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Wang ZW, Riaz S, Niu L. Roles and Sources of Calcium in Synaptic Exocytosis. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 33:139-170. [PMID: 37615866 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-34229-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) play a critical role in triggering neurotransmitter release. The rate of release is directly related to the concentration of Ca2+ at the presynaptic site, with a supralinear relationship. There are two main sources of Ca2+ that trigger synaptic vesicle fusion: influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane and release from the endoplasmic reticulum via ryanodine receptors. This chapter will cover the sources of Ca2+ at the presynaptic nerve terminal, the relationship between neurotransmitter release rate and Ca2+ concentration, and the mechanisms that achieve the necessary Ca2+ concentrations for triggering synaptic exocytosis at the presynaptic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Wen Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Sadaf Riaz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Longgang Niu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
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La-Vu MQ, Sethi E, Maesta-Pereira S, Schuette PJ, Tobias BC, Reis FMCV, Wang W, Torossian A, Bishop A, Leonard SJ, Lin L, Cahill CM, Adhikari A. Sparse genetically defined neurons refine the canonical role of periaqueductal gray columnar organization. eLife 2022; 11:77115. [PMID: 35674316 PMCID: PMC9224993 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During threat exposure, survival depends on defensive reactions. Prior works linked large glutamatergic populations in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) to defensive freezing and flight, and established that the overarching functional organization axis of the PAG is along anatomically-defined columns. Accordingly, broad activation of the dorsolateral column induces flight, while activation of the lateral or ventrolateral (l and vl) columns induces freezing. However, the PAG contains diverse cell types that vary in neurochemistry. How these cell types contribute to defense remains unknown, indicating that targeting sparse, genetically-defined populations may reveal how the PAG generates diverse behaviors. Though prior works showed that broad excitation of the lPAG or vlPAG causes freezing, we found in mice that activation of lateral and ventrolateral PAG (l/vlPAG) cholecystokinin-expressing (CCK) cells selectively caused flight to safer regions within an environment. Furthermore, inhibition of l/vlPAG-CCK cells reduced predator avoidance without altering other defensive behaviors like freezing. Lastly, l/vlPAG-CCK activity decreased when approaching threat and increased during movement to safer locations. These results suggest CCK cells drive threat avoidance states, which are epochs during which mice increase distance from threat and perform evasive escape. Conversely, l/vlPAG pan-neuronal activation promoted freezing, and these cells were activated near threat. Thus, CCK l/vlPAG cells have opposing function and neural activation motifs compared to the broader local ensemble defined solely by columnar boundaries. In addition to the anatomical columnar architecture of the PAG, the molecular identity of PAG cells may confer an additional axis of functional organization, revealing unexplored functional heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Q La-Vu
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ekayana Sethi
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Sandra Maesta-Pereira
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Peter J Schuette
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Brooke C Tobias
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Fernando M C V Reis
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Weisheng Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Anita Torossian
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Amy Bishop
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Saskia J Leonard
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Lilly Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, United States.,Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Avishek Adhikari
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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Duan LL, Qiu XY, Wei SQ, Su HY, Bai FR, Traub RJ, Zhou Q, Cao DY. Spinal CCK contributes to somatic hyperalgesia induced by orofacial inflammation combined with stress in adult female rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 913:174619. [PMID: 34748768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In some chronic primary pain conditions such as temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), mild or chronic stress enhances pain. TMD and FMS often occur together, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the spinal cord in somatic hyperalgesia induced by orofacial inflammation combined with stress. Somatic hyperalgesia was detected by the thermal withdrawal latency and mechanical withdrawal threshold. The expression of CCK1 receptors, CCK2 receptors, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 in the spinal cord was examined by Western blot. After the stimulation of orofacial inflammation combined with 3 day forced swim, the expression of CCK2 receptors and p-ERK1/2 protein in the L4-L5 spinal dorsal horn increased significantly, while the expression of CCK1 receptors and ERK1/2 protein remained unchanged. Intrathecal injection of the CCK2 receptor antagonist YM-022 or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD98059 blocked somatic hyperalgesia induced by orofacial inflammation combined with stress. Intrathecal administration of the MEK inhibitor blocked somatic sensitization caused by the CCK receptor agonist CCK8. The CCK2 receptor antagonist YM-022 significantly reduced the expression of p-ERK1/2. These data indicate that upregulation of CCK2 receptors through the MAPK pathway contributes to somatic hyperalgesia in this comorbid pain model. Thus, CCK2 receptors and MAPK pathway may be potential targets for the treatment of TMD comorbid with FMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China; Department of Implant Dentistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Xin-Yi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Si-Qi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Han-Yu Su
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Fu-Rong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China
| | - Richard J Traub
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, UM Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore MD, 21201, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China.
| | - Dong-Yuan Cao
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Stomatology, 98 West 5th Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, China.
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Abstract
Pain is more than merely nociception and response, but rather it encompasses emotional, behavioral and cognitive components that make up the pain experience. With the recent advances in imaging techniques, we now understand that nociceptive inputs can result in the activation of complex interactions among central sites, including cortical regions that are active in cognitive, emotional and reward functions. These sites can have a bimodal influence on the serotonergic and noradrenergic descending pain modulatory systems via communications among the periaqueductal gray, rostral ventromedial medulla and pontine noradrenergic nuclei, ultimately either facilitating or inhibiting further nociceptive inputs. Understanding these systems can help explain the emotional and cognitive influences on pain perception and placebo/nocebo effects, and can help guide development of better pain therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena De Felice
- The University of Sheffield, Academic Unit of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine & Surgery, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Michael H Ossipov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724-5050, USA
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Mitchell VA, Jeong HJ, Drew GM, Vaughan CW. Cholecystokinin exerts an effect via the endocannabinoid system to inhibit GABAergic transmission in midbrain periaqueductal gray. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1801-10. [PMID: 21525858 PMCID: PMC3154098 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin modulates pain and anxiety via its functions within brain regions such as the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). The aim of this study was to examine the cellular actions of cholecystokinin on PAG neurons. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were made from rat midbrain PAG slices in vitro to examine the postsynaptic effects of cholecystokinin and its effects on synaptic transmission. Sulfated cholecystokinin-(26-33) (CCK-S, 100-300 nM), but not non-sulfated cholecystokinin-(26-33) (CCK-NS, 100-300 nM) produced an inward current in a sub-population of opioid sensitive and insensitive PAG neurons, which did not reverse over a range of membrane potentials. The CCK-S-induced current was abolished by the CCK1 selective antagonist devazepide (100 nM), but not by the CCK2 selective antagonists CI988 (100 nM, 1 μM) and LY225910 (1 μM). CCK-S, but not CCK-NS produced a reduction in the amplitude of evoked GABA(A)-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) and an increase in the evoked IPSC paired-pulse ratio. By contrast, CCK-S had little effect on the rate and amplitude of TTX-resistant miniature IPSCs under basal conditions and when external K(+) was elevated. The CCK-S-induced inhibition of evoked IPSCs was abolished by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (3 μM), the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP (10 μM) and the 1, 2-diacylglycerol lipase (DAGLα) inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin (10 μM). In addition, CCK-S produced an increase in the rate of spontaneous non-NMDA-mediated, TTX-dependent excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). These results suggest that cholecystokinin produces direct neuronal depolarisation via CCK1 receptors and inhibits GABAergic synaptic transmission via action potential-dependent release of glutamate and mGluR5-induced endocannabinoid signaling. Thus, cholecystokinin has cellular actions within the PAG that can both oppose and reinforce opioid and cannabinoid modulation of pain and anxiety within this brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Mitchell
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Hyo-Jin Jeong
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Drew
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher W Vaughan
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia,Pain Management Research Institute, Level 13, Kolling Building, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia, Tel: +61 29 926 4950, Fax: +61 29 926 7659, E-mail: , http://www.pmri.med.usyd.edu.au
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Zhao H, Kinch DC, Simasko SM. Pharmacological investigations of the cellular transduction pathways used by cholecystokinin to activate nodose neurons. Auton Neurosci 2011; 164:20-6. [PMID: 21664195 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) directly activates vagal afferent neurons resulting in coordinated gastrointestinal functions and satiation. In vitro, the effects of CCK on dissociated vagal afferent neurons are mediated via activation of the vanilloid family of transient receptor potential (TRPV) cation channels leading to membrane depolarization and an increase in cytosolic calcium. However, the cellular transduction pathway(s) involved in this process between CCK receptors and channel opening have not been identified. To address this question, we monitored CCK-induced cytosolic calcium responses in dissociated nodose neurons from rat in the presence or absence of reagents that interact with various intracellular signaling pathways. We found that the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U-73122 significantly attenuated CCK-induced responses, whereas the inactive analog U-73433 had no effect. Responses to CCK were also cross-desensitized by a brief pretreatment with m-3M3FBS, a PLC stimulator. Together these observations strongly support the participation of PLC in the effects of CCK on vagal afferent neurons. In contrast, pharmacological antagonism of phospholipase A(2), protein kinase A, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase revealed that they are not critical in the CCK-induced calcium response in nodose neurons. Further investigations of the cellular pathways downstream of PLC showed that neither protein kinase C (PKC) nor generation of diacylglycerol (DAG) or release of calcium from intracellular stores participates in the response to CCK. These results suggest that alteration of membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) content by PLC activity mediates CCK-induced calcium response and that this pathway may underlie the vagally-mediated actions of CCK to induce satiation and alter gastrointestinal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- Program in Neuroscience, Dept of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Orio L, Crespo I, López-Moreno J, Reyes-Cabello C, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Gómez de Heras R. Additive effects of cannabinoid CB1 receptors blockade and cholecystokinin on feeding inhibition. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 98:220-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cholecystokinin receptors mediate tolerance to the analgesic effect of TENS in arthritic rats. Pain 2009; 148:84-93. [PMID: 19944533 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a treatment for pain that involves placement of electrical stimulation through the skin for pain relief. Previous work from our laboratory shows that repeated application of TENS produces analgesic tolerance by the fourth day and a concomitant cross-tolerance at spinal opioid receptors. Prior pharmacological studies show that blockade of cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors systemically and spinally prevents the development of analgesic tolerance to repeated doses of opioid agonists. We therefore hypothesized that systemic and intrathecal blockade of CCK receptors would prevent the development of analgesic tolerance to TENS, and cross-tolerance at spinal opioid receptors. In animals with knee joint inflammation (3% kaolin/carrageenan), high (100Hz) or low frequency (4Hz) TENS was applied daily and the mechanical withdrawal thresholds of the muscle and paw were examined. We tested thresholds before and after inflammation, and before and after TENS. Animals treated systemically, prior to TENS, with the CCK antagonist, proglumide, did not develop tolerance to repeated application of TENS on the fourth day. Spinal blockade of CCK-A or CCK-B receptors blocked the development of tolerance to high and low frequency TENS, respectively. In the same animals we show that spinal blockade of CCK-A receptors prevents cross-tolerance at spinal delta-opioid receptors that normally occurs with high frequency TENS; and blockade of CCK-B receptors prevents cross-tolerance at spinal mu-opioid receptors that normally occurs with low frequency TENS. Thus, we conclude that blockade of CCK receptors prevents the development of analgesic tolerance to repeated application of TENS in a frequency-dependent manner.
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Pro-nociceptive action of cholecystokinin in the periaqueductal grey: A role in neuropathic and anxiety-induced hyperalgesic states. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:852-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Yang YM, Chung JM, Rhim H. Cholecystokinin-8S-Induced Intracellular Calcium Signaling in Acutely Isolated Periaqueductal Gray Neurons of the Rat. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:297-302. [PMID: 17268069 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many behavior studies indicate that cholecystokinin (CCK) is related to nociception and anxiety/panic actions in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). We previously reported that a sulfated form of CCK octapeptide (CCK-8S) produced excitatory effects at both pre- and postsynaptic loci in PAG neurons using slice preparations and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Here, we further examined the detailed mechanism of CCK-8S in acutely isolated PAG neurons of the rat using fura-2-based imaging of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Application of 1 microM CCK-8S produced an increase of [Ca2+]i, and its effect did not desensitize. This CCK-8S-induced [Ca2+]i increase was inhibited by the CCK2 receptor antagonist L-365260 but not by the CCK1 receptor antagonist L-364718. In addition, the effect of CCK-8S was eliminated by removing extracellular Ca2+, but not by an addition of the intracellular Ca2+ reuptake inhibitor thapsigargin. When simultaneous recordings of [Ca2+]i imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp were performed, CCK-8S-induced [Ca2+]i increase was significantly reduced at a membrane holding potential of -60 mV while CCK-8S-induced inward current was still observed. Current-voltage plots revealed that CCK-8S-induced inward current reversed near the equilibrium potential for K+ ions with a decreased membrane conductance. However, CCK-8S produced a significant inhibition on high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channel currents. These results suggest that CCK-8S can excite PAG neurons by inhibiting K+ channels, and CCK-8S-induced [Ca2+]i increase occurs secondary to depolarization. The evidence presented here expands our understanding of cellular mechanisms for CCK-mediated anti-analgesic and anxiogenic actions in the PAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Yang
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Korea
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