recreational drug market at the end of 2000s. The former "legal status", impressive marketing strategies and their commercial availability, either in the so-called "smartshops" or via the Internet, prompted their large spread, contributing to their increasing popularity in the following years. As their popularity increased, the risks posed for public health became clear, with several reports of intoxications and deaths involving these substances appearing both in the social media and scientific literature. The regulatory measures introduced thereafter to halt these trending drugs of abuse have proved to be of low impact, as a continuous emergence of new non-controlled derivatives keep appearing to replace those prohibited. Users resort to synthetic cathinones due to their psychostimulant properties but are often unaware of the dangers they may incur when using these substances. Therefore, studies aimed at unveiling the pharmacological and toxicological properties of these substances are imperative, as they will provide increased expertise to the clinicians that face this problem on a daily basis. The present work provides a comprehensive review on history and legal status, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects and lethality in humans, as well as on the current knowledge of the neurotoxic mechanisms of synthetic cathinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Soares
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Capela
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- FP-ENAS (Fernando Pessoa Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit), CEBIMED (Biomedical Research Centre), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.
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Yang F, Ma K, Cao Y, Ni C. Improved liquid-liquid extraction by modified magnetic nanoparticles for the detection of eight drugs in human blood by HPLC-MS. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19874-19884. [PMID: 35479245 PMCID: PMC9033689 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01530c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles modified with porous titanium dioxide were used as clean-up nanospheres for the detection of eight drug poisons in human blood by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The magnetic clean-up nanospheres (Fe3O4@mTiO2) with a mesoporous structure were successfully synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, vibrating sample magnetometry, infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller techniques. Lipid co-extractives, such as phosphatidic acid and fatty acids, which are major interferences in HPLC-MS analysis causing ion suppression in the MS spectra of blood, could be efficiently removed by Fe3O4@mTiO2 based on the Lewis acid–Lewis base interactions. Following the optimization of the quantities of Fe3O4@mTiO2, the method was applied to the determination of eight drugs in spiked blood. The analytical ranges typically extended from 2 to 500 ng mL−1, and the recoveries ranged from 79.5–99.9% at different concentrations of blood. The limits of quantitation for drug poisons were 0.14–1.03 ng mL−1, which makes the method a viable tool for drug poison monitoring in blood. High-performance magnetic Fe3O4@TiO2, nanospheres with mesoporous structures was synthesized for cleanup phosphatidic acid and fatty acids in blood sample for 8 drugs test with HPLC-MS.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology Shanghai 200083 China +86 021 22028363 +86 021 22028362
| | - Ke Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology Shanghai 200083 China +86 021 22028363 +86 021 22028362
| | - Yu Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology Shanghai 200083 China +86 021 22028363 +86 021 22028362
| | - Chunfang Ni
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology Shanghai 200083 China +86 021 22028363 +86 021 22028362
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Adamowicz
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, Kraków, Poland
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11
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Mercurio I, Pellegrino A, Panata L, Filippucci F, Melai P, Gili A, Capano D, Troiano G, Rettagliata G, Lancia M, Bacci M. Toxicological findings in fatal intoxications from synthetic cathinones: a narrative review. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2020.1841291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Mercurio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Laura Panata
- Section of Legal Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Gili
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Hygiene and Public Health Section, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - George Rettagliata
- Former Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine at New York Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Massimo Lancia
- Section of Legal Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Bacci
- Section of Legal Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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12
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4′-Fluoropyrrolidinononanophenone elicits neuronal cell apoptosis through elevating production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Manier SK, Wagmann L, Flockerzi V, Meyer MR. Toxicometabolomics of the new psychoactive substances α-PBP and α-PEP studied in HepaRG cell incubates by means of untargeted metabolomics revealed unexpected amino acid adducts. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2047-2059. [PMID: 32313995 PMCID: PMC7303098 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxicometabolomics, essentially applying metabolomics to toxicology of endogenous compounds such as drugs of abuse or new psychoactive substances (NPS), can be investigated by using different in vitro models and dedicated metabolomics techniques to enhance the number of relevant findings. The present study aimed to study the toxicometabolomics of the two NPS α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (1-phenyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)butan-1-one, α-PBP) and α-pyrrolidinoheptaphenone (1-phenyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)heptan-1-one, α-PEP, PV8) in HepaRG cell line incubates. Evaluation was performed using reversed-phase and normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry in positive and negative ionization mode, respectively, to analyze cells and cell media. Statistical evaluation was performed using one-way ANOVA, principal component discriminant function analysis, as well as hierarchical clustering. In general, the analysis of cells did not mainly reveal any features, but the parent compounds of the drugs of abuse. For α-PBP an increase in N-methylnicotinamide was found, which may indicate hepatotoxic potential of the substance. After analysis of cell media, significant features led to the identification of several metabolites of both compounds. Amino acid adducts with glycine and alanine were found, and these have not been described in any study before and are likely to appear in vivo. Additionally, significant changes in the metabolism of cholesterol were revealed after incubation with α-PEP. In summary, the application of metabolomics techniques after HepaRG cells exposure to NPS did not lead to an increased number of identified drug metabolites compared to previously published studies, but gave a wider perspective on the physiological effect of the investigated compounds on human liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha K Manier
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Lea Wagmann
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Psychoactive substances with chemical structures or pharmacological profiles that are similar to traditional drugs of abuse continue to emerge on the recreational drug market. Internet vendors may at least temporarily sell these so-called designer drugs without adhering to legal statutes or facing legal consequences. Overall, the mechanism of action and adverse effects of designer drugs are similar to traditional drugs of abuse. Stimulants, such as amphetamines and cathinones, primarily interact with monoamine transporters and mostly induce sympathomimetic adverse effects. Agonism at μ-opioid receptors and γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) or GABAB receptors mediates the pharmacological effects of sedatives, which may induce cardiorespiratory depression. Dissociative designer drugs primarily act as N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists and pose similar health risks as the medically approved dissociative anesthetic ketamine. The cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor is thought to drive the psychoactive effects of synthetic cannabinoids, which are associated with a less desirable effect profile and more severe adverse effects compared with cannabis. Serotonergic 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A (5-HT2A) receptors mediate alterations of perception and cognition that are induced by serotonergic psychedelics. Because of their novelty, designer drugs may remain undetected by routine drug screening, thus hampering evaluations of adverse effects. Intoxication reports suggest that several designer drugs are used concurrently, posing a high risk for severe adverse effects and even death.
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15
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Lehmann S, Sczyslo A, Froch-Cortis J, Rothschild MA, Thevis M, Andresen-Streichert H, Mercer-Chalmers-Bender K. Organ distribution of diclazepam, pyrazolam and 3-fluorophenmetrazine. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 303:109959. [PMID: 31546164 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The organ distribution of 3-fluorophenmetrazine (3-FPM), pyrazolam, diclazepam as well as its main metabolites delorazepam, lormetazepam and lorazepam, was investigated. A solid phase extraction (SPE) and a QuEChERS (acronym for quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) - approach were used for the extraction of the analytes from human tissues, body fluids and stomach contents. The detection was performed on a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system (LCMS/MS). The analytes of interest were detected in all body fluids and tissues. Results showed femoral blood concentrations of 10 μg/L for 3-FPM, 28 μg/L for pyrazolam, 1 μg/L for diclazepam, 100 μg/L for delorazepam, 6 μg/L for lormetazepam, and 22 μg/L for lorazepam. Tissues (muscle, kidney and liver) and bile exhibited higher concentrations of the mentioned analytes than in blood. Additional positive findings in femoral blood were for 2-fluoroamphetamine (2-FA, approx. 89 μg/L), 2-flourometamphetamine (2-FMA, hint), methiopropamine (approx. 2.2 μg/L), amphetamine (approx. 21 μg/L) and caffeine (positive). Delorazepam showed the highest ratio of heart (C) and femoral blood (P) concentration (C/P ratio = 2.5), supported by the concentrations detected in psoas muscle (430 μg/kg) and stomach content (approx. 210 μg/L, absolute 84 μg). The C/P ratio indicates that delorazepam displays susceptibility for post-mortem redistribution (PMR), supported by the findings in muscle tissue. 3-FPM, pyrazolam, diclazepam, lorazepam and lormetazepam did apparently not exhibit any PMR. The cause of death, in conjunction with autopsy findings was concluded as a positional asphyxia promoted by poly-drug intoxication by arising from designer benzodiazepines and the presence of synthetic stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lehmann
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alissa Sczyslo
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Judith Froch-Cortis
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Katja Mercer-Chalmers-Bender
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Basel - Health Department Basel, Switzerland.
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16
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Kraemer M, Boehmer A, Madea B, Maas A. Death cases involving certain new psychoactive substances: A review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 298:186-267. [PMID: 30925344 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, more and more new psychoactive substances (NPS) were introduced on the drug market which were sold as "legal" alternatives for classic drugs and misused medications. Due to an increased number of available substances and a growing utilization by users of common drugs but also by inexperienced users because of the supposed "legal" status, also undesired adverse effects of these NPS, at worst leading to death, became apparent. This review summarizes fatalities previously described in scientific literature which were attributed to the use of NPS or such cases, in which intake of NPS was proven or even assumed to contribute to death. This summary includes an overview of substances involved (particularly synthetic cannabinoids ("spice"), novel opioids and synthetic cathinones ("bath salts")) as well as of postmortem concentrations determined in various biological matrices. The compiled data assist forensic toxicologists with the interpretation of death cases involving NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kraemer
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Anna Boehmer
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Madea
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Maas
- University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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17
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Vignali C, Moretti M, Groppi A, Osculati AMM, Tajana L, Morini L. Distribution of the Synthetic Cathinone α-Pyrrolidinohexiophenone in Biological Specimens. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:e1-e6. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vignali
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Groppi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Luca Tajana
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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18
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Eiden C, Leone-Burgos S, Serre A, Carton L, Gerardin M, Le Boisselier R, Gibaja V, Monzon E, Fouilhe N, Boucher A, Peyriere H. Ephenidine, diphenidine, and methoxphenidine complications reported to the French Addictovigilance Network. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2018; 32:654-662. [PMID: 29956843 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ephenidine, diphenidine, and methoxphenidine belong to the family of diarylethylamines that are psychoactive substances derived from lefetamine (N, N-di-methyl-1,2-diphenylethylamine, also called L-SPA). These dissociative anesthetic compounds act as potent and selective N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists and were recently classified as narcotic drugs in France. The available data suggest a significant risk of psychic and somatic complications. To obtain more information, this retrospective study analyzed all spontaneous notifications of serious cases of ephenidine, diphenidine, and methoxphenidine abuse collected by the French Addictovigilance Network from 2012 to 2016 and classified them as proven, probable, and possible. For each case, age, sex, concomitantly ingested substances, pattern of abuse of psychoactive drugs, and related complications (scored using the poisoning severity score) were collected. Eighteen cases were identified (one in 2013, five in 2015, and 12 in 2016) in 16 men (median age: 31.5 years [IQR 25-75% 27-34]). Ephenidine, diphenidine, and methoxphenidine were involved in four, seven, and 11 cases, respectively. No case was considered proven, 16 cases were considered possible, and two probable due to polysubstance abuse (co-ingestion of other new psychoactive substances). The reported clinical complications were minor in five cases, moderate in six cases, and serious in four cases, and included psychiatric, neurologic, and cardiovascular problems. This analysis indicates that the number of reported cases progressively increased from 2012 to 2016 and mainly concerned methoxphenidine. The addictive potential of these substances seems highly probable; but further investigations are needed to limit their harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Eiden
- Département de Pharmacologie Médicale et Toxicologie, Centre d'Addictovigilance, CHRU de Montpellier, 34294, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Sarah Leone-Burgos
- Département de Pharmacologie Médicale et Toxicologie, Centre d'Addictovigilance, CHRU de Montpellier, 34294, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Anaïs Serre
- Département de Pharmacologie Médicale et Toxicologie, Centre d'Addictovigilance, CHRU de Montpellier, 34294, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Louise Carton
- Département de Pharmacologie Médicale, Centre d'Addictovigilance, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, CHRU de Lille, 59037, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Marie Gerardin
- Département de Pharmacologie Clinique, Centre d'Addictovigilance, CHU de Nantes, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Reynald Le Boisselier
- Département de Pharmacologie Médicale, Centre d'Addictovigilance, CHU de Caen, 14033, Caen Cedex 9, France
| | - Valérie Gibaja
- Centre d'Addictovigilance, Hôpital Central, CHRU de Nancy, 54035, Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Monzon
- ANSM Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé, 93285, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Nathalie Fouilhe
- Département de Pharmacologie Médicale, Centre d'Addictovigilance, CHU de Grenoble, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Alexandra Boucher
- Centre d'Addictovigilance de Lyon, CHU de Lyon, 69424, Lyon Cedex 03, France
| | - Hélène Peyriere
- Département de Pharmacologie Médicale et Toxicologie, Centre d'Addictovigilance, CHRU de Montpellier, 34294, Montpellier Cedex, France
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19
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Wojcieszak J, Andrzejczak D, Kedzierska M, Milowska K, Zawilska JB. Cytotoxicity of α-Pyrrolidinophenones: an Impact of α-Aliphatic Side-chain Length and Changes in the Plasma Membrane Fluidity. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:613-626. [PMID: 29951896 PMCID: PMC6154177 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrovalerone derivatives (α-pyrrolidinophenones) form a branch of synthetic cathinones, a second most prominent group of novel psychoactive substances. Although the toxicity of 3,4-MDPV, a progenitor of the α-pyrrolidinophenones, is well described, little is known of the potential cytotoxicity of the new members of this group entering the recreational drug market each year. The present study assesses the cytotoxicity of members of the α-pyrrolidinophenone group, i.e., α-PVP, its longer side-chain derivatives PV8 and PV9, and their 4-fluoro- and 4-methoxy-analogs, against model cell lines for the nervous system (SH-SY5Y), liver (Hep G2) and upper airway epithelium (RPMI 2650), and cardiomyocytes (H9C2(2-1)). Additionally, an impact of pyrovalerones on the fluidity of the plasma membrane, as the potential mechanism of their cytotoxicity, was examined. The longer side-chain α-pyrrolidinophenones and their fluoro- and methoxy-analogs produce more pronounced maximal cytotoxicity, with regard to mitochondrial activity and cell membrane integrity, than the five-carbon α-PVP and its substituted derivatives. The report demonstrates, for the first time, that changes of fluidity of the interior part of plasma membrane contribute to the cytotoxicity of pyrovalerone derivatives, in addition to the previously reported mechanisms. Taking into consideration our previous findings that PV8 and PV9 produce weaker psychostimulatory effects than α-PVP, the higher cytotoxicity of the new generation of pyrovalerones can pose a serious threat to abusers, as it is possible that longer-chain compounds may be taken in higher doses to obtain similar levels of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Wojcieszak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dariusz Andrzejczak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marta Kedzierska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Milowska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jolanta B Zawilska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Łódź, Poland.
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20
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Pieprzyca E, Skowronek R, Korczyńska M, Kulikowska J, Chowaniec M. A two fatal cases of poisoning involving new cathinone derivative PV8. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2018; 33:42-47. [PMID: 29778973 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
α-Pyrrolidinoheptiophenone (PV8) is a representative of α-pyrrolidinophenone derivatives, a new group of synthetic cathinones. PV8 was first detected in illegal products in Japan in 2013. It is closely related to α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (α-PVP), which was one of the most popular novel psychoactive substance (NPS) in Poland in years 2013-2015. The article presents two cases of fatal poisonings of 36-year-old man and 37-year-old woman, where a new cathinone derivative - PV8 was detected in biological material collected during medicolegal autopsies. The concentration of PV8, measured with LC-MS method, was in the first case - 0.26 µg/mL in blood and 0.11 µg/mL in urine and in the second - 0.07 µg/mL and 0.13 µg/mL, respectively. In both cases medicolegal experts finally have determined that the cause of death was fatal intoxication with the main role of PV8. This substance is another synthetic cathinone which is dangerous for live of the users and requires constant monitoring and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Pieprzyca
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Skowronek
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Korczyńska
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Joanna Kulikowska
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chowaniec
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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21
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Katselou M, Papoutsis I, Nikolaou P, Misailidi N, Spiliopoulou C, Athanaselis S. Diphenidine: a dissociative NPS makes an entrance on the drug scene. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Majchrzak M, Celiński R, Kowalska T, Sajewicz M. Fatal case of poisoning with a new cathinone derivative: α-propylaminopentiophenone (N-PP). Forensic Toxicol 2018; 36:525-533. [PMID: 29963213 PMCID: PMC6002430 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Similar to synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinone derivatives are the most popular compounds among novel psychoactive substances. Along with a growing number of new cathinones, the number of consumers wishing to enrich their experience with these compounds is also growing, and the same can be said about the growing numbers of poisonings. The reason for overdosing is a lack of consumer awareness regarding composition of the product, with which they experiment, and even more, regarding concentration of psychoactive substances contained in the taken product. In this paper, we report a case of the purposeful intake of a high dose of powder containing a novel cathinone derivative, α-propylaminopentiophenone, which resulted in the deadly poisoning of a woman. METHODS Aiming to identify this psychoactive substance causing the fatality, the postmortem specimens collected from the autopsy was analyzed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and the analysis of a powder material found with the victim was additionally analyzed by means of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. RESULTS In the course of analysis performed on the specimens originating from autopsy (blood, eyeball fluid, liver, kidney and brain), high concentrations of α-propylaminopentiophenone were established, which was responsible for the death of a young woman. The same psychoactive compound was also identified in the powder material. CONCLUSIONS To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature on fatal poisoning with α-propyloaminopentiophenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Majchrzak
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
- Toxicological Laboratory ToxLab, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844 Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Celiński
- Toxicological Laboratory ToxLab, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844 Katowice, Poland
| | - Teresa Kowalska
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Sajewicz
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
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23
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Effects of the new generation α-pyrrolidinophenones on spontaneous locomotor activities in mice, and on extracellular dopamine and serotonin levels in the mouse striatum. Forensic Toxicol 2018; 36:334-350. [PMID: 29963204 PMCID: PMC6002449 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Pyrovalerone derivatives (α-pyrrolidinophenones) form a distinct branch of synthetic cathinones, a popular group of novel psychoactive substances, and exert strong psychostimulatory effects resulting from their high potency to inhibit dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine transporters, with negligible activity at the serotonin (5-HT) transporter. In contrast to the old generation α-pyrrolidinophenones, 3,4-MDPV and α-PVP, there is limited data on the pharmacology and toxicology of the novel analogs. Therefore, the present study assesses the in vivo effects of two new pyrovalerones, PV8 and PV9, along with those of α-PVP, on spontaneous locomotor activities of mice and extracellular DA and 5-HT levels in the mouse striatum. Methods Spontaneous locomotor activity was measured using Opto-Varimex Auto-Track. Effects of tested compounds on extracellular levels of DA and 5-HT in the striatum were studied by an in vivo microdialysis technique; their concentrations in dialysate fractions were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Results α-PVP, PV8 and PV9 stimulated mice locomotor activity (an effect being blocked by D1-dopamine receptor antagonist, SCH 23390), and increased extracellular levels of DA and 5-HT in the striatum. Observed effects depend on dose, time and compound under investigation, with α-PVP being more potent than PV8 and PV9. When used at the same dose, the pyrovalerones produced effects significantly weaker than a model, old generation psychostimulant, methamphetamine. Conclusions Enhancement of dopaminergic neurotransmission plays a dominant role in the psychomotor stimulation caused by α-PVP, PV8 and PV9. Extending an aliphatic side chain beyond a certain point leads to the decrease in their potency in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11419-018-0409-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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24
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Lehmann S, Schulze B, Thomas A, Kamphausen T, Thevis M, Rothschild MA, Mercer-Chalmers-Bender K. Organ distribution of 4-MEC, MDPV, methoxetamine and α-PVP: comparison of QuEChERS and SPE. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Manier SK, Richter LHJ, Schäper J, Maurer HH, Meyer MR. Different in vitro and in vivo tools for elucidating the human metabolism of alpha-cathinone-derived drugs of abuse. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1119-1130. [PMID: 29314710 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo experiments are widely used for studying the metabolism of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The availability of such data is required for toxicological risk assessments and development of urine screening approaches. This study investigated the in vitro metabolism of the 5 pyrrolidinophenone-derived NPS alpha-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (alpha-PBP), alpha-pyrrolidinopentiothiophenone (alpha-PVT), alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (alpha-PHP), alpha-pyrrolidinoenanthophenone (alpha-PEP, PV8), and alpha-pyrrolidinooctanophenone (alpha-POP, PV9). First, they were incubated with pooled human liver microsomes (pHLM) or pooled human liver S9 fraction (pS9) for identification of the main phase I and II metabolites. All substances formed hydroxy metabolites and lactams. Longer alkyl chains resulted in keto group and carboxylic acid formation. Comparing these results with published data obtained using pHLM, primary human hepatocytes (PHH), and authentic human urine samples, PHH provided the most extensive metabolism. Second, enzyme kinetic studies showed that the initial metabolic steps were formed by cytochrome P450 isoforms (CYP) CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 resulting in pyrrolidine, thiophene or alkyl hydroxy metabolites depending on the length of the alkyl chain. The kinetic parameters indicated an increasing affinity of the CYP enzymes with increase of the length of the alkyl chain. These parameters were then used to calculate the contribution of a single CYP enzyme to the in vivo hepatic clearance. CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 were mainly involved in the case of alpha-PBP and CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in the case of alpha-PVT, alpha-PHP, alpha-PEP, and alpha-POP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha K Manier
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Homburg, Germany
| | - Lilian H J Richter
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Homburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schäper
- State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Bavaria, München, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Homburg, Germany
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26
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Wallach J, Brandt SD. 1,2-Diarylethylamine- and Ketamine-Based New Psychoactive Substances. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 252:305-352. [PMID: 30196446 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine remain the most well-studied and widely known dissociative drugs, a number of other agents have appeared since the late 1950s and early 1960s, when the pharmacological potential of this class was first realized. For example, hundreds of compounds have been pursued as part of legitimate research efforts to explore these agents. Some of these found their way out of the research labs and onto illicit markets of the 1960s and following decades as PCP analogs. Other "illicit analogs" apparently never appeared in the scientific literature prior to their existence on clandestine markets, thus originating as novel innovations in the minds of clandestine chemists and their colleagues. Like so much else in this world, new technologies changed this dynamic. In the 1990s individuals separated by vast geographical distances could now communicate nearly instantaneously with ease through the Internet. Some individuals used this newly found opportunity to discuss the chemistry and psychoactive effects of dissociative drugs as well as to collaborate on the design and development of novel dissociative compounds. Similar to modern pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers, these seekers tinkered with the structure of their leads pursuing goals such as improved duration of action, analgesic effects, and reduced toxicity. Whether all these goals were achieved for any individual compound remains to be seen, but their creations have been let out of the bag and are now materialized as defined compositions of matter. Moreover, these creations now exist not only in and of themselves but live on further as permutations into various novel analogs and derivatives. In some cases these compounds have made their way to academic labs where potential clinical applications have been identified. These compounds reached wider distribution when other individuals picked up on these discussions and began to market them as "research chemicals" or "legal highs". The result is a continuously evolving game that is being played between legislatures, law enforcement, and research chemical market players. Two structurally distinct classes that have appeared as dissociative-based new psychoactive substances (NPS) are the 1,2-diarylethylamines and β-keto-arylcyclohexylamines. Examples of the former include diphenidine and various analogs such as fluorolintane and N-ethyl-lanicemine, and examples of the latter are analogs of ketamine such as methoxetamine, deschloroketamine, and 2-fluoro-2-deschloroketamine. The subject of this chapter is the introduction to some of the dissociative NPS from these classes and their known pharmacology that have emerged on the market in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wallach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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Abstract
This chapter describes how new psychoactive substances (NPS) have been involved in fatal intoxications from 2010 and onwards. It summarizes the circumstances, antemortem symptoms, and adverse effects that have led to death after ingestion of one or more NPS and tabulates concentrations, and postmortem findings from these intoxications.Consumption of NPS exerts health problems and unknown risks for the users. Data on toxicity of many NPS are scarce or nonexistent and long-term toxicity and risks are still largely unknown. In addition, purity and composition of products containing NPS are often inconsistent or not known, which places users at high risk as evidenced by hospital emergency admissions and deaths.The most serious threat to drug users are the synthetic opioids that with strong central nervous depressant effects have caused numerous accidental deaths spread over the entire globe. The synthetic cannabinoids seem to be the most unpredictable with no clear toxidrome and unknown or poorly understood mechanisms of toxicity, but with adverse effects pointing toward the cardiovascular system. The toxidromes commonly encountered after ingestion of cathinones and phenethylamines are of sympathomimetic and hallucinogenic character, which includes risk of developing a serotonin syndrome, excited delirium, and life-threatening cardiovascular effects. In comparison to their conventional "parent" drug, i.e., heroin, cannabis, and amphetamine, most NPS appear to exhibit more severe adverse effects. The deaths attributed to NPS have dramatically increased in the last years. In our opinion, this is because of the shift from synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones to the even more toxic and dangerously potent fentanyl analogues.
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Majchrzak M, Celiński R, Kuś P, Kowalska T, Sajewicz M. The newest cathinone derivatives as designer drugs: an analytical and toxicological review. Forensic Toxicol 2017; 36:33-50. [PMID: 29367861 PMCID: PMC5754390 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, among new psychoactive substances, cathinone derivatives constitute the biggest group, which are mainly classified into N-alkylated, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-alkylated, N-pyrrolidinyl, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-pyrrolidinyl derivatives. These derivatives are actively being subjected to minor modifications at the alkyl chains or the aromatic ring to create new synthetic cathinones with the goal of circumventing laws. In this review, the new synthetic cathinones that have appeared on the illegal drug market during the period 2014-2017 are highlighted, and their characterization by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is presented. METHODS Various key words were used to conduct an extensive literature search across a number of databases, specifically for synthetic cathinones that emerged between 2014 and 2017. RESULTS More than 30 new cathinone derivatives were discovered. The preexisting parental compounds for the new derivatives are also referenced, and their mass spectral data are compiled in a table to facilitate their identification by forensic toxicologists. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the most current review presenting new synthetic cathinones. Political authorities should take measures to implement and enforce generic scheduling (comprehensive system) laws to control the diversely modified synthetic cathinones. Supplementing the existing databases with new findings can greatly facilitate the efforts of forensic toxicologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Majchrzak
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
- Toxicology Laboratory ToxLab, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844 Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Celiński
- Toxicology Laboratory ToxLab, 6 Kossutha Street, 40-844 Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuś
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Teresa Kowalska
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Sajewicz
- Department of General Chemistry and Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
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Kusano M, Zaitsu K, Taki K, Hisatsune K, Nakajima J, Moriyasu T, Asano T, Hayashi Y, Tsuchihashi H, Ishii A. Fatal intoxication by 5F-ADB and diphenidine: Detection, quantification, and investigation of their main metabolic pathways in humans by LC/MS/MS and LC/Q-TOFMS. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:284-293. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Kusano
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kei Zaitsu
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kentaro Taki
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kazuaki Hisatsune
- Forensic Science Laboratory; Aichi Prefectural Police Headquarters; Nagoya Japan
| | | | | | - Tomomi Asano
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yumi Hayashi
- Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuchihashi
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
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Mdege ND, Meader N, Lloyd C, Parrott S, McCambridge J. The Novel Psychoactive Substances in the UK Project: empirical and conceptual review work to produce research recommendations. PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3310/phr05040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough illegal drug use has largely been declining in the UK over the past decade, this period has witnessed the emergence of a range of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) (‘legal highs’). These are new, mostly synthetic, substances that mimic the effects of existing drugs). Despite there being many causes for concern in relation to NPS, there has been little prior study of the burden associated with their use in public health terms. Clarity is lacking on research priorities in this rapidly developing literature.ObjectivesTo inform the development of public health intervention research on NPS by reviewing existing data on their use, associated problems and potential responses to such problems.DesignA scoping review and narrative synthesis of selected bodies of evidence was undertaken to summarise and evaluate what is known about NPS use and the related harms of, and responses to, such use. Relevant literature was identified from electronic databases (covering January 2006 to June 2016 inclusive), Google (Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA), relevant websites and online drug forums and by contacting experts. Articles were included if they were primary studies, secondary studies involving the analysis and interpretation of primary research or discussion papers. A conceptual framework postulating an evidence-informed public health approach to NPS use in the UK was developed through a pragmatic literature review, the iterative development of concepts and finalisation in light of the results from the empirical review work. The process also involved feedback from various stakeholders. Research recommendations were developed from both strands of work.ResultsA total of 995 articles were included in the scoping review, the majority of which related to individual-level health-related adverse effects attributable to NPS use. The prevalence of lifetime NPS use varied widely between (e.g. with higher prevalence in young males) and within population subgroups. The most commonly reported adverse effects were psychiatric/other neurological, cardiovascular, renal and gastrointestinal manifestations, and there is limited evidence available on responses. In these and other respects, available evidence is at an early stage of development. Initial evidence challenges the view that NPS should be treated differently from other illicit drugs. The conceptual framework indicated that much of the evidence that would be useful to inform public health responses does not yet exist. We propose a systems-based prevention approach that develops existing responses, is multilevel and life course informed in character, and emphasises commonalities between NPS and other legal and illegal drug use. We make 20 recommendations for research, including nine key recommendations.LimitationsScoping reviews do not interrogate evidence in depth, and the disjunction between the scoping review and the conceptual framework findings is worthy of careful attention.ConclusionsKey research recommendations build on those that have previously been made and offer more evidence-based justification and detail, as previous recommendations have not yet been acted on. The case for decision-making on commissioning new research based on these recommendations is both strong and urgent.Future workThe validity of recommendations generated through this project could be enhanced via further work with research commissioners, policy-makers, researchers and the public.Study registrationThe systematic review element of this study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42016026415.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen D Mdege
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Nick Meader
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Charlie Lloyd
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Steve Parrott
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
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31
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α-Pyrrolidinononanophenone provokes apoptosis of neuronal cells through alterations in antioxidant properties. Toxicology 2017; 386:93-102. [PMID: 28578026 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we found that exposure to α-pyrrolidinononanophenone (α-PNP), a highly lipophilic synthetic cathinone, provokes apoptosis of human neuronal SK-N-SH cells. The drug sensitivity of the cells (50% lethal concentration of 12μM) was similar to those of aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and was higher than those of cells derived from colon, liver, lung and kidney, suggesting that α-PNP overdose and abuse cause serious damage in central nervous and vascular systems. SK-N-SH cell treatment with lethal concentrations (20 and 50μM) of α-PNP facilitated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The treatment also prompted elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, lowering of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome-c into cytosol, and resultant activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. The apoptotic events (caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation) were abolished by pretreatment with antioxidants, N-acetyl-l-cysteine and polyethyleneglycol-conjugated catalase. These results suggest that ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation are potential events in the mechanism underlying the α-PNP-triggered neuronal cell apoptosis. Intriguingly, the α-PNP treatment of SK-N-SH cells was found to promote formation of 4-hydroxynonenal, a reactive aldehyde generated from lipid peroxidation. The α-PNP treatment also decreased cellular levels of total and reduced glutathiones, expression of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase mRNA and glutathione reductase activity. Furthermore, the α-PNP treatment resulted in both decrease in proteasomal activities and increase in expression of autophagy-related factors, which were significantly prevented by pretreating with N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Therefore, the ROS formation by α-PNP treatment may be ascribable to the decrease in glutathione level through its consumption during 4-hydroxynonenal detoxification and dysfunction of both de novo synthesis and regeneration of glutathione, in addition to impairments in proteasomal and autophagic systems that degrade cellular oxidized components.
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Guirguis A, Corkery JM, Stair JL, Kirton SB, Zloh M, Schifano F. Intended and unintended use of cathinone mixtures. Hum Psychopharmacol 2017; 32. [PMID: 28657191 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cathinones are one of the most popular categories of new psychoactive substances (NPS) consumed. Cathinones have different pharmacological activities and receptor selectivity for monoamine transporters based on their chemical structures. They are incorporated into NPS mixtures and used with other NPS or 'traditional' drugs. Cathinone use represents significant health risks to individuals and is a public health burden. METHODS Evidence of poly-NPS use with cathinones, seizure information, and literature analyses results on NPS mixtures was systematically gathered from online database sources, including Google Scholar, Scopus, Bluelight, and Drugs-Forum. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results highlight the prevalence of NPS with low purity, incorporation of cathinones into NPS mixtures since 2008, and multiple members of the cathinone family being present in individual UK-seized samples. Cathinones were identified as adulterants in NPS marketed as being pure NPS, drugs of abuse, branded products, herbal blends, and products labelled "not for human consumption." Toxicity resulting from cathinone mixtures is unpredictable because key attributes remain largely unknown. Symptoms of intoxication include neuro-psychological, psychiatric, and metabolic symptoms. Proposed treatment includes holistic approaches involving psychosocial, psychiatric and pharmacological interventions. CONCLUSION Raising awareness of NPS, education, and training of health care professionals are paramount in reducing harms related to cathinone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Guirguis
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.,Psychopharmaology, Drug Misuse, & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - John Martin Corkery
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.,Psychopharmaology, Drug Misuse, & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Jacqueline Leslie Stair
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.,Psychopharmaology, Drug Misuse, & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Stewart Brian Kirton
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.,Psychopharmaology, Drug Misuse, & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Mire Zloh
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.,Psychopharmaology, Drug Misuse, & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology & Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.,Psychopharmaology, Drug Misuse, & Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Kubo SI, Waters B, Hara K, Fukunaga T, Ikematsu K. A report of novel psychoactive substances in forensic autopsy cases and a review of fatal cases in the literature. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2017; 26:79-85. [PMID: 28549554 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Kubo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Brian Waters
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kenji Hara
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Tatsushige Fukunaga
- Tokyo Medical Examiner's Office Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Otsuka 4-21-18, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ikematsu
- Department of Forensic Pathology and Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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34
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Structure-activity relationship for toxicity of α-pyrrolidinophenones in human aortic endothelial cells. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Alvarez JC, Fabresse N, Knapp A, El Hajj Sleiman I, Garnier R, Langrand J. Identification and quantification of diphenidine in hair by LC-MS/MS after single administration. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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37
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Skov L, Holm KMD, Linnet K. Nitrobenzodiazepines: Postmortem brain and blood reference concentrations. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 268:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Guilty by dissociation—development of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and other rapid screening methods for the analysis of 13 diphenidine-derived new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8467-8481. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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39
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A fatal poisoning case by intravenous injection of “bath salts” containing acetyl fentanyl and 4-methoxy PV8. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 267:e6-e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Wojcieszak J, Andrzejczak D, Woldan-Tambor A, Zawilska JB. Cytotoxic Activity of Pyrovalerone Derivatives, an Emerging Group of Psychostimulant Designer Cathinones. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:239-50. [PMID: 27295059 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The growing popularity of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) has aroused the concerns of public health specialists. The pyrovalerone derivatives are a branch of synthetic cathinones, a very popular group of psychostimulant NPS. Despite numerous case reports of fatal intoxications, little is known about the cytotoxicity of these substances. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the toxic properties of pyrovalerone, its highly prevalent derivative 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (3,4-MDPV) with its two major metabolites (catechol-MDPV and methylcatechol-MDPV) and the structural isomer 2,3-MDPV, together with newer members of the group, i.e., α-pyrrolidinovalerothiophenone (α-PVT) and α-pyrrolidinooctanophenone (PV9), using model human cell lines for neurons (SH-SY5Y), hepatocytes (Hep G2), and upper airway epithelium (RPMI 2650). We found that the first generation pyrovalerones (pyrovalerone, 3,4-MDPV, and 2,3-MDPV) produced a modest decrease of mitochondrial activity in the three examined cell lines, but were active in lower concentrations than methamphetamine used as a reference psychostimulant compound. Since catechol-MDPV displayed greater toxic potential than the parent compound, we suggest that the toxicity of 3,4-MDPV could be attributed to activity of this metabolite. Strikingly, the two new generation pyrovalerones, α-PVT and PV9, seem to be the most potent cytotoxic compounds: both induced highly pronounced mitochondrial dysfunction; the latter also demonstrated significant damage to cell membranes. The reported in vitro toxic activity of pyrovalerone cathinones against different cell types reinforces existing concerns regarding the health risks associated with the intake of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Wojcieszak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Andrzejczak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Woldan-Tambor
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta B Zawilska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151, Lodz, Poland.
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Wink CSD, Michely JA, Jacobsen-Bauer A, Zapp J, Maurer HH. Diphenidine, a new psychoactive substance: metabolic fate elucidated with rat urine and human liver preparations and detectability in urine using GC-MS, LC-MSn, and LC-HR-MSn. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1005-1014. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina S. D. Wink
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical; Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University; D-66421 Homburg (Saar) Germany
| | - Julian A. Michely
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical; Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University; D-66421 Homburg (Saar) Germany
| | | | - Josef Zapp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology; Saarland University; D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Hans H. Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical; Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University; D-66421 Homburg (Saar) Germany
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