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Pifferi A, Chiaino E, Fernandez-Abascal J, Bannon AC, Davey GP, Frosini M, Valoti M. Exploring the Regulation of Cytochrome P450 in SH-SY5Y Cells: Implications for the Onset of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7439. [PMID: 39000543 PMCID: PMC11242626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Human individual differences in brain cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism, including induction, inhibition, and genetic variation, may influence brain sensitivity to neurotoxins and thus participate in the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the modulation of CYPs in neuronal cells. The experimental approach was focused on differentiating human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells into a phenotype resembling mature dopamine neurons and investigating the effects of specific CYP isoform induction. The results demonstrated that the differentiation protocols using retinoic acid followed by phorbol esters or brain-derived neurotrophic factor successfully generated SH-SY5Y cells with morphological neuronal characteristics and increased neuronal markers (NeuN, synaptophysin, β-tubulin III, and MAO-B). qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that expression of the CYP 1A1, 3A4, 2D6, and 2E1 isoforms was detectable in undifferentiated cells, with subsequent increases in CYP 2E1, 2D6, and 1A1 following differentiation. Further increases in the 1A1, 2D6, and 2E1 isoforms following β-naphthoflavone treatment and 1A1 and 2D6 isoforms following ethanol treatment were evident. These results demonstrate that CYP isoforms can be modulated in SH-SY5Y cells and suggest their potential as an experimental model to investigate the role of CYPs in neuronal processes involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pifferi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Viale A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (E.C.); (A.C.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Elda Chiaino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Viale A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (E.C.); (A.C.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Jesus Fernandez-Abascal
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Aoife C. Bannon
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Viale A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (E.C.); (A.C.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Gavin P. Davey
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, 3533645 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Maria Frosini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Viale A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (E.C.); (A.C.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Viale A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.P.); (E.C.); (A.C.B.); (M.V.)
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Bile acids and neurological disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108311. [PMID: 36400238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on how bile acids are being used in clinical trials to treat neurological diseases due to their central involvement with the gut-liver-brain axis and their physiological and pathophysiological roles in both normal brain function and multiple neurological diseases. The synthesis of primary and secondary bile acids species and how the regulation of the bile acid pool may differ between the gut and brain is discussed. The expression of several bile acid receptors in brain and their currently known functions along with the tools available to manipulate them pharmacologically are examined, together with discussion of the interaction of bile acids with the gut microbiome and their lesser-known effects upon brain glucose and lipid metabolism. How dysregulation of the gut microbiome, aging and sex differences may lead to disruption of bile acid signalling and possible causal roles in a number of neurological disorders are also considered. Finally, we discuss how pharmacological treatments targeting bile acid receptors are currently being tested in an array of clinical trials for several different neurodegenerative diseases.
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Induction by Phenobarbital of Phase I and II Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes in Bovine Liver: An Overall Catalytic and Immunochemical Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073564. [PMID: 35408925 PMCID: PMC8998613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In cattle, phenobarbital (PB) upregulates target drug-metabolizing enzyme (DME) mRNA levels. However, few data about PB's post-transcriptional effects are actually available. This work provides the first, and an almost complete, characterization of PB-dependent changes in DME catalytic activities in bovine liver using common probe substrates and confirmatory immunoblotting investigations. As expected, PB increased the total cytochrome P450 (CYP) content and the extent of metyrapone binding; moreover, an augmentation of protein amounts and related enzyme activities was observed for known PB targets such as CYP2B, 2C, and 3A, but also CYP2E1. However, contradictory results were obtained for CYP1A, while a decreased catalytic activity was observed for flavin-containing monooxygenases 1 and 3. The barbiturate had no effect on the chosen hydrolytic and conjugative DMEs. For the first time, we also measured the 26S proteasome activity, and the increase observed in PB-treated cattle would suggest this post-translational event might contribute to cattle DME regulation. Overall, this study increased the knowledge of cattle hepatic drug metabolism, and further confirmed the presence of species differences in DME expression and activity between cattle, humans, and rodents. This reinforced the need for an extensive characterization and understanding of comparative molecular mechanisms involved in expression, regulation, and function of DMEs.
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Abstract
The regulation of brain cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) is different compared with respective hepatic enzymes. This may result from anatomical bases and physiological functions of the two organs. The brain is composed of a variety of functional structures built of different interconnected cell types endowed with specific receptors that receive various neuronal signals from other brain regions. Those signals activate transcription factors or alter functioning of enzyme proteins. Moreover, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) does not allow free penetration of all substances from the periphery into the brain. Differences in neurotransmitter signaling, availability to endogenous and exogenous active substances, and levels of transcription factors between neuronal and hepatic cells lead to differentiated expression and susceptibility to the regulation of CYP genes in the brain and liver. Herein, we briefly describe the CYP enzymes of CYP1-3 families, their distribution in the brain, and discuss brain-specific regulation of CYP genes. In parallel, a comparison to liver CYP regulation is presented. CYP enzymes play an essential role in maintaining the levels of bioactive molecules within normal ranges. These enzymes modulate the metabolism of endogenous neurochemicals, such as neurosteroids, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, anandamide, and exogenous substances, including psychotropics, drugs of abuse, neurotoxins, and carcinogens. The role of these enzymes is not restricted to xenobiotic-induced neurotoxicity, but they are also involved in brain physiology. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize the function and regulation of CYP enzymes in the brain to build a foundation for future medicine and neuroprotection and for personalized treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kuban
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysława Anna Daniel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Oliviero F, Lukowicz C, Boussadia B, Forner-Piquer I, Pascussi JM, Marchi N, Mselli-Lakhal L. Constitutive Androstane Receptor: A Peripheral and a Neurovascular Stress or Environmental Sensor. Cells 2020; 9:E2426. [PMID: 33171992 PMCID: PMC7694609 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic nuclear receptors (NR) are intracellular players involved in an increasing number of physiological processes. Examined and characterized in peripheral organs where they govern metabolic, transport and detoxification mechanisms, accumulating data suggest a functional expression of specific NR at the neurovascular unit (NVU). Here, we focus on the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR), expressed in detoxifying organs such as the liver, intestines and kidneys. By direct and indirect activation, CAR is implicated in hepatic detoxification of xenobiotics, environmental contaminants, and endogenous molecules (bilirubin, bile acids). Importantly, CAR participates in physiological stress adaptation responses, hormonal and energy homeostasis due to glucose and lipid sensing. We next analyze the emerging evidence supporting a role of CAR in NVU cells including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a key vascular interface regulating communications between the brain and the periphery. We address the emerging concept of how CAR may regulate specific P450 cytochromes at the NVU and the associated relevance to brain diseases. A clear understanding of how CAR engages during pathological conditions could enable new mechanistic, and perhaps pharmacological, entry-points within a peripheral-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Oliviero
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
| | - Céline Lukowicz
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
| | - Badreddine Boussadia
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Jean-Marc Pascussi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Laila Mselli-Lakhal
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
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β-Naphthoflavone and Ethanol Reverse Mitochondrial Dysfunction in A Parkinsonian Model of Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113955. [PMID: 32486438 PMCID: PMC7312836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) is a parkinsonian-inducing toxin that promotes neurodegeneration of dopaminergic cells by directly targeting complex I of mitochondria. Recently, it was reported that some Cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms, such as CYP 2D6 or 2E1, may be involved in the development of this neurodegenerative disease. In order to study a possible role for CYP induction in neurorepair, we designed an in vitro model where undifferentiated neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were treated with the CYP inducers β-naphthoflavone (βNF) and ethanol (EtOH) before and during exposure to the parkinsonian neurotoxin, MPP+. The toxic effect of MPP+ in cell viability was rescued with both βNF and EtOH treatments. We also report that this was due to a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, restoration of mitochondrial fusion kinetics, and mitochondrial membrane potential. These treatments also protected complex I activity against the inhibitory effects caused by MPP+, suggesting a possible neuroprotective role for CYP inducers. These results bring new insights into the possible role of CYP isoenzymes in xenobiotic clearance and central nervous system homeostasis.
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Torres-Vergara P, Ho YS, Espinoza F, Nualart F, Escudero C, Penny J. The constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor in the brain. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2666-2682. [PMID: 32201941 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, the orphan nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR;NR1I3) and pregnane X receptor (PXR;NR1I2) have been regarded as master regulators of drug disposition and detoxification mechanisms. They regulate the metabolism and transport of endogenous mediators and xenobiotics in organs including the liver, intestine and brain. However, with proposals of new physiological functions for NR1I3 and NR1I2, there is increasing interest in the role of these receptors in influencing brain function. This review will summarise key findings regarding the expression and function of NR1I3 and NR1I2 in the brain, hereby highlighting the need for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Torres-Vergara
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA-BIO BIO, Laboratorio de Neurobiología y Células Madres NeuroCellT, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Universidad del Bío Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Yu Siong Ho
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Health and Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Francisca Espinoza
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA-BIO BIO, Laboratorio de Neurobiología y Células Madres NeuroCellT, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA-BIO BIO, Laboratorio de Neurobiología y Células Madres NeuroCellT, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Escudero
- Laboratorio de FisiologíaVascular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile.,Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health (GRIVAS Health), Universidad del Bío Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Jeffrey Penny
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Health and Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Fernandez-Abascal J, Ripullone M, Valeri A, Leone C, Valoti M. β-Naphtoflavone and Ethanol Induce Cytochrome P450 and Protect towards MPP⁺ Toxicity in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113369. [PMID: 30373287 PMCID: PMC6274691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes vary their expression depending on the brain area, the cell type, and the presence of drugs. Some isoforms are involved in detoxification and/or toxic activation of xenobiotics in central nervous system. However, their role in brain metabolism and neurodegeneration is still a subject of debate. We have studied the inducibility of CYP isozymes in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, treated with β-naphtoflavone (β-NF) or ethanol (EtOH) as inducers, by qRT-PCR, Western blot (WB), and metabolic activity assays. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize the isoforms in mitochondria and/or endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed to study the role of CYPs during methylphenyl pyridine (MPP+) exposure. EtOH increased mRNA and protein levels of CYP2D6 by 73% and 60% respectively. Both β-NF and EtOH increased CYP2E1 mRNA (4- and 1.4-fold, respectively) and protein levels (64% both). The 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation and dextromethorphan O-demethylation was greater in treatment samples than in controls. Furthermore, both treatments increased by 22% and 18%, respectively, the cell viability in MPP+-treated cells. Finally, CYP2D6 localized at mitochondria and ER. These data indicate that CYP is inducible in SH-SY5Y cells and underline this in vitro system for studying the role of CYPs in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Fernandez-Abascal
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Mariantonia Ripullone
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Aurora Valeri
- Molecular Horizon srl, Via Montelino 32, Bettona, 06084 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Cosima Leone
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Boussadia B, Lakhal L, Payrastre L, Ghosh C, Pascussi JM, Gangarossa G, Marchi N. Pregnane X Receptor Deletion Modifies Recognition Memory and Electroencephalographic Activity. Neuroscience 2017; 370:130-138. [PMID: 28743453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NR) are emerging as key players in the central nervous system (CNS) with reported implications in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. While a number of NR has been studied, it is unknown whether invalidation of the pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR, NR1I2) corresponds to neurological modifications in the adult brain. PXR-/- C57BL/6J and wild-type mice were used to investigate: (i) recognition memory, motor coordination, and anxiety-like behaviors; (ii) longitudinal video-electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings and frequency wave analysis; (iii) neurovascular structures by histological evaluation and expression of the cerebrovascular tight junctions ZO1 and CLDN5. Absence of PXR was associated with anxiety-like behavior and recognition memory impairment in adult mice. The latter was simultaneous to an EEG signature of lower theta frequency during sleep and abnormal delta waves. Neurophysiological changes did not correspond to significant structural changes in the adult brain, expect for a localized and minor increase in the fronto-parietal neurovascular density and reduced ZO1, but not CLDN5, expression in isolated brain capillaries. Our results converge with existing evidence supporting a link between NR expression and brain physiology. Although the exact modalities remain to be elucidated, the possibility that extra-physiological modulation of PXR may constitute a pathophysiological entry point or a molecular target for brain diseases is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Boussadia
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Brain Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics, (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM - Univ. Montpellier) Montpellier, France
| | - Laila Lakhal
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Payrastre
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jean-Marc Pascussi
- Laboratory Signalization, Plasticity and Cancer, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Functional Genomics, Montpellier, France
| | - Giuseppe Gangarossa
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative (BFA), CNRS UMR 8251, F-75205 Paris, France.
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Mechanisms of Brain Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics, (UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM - Univ. Montpellier) Montpellier, France.
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Porcu P, Barron AM, Frye CA, Walf AA, Yang SY, He XY, Morrow AL, Panzica GC, Melcangi RC. Neurosteroidogenesis Today: Novel Targets for Neuroactive Steroid Synthesis and Action and Their Relevance for Translational Research. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28:12351. [PMID: 26681259 PMCID: PMC4769676 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids are endogenous neuromodulators synthesised in the brain that rapidly alter neuronal excitability by binding to membrane receptors, in addition to the regulation of gene expression via intracellular steroid receptors. Neuroactive steroids induce potent anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic and amnesic effects, mainly through interaction with the GABAA receptor. They also exert neuroprotective, neurotrophic and antiapoptotic effects in several animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroactive steroids regulate many physiological functions, such as the stress response, puberty, the ovarian cycle, pregnancy and reward. Their levels are altered in several neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases and both preclinical and clinical studies emphasise a therapeutic potential of neuroactive steroids for these diseases, whereby symptomatology ameliorates upon restoration of neuroactive steroid concentrations. However, direct administration of neuroactive steroids has several challenges, including pharmacokinetics, low bioavailability, addiction potential, safety and tolerability, which limit its therapeutic use. Therefore, modulation of neurosteroidogenesis to restore the altered endogenous neuroactive steroid tone may represent a better therapeutic approach. This review summarises recent approaches that target the neuroactive steroid biosynthetic pathway at different levels aiming to promote neurosteroidogenesis. These include modulation of neurosteroidogenesis through ligands of the translocator protein 18 kDa and the pregnane xenobiotic receptor, as well as targeting of specific neurosteroidogenic enzymes such as 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 or P450 side chain cleavage. Enhanced neurosteroidogenesis through these targets may be beneficial not only for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and age-related dementia, but also for neuropsychiatric diseases, including alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Porcu
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna M. Barron
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Cheryl Anne Frye
- Institute of Arctic Biology, The University of Alaska–Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- The University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alicia A. Walf
- Institute of Arctic Biology, The University of Alaska–Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- The University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Song-Yu Yang
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Xue-Ying He
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - A. Leslie Morrow
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gian Carlo Panzica
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, and NICO - Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Roberto C. Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Propargylamine as functional moiety in the design of multifunctional drugs for neurodegenerative disorders: MAO inhibition and beyond. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:609-29. [PMID: 25921401 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made in designing analogues that can potentially confer neuroprotection against debilitating neurodegenerative disorders, yet the multifactorial pathogenesis of this cluster of diseases remains a stumbling block for the successful design of an 'ultimate' drug. However, with the growing popularity of the "one drug, multiple targets" paradigm, many researchers have successfully synthesized and evaluated drug-like molecules incorporating a propargylamine function that shows potential to serve as multifunctional drugs or multitarget-directed ligands. It is the aim of this review to highlight the reported activities of these propargylamine derivatives and their prospect to serve as drug candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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12
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Frye C, Koonce C, Walf A. Role of pregnane xenobiotic receptor in the midbrain ventral tegmental area for estradiol- and 3α,5α-THP-facilitated lordosis of female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3365-74. [PMID: 24435323 PMCID: PMC4102666 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Progesterone and its metabolite, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), have actions in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that are required for lordosis, a characteristic mating posture of female rodents. 17β-estradiol (estradiol) co-varies with progestogens over natural cycles, enhances production of 3α,5α-THP, and is required for successful reproductive behavior. OBJECTIVES A question of interest is the role of pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor that regulates enzymes needed for the production of 3α,5α-THP, for estradiol-mediated lordosis. The hypothesis tested was that if PXR is involved in estradiol-mediated biosynthesis of 3α,5α-THP and reproductive behavior, knocking down expression of PXR in the VTA of estradiol-primed, but not vehicle-primed, rats should decrease lordosis and midbrain 3α,5α-THP; effects may be attenuated by 3α,5α-THP administered to the VTA. METHODS Ovariectomized rats were administered subcutaneous injections of oil vehicle or estradiol. Rats were then administered PXR antisense oligonucleotides (PXR AS-ODNs; which are expected to locally knock down expression of PXR), or control (saline), infusions to the VTA. Rats were administered 3α,5α-THP or vehicle via infusions to the VTA. Reproductive behavior (paced mating task) of rats was determined in addition to exploratory (open field), affective (elevated plus maze), and pro-social (social interaction task) behavior. RESULTS Reproductive behavior (i.e., increased lordosis) was enhanced with estradiol-priming and infusions of 3α,5α-THP to the VTA. Infusions of PXR AS-ODNs to the VTA attenuated responses in estradiol-, but not vehicle-, primed rats, compared to control infusions. CONCLUSIONS PXR may be involved in a neuroregulatory response involving biosynthesis of 3α,5α-THP in the midbrain VTA of estradiol-primed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.A. Frye
- Dept. of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY, Life Sciences 01058, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY USA 12222,Dept. of Biological Sciences, The University at Albany-SUNY, Life Sciences 01058, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY USA 12222,The Centers for Neuroscience, The University at Albany-SUNY, Life Sciences 01058, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY USA 12222,The Centers for Life Sciences Research, The University at Albany-SUNY, Life Sciences 01058, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY USA 12222,Department of Chemistry, Institute for Arctic Biology, The University of Alaska–Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska USA 99775,IDeA Network of Biomedical Excellence, The University of Alaska–Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska USA 99775
| | - C.J. Koonce
- Dept. of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY, Life Sciences 01058, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY USA 12222,Department of Chemistry, Institute for Arctic Biology, The University of Alaska–Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska USA 99775
| | - A.A. Walf
- Dept. of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY, Life Sciences 01058, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY USA 12222,Department of Chemistry, Institute for Arctic Biology, The University of Alaska–Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska USA 99775,IDeA Network of Biomedical Excellence, The University of Alaska–Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska USA 99775
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Involvement of pregnane xenobiotic receptor in mating-induced allopregnanolone formation in the midbrain and hippocampus and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus among female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3375-90. [PMID: 24781516 PMCID: PMC4135012 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Given that the pregnane neurosteroid, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), is increased following behavioral challenges (e.g., mating), and that there is behavioral-induced biosynthesis of 3α,5α-THP in midbrain and mesocorticolimbic structures, 3α,5α-THP likely has a role in homeostasis and motivated reproduction and reproduction-related behaviors (e.g., affect, affiliation). The role of pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR), involved in cholesterol metabolism, for these effects is of continued interest. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that there would be differences in brain levels of 3α,5α-THP following varied behavioral experiences, an effect abrogated by knockdown of PXR in the midbrain. METHODS Proestrous rats were infused with PXR antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) or vehicle to the ventral tegmental area before different behavioral manipulations and assessments. Endpoints were expression levels of PXR in the midbrain, 3α,5α-THP, and ovarian steroids (estradiol, progesterone, dihydroprogesterone) in the midbrain, striatum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and plasma. RESULTS Across experiments, knocking down PXR reduced PXR expression and 3α,5α-THP levels in the midbrain and hippocampus. There were differences in terms of the behavioral manipulations, such that paced mating had the most robust effects to increase 3α,5α-THP levels and reduce open field exploration and social interaction. An additional question that was addressed is whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a downstream factor for regulating effects of behavioral-induced 3α,5α-THP biosynthesis. Rats infused with PXR AS-ODNs had lower levels of BDNF in the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Thus, PXR may be a regulator of mating-induced 3α,5α-THP formation and behavioral changes and neural plasticity, such as BDNF.
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Frye CA, Koonce CJ, Walf AA. Novel receptor targets for production and action of allopregnanolone in the central nervous system: a focus on pregnane xenobiotic receptor. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:106. [PMID: 24782710 PMCID: PMC3988369 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosteroids are cholesterol-based hormones that can be produced in the brain, independent of secretion from peripheral endocrine glands, such as the gonads and adrenals. A focus in our laboratory for over 25 years has been how production of the pregnane neurosteroid, allopregnanolone, is regulated and the novel (i.e., non steroid receptor) targets for steroid action for behavior. One endpoint of interest has been lordosis, the mating posture of female rodents. Allopregnanolone is necessary and sufficient for lordosis, and the brain circuitry underlying it, such as actions in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA), has been well-characterized. Published and recent findings supporting a dynamic role of allopregnanolone are included in this review. First, contributions of ovarian and adrenal sources of precursors of allopregnanolone, and the requisite enzymatic actions for de novo production in the central nervous system will be discussed. Second, how allopregnanolone produced in the brain has actions on behavioral processes that are independent of binding to steroid receptors, but instead involve rapid modulatory actions via neurotransmitter targets (e.g., γ-amino butyric acid-GABA, N-methyl-D-aspartate- NMDA) will be reviewed. Third, a recent focus on characterizing the role of a promiscuous nuclear receptor, pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR), involved in cholesterol metabolism and expressed in the VTA, as a target for allopregnanolone and how this relates to both actions and production of allopregnanolone will be addressed. For example, allopregnanolone can bind PXR and knocking down expression of PXR in the midbrain VTA attenuates actions of allopregnanolone via NMDA and/or GABAA for lordosis. Our understanding of allopregnanolone’s actions in the VTA for lordosis has been extended to reveal the role of allopregnanolone for broader, clinically-relevant questions, such as neurodevelopmental processes, neuropsychiatric disorders, epilepsy, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY Albany, NY, USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, The University at Albany-SUNY Albany, NY, USA ; The Centers for Neuroscience, The University at Albany-SUNY Albany, NY, USA ; Life Sciences Research, The University at Albany-SUNY Albany, NY, USA ; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA ; Institute of Arctic Biology, The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA ; IDeA Network of Biomedical Excellence (INBRE), The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Carolyn J Koonce
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY Albany, NY, USA ; Institute of Arctic Biology, The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA ; IDeA Network of Biomedical Excellence (INBRE), The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Alicia A Walf
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY Albany, NY, USA ; Institute of Arctic Biology, The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA ; IDeA Network of Biomedical Excellence (INBRE), The University of Alaska-Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK, USA
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Frye CA, Koonce CJ, Walf AA. Pregnane xenobiotic receptors and membrane progestin receptors: role in neurosteroid-mediated motivated behaviours. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:1002-11. [PMID: 24028379 PMCID: PMC3943623 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Progestogens have actions in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) to mediate motivated behaviours, such as those involved in reproductive processes, among female rodents. In the VTA, the formation and actions of one progestogen, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), are necessary and sufficient to facilitate sexual responding (measured by lordosis) of female rodents. Although 3α,5α-THP can be produced after metabolism of ovarian progesterone, 3α,5α-THP is also a neurosteroid produced de novo in brain regions, such as the VTA. There can be dynamic changes in 3α,5α-THP production associated with behavioural experience, such as mating. Questions of interest are the sources and targets of 3α,5α-THP. Regarding sources, the pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) may be a novel factor involved in 3α,5α-THP metabolism in the VTA (as well as a direct target of 3α,5α-THP). We have identified PXR in the midbrain of female rats, and manipulating PXR in this region reduces 3α,5α-THP synthesis and alters lordosis, as well as affective and social behaviours. Regarding targets, recent studies have focused on the role of membrane progestin receptors (mPRs). We have analysed the expression of two of the common forms of these receptors (mPRα/paqr7 and mPRβ/paqr8) in female rats. The expression of mPRα was observed in peripheral tissues and brain areas, including the hypothalamus and midbrain. The expression of mPRβ was only observed in brain tissues and was abundant in the midbrain and hypothalamus. To our knowledge, studies of these receptors in mammalian models have been limited to expression and regulation, instead of function. One question that was addressed was the functional effects of progestogens via mPRα and mPRβ in the midbrain of hormone-primed rats for lordosis. Studies to date suggest that mPRβ may be an important target of progestogens in the VTA for lordosis. Taken together, the result of these studies demonstrate that PXR is involved in the production of 3α,5α-THP in the midbrain VTA. Moreover, mPRs may be a target for the actions of progestogens in the VTA for lordosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Frye
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA; Institute of Artic Biology, The University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA; IDeA Network of Biomedical Excellence (INBRE), The University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) metabolize many drugs that act on the central nervous system (CNS), such as antidepressants and antipsychotics; drugs of abuse; endogenous neurochemicals, such as serotonin and dopamine; neurotoxins; and carcinogens. This takes place primarily in the liver, but metabolism can also occur in extrahepatic organs, including the brain. This is important for CNS-acting drugs, as variation in brain CYP-mediated metabolism may be a contributing factor when plasma levels do not predict drug response. This review summarizes the characterization of CYPs in the brain, using examples from the CYP2 subfamily, and discusses sources of variation in brain CYP levels and metabolism. Some recent experiments are described that demonstrate how changes in brain CYP metabolism can influence drug response, toxicity and drug-induced behaviours. Advancing knowledge of brain CYP-mediated metabolism may help us understand why patients respond differently to drugs used in psychiatry and predict risk for psychiatric disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel F. Tyndale
- Correspondence to: R.F. Tyndale, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto ON M5S 1A8;
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Frye CA, Koonce CJ, Walf AA, Rusconi JC. Motivated behaviors and levels of 3α,5α-THP in the midbrain are attenuated by knocking down expression of pregnane xenobiotic receptor in the midbrain ventral tegmental area of proestrous rats. J Sex Med 2013; 10:1692-706. [PMID: 23634744 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Progesterone (P4 ) and its product, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), act in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) to alter motivated behaviors, such as mating, and motor and anxiety behavior. Of interest is whether 3α,5α-THP formation requires the pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR), which is expressed in the midbrain of rats. AIM The role of PXR in the midbrain for 3α,5α-THP formation, which precedes modulation of motivated behaviors, was investigated. METHODS Rats had estrous cycle phase determined and were assessed when they were in diestrus or proestrus. Diestrous and proestrous rats were infused with control or antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (AS-ODNs) targeted against PXR to the VTA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In pilot studies, PXR gene and protein expression in the midbrain were determined with quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. Diestrous and proestrous rats infused with control or AS-ODNs to the VTA were tested for anxiety (open field and plus maze), social (social interaction), and sexual (paced mating) behavior. Expression of PXR in the midbrain was verified with Western blotting. Plasma estradiol, P4 , dihydroprogesterone (DHP), and 3α,5α-THP levels, and brain P4 , DHP, and 3α,5α-THP levels were measured. We predicted that proestrous rats infused with PXR AS-ODNs would have decreased anti-anxiety, social, and sexual behavior, lower midbrain expression of PXR, and lower midbrain levels of 3α,5α-THP compared with controls. RESULTS Results supported the hypothesis that formation of 3α,5α-THP requires PXR and may be important for motivated behaviors. PXR AS-ODN, compared with control, infusions to the VTA reduced PXR expression and 3α,5α-THP levels in the midbrain and attenuated sexual receptivity of proestrous rats. CONCLUSIONS Knockdown of PXR in the midbrain reduces 3α,5α-THP levels and sexual receptivity of proestrous rats. Thus, PXR in the midbrain may be required for the observed increase in 3α-5α-THP during proestrus, which has subsequent effects on motivated, reproductive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Anne Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, USA.
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Brodie MJ, Mintzer S, Pack AM, Gidal BE, Vecht CJ, Schmidt D. Enzyme induction with antiepileptic drugs: Cause for concern? Epilepsia 2012; 54:11-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zancanella V, Giantin M, Lopparelli RM, Nebbia C, Dacasto M. Tissue distribution and phenobarbital induction of target SLC- and ABC- transporters in cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:358-69. [PMID: 22897113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In veterinary pharmaco-toxicological sciences, few data about uptake and efflux drug transporters (DTs) expression and regulation phenomena have been published. In this study, the tissue distribution and transcriptional modulation of solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) DTs were investigated in cattle orally administered with phenobarbital (PB) by using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR approach. The criterion for target gene selection was the PB-responsiveness in human and rodent model species. All target DTs were expressed in the liver. Only two of the seven PB-responsive target DTs (SLCO1B3 and SLC10A1) were not constitutively expressed in cattle extra-hepatic tissues. The greatest number of DTs (SLCO2B1, ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCG2) were expressed in intestine and testis, followed by, adrenal gland (SLCO2B1, ABCB1, ABCG2), lung (ABCB1, ABCG2), kidney, and skeletal muscle (ABCG2). PB administration never altered DTs mRNA levels, except for an increase in hepatic ABCC2 mRNA and a down-regulation of renal ABCG2. Altogether, these results confirm only to some extent data obtained in humans and laboratory species; clearly, they should be considered a preliminary step for further molecular investigations about species-differences in DT gene expression and regulation as well as in DT expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zancanella
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, viale dell'Università 16, Padova, Italy
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Zancanella V, Giantin M, Lopparelli RM, Nebbia C, Dacasto M. Constitutive expression and phenobarbital modulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and related nuclear receptors in cattle liver and extra-hepatic tissues. Xenobiotica 2012; 42:1096-109. [PMID: 22694178 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.694493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In humans and rodents, phenobarbital (PB) induces hepatic and extra-hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) through the activation of specific nuclear receptors (NRs). In contrast, few data about PB transcriptional effects in veterinary species are available. The constitutive expression and modulation of PB-responsive NR and DME genes, following an oral PB challenge, were investigated in cattle liver and extra-hepatic tissues (duodenum, kidney, lung, testis, adrenal and muscle). Likewise to humans and rodents, target genes were expressed to a lower extent compared to the liver with few exceptions. Phenobarbital significantly affected hepatic CYP2B22, 2C31, 2C87, 3A and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1-like, glutathione S-transferase A1-like and sulfotransferase 1A1-like (SULT1A1-like) mRNAs and apoprotein amounts; in extra-hepatic tissues, only duodenum showed a significant down-regulation of SULT1A1-like gene and apoprotein. Nuclear receptor mRNAs were never affected by PB. Presented data are the first evidence about the constitutive expression of foremost DME and NR genes in cattle extra-hepatic tissues, and the data obtained following a PB challenge are suggestive of species-differences in drug metabolism; altogether, these information are of value for the extrapolation of pharmacotoxicological data among species, the characterization of drug-drug interactions as well as the animal and consumer's risk caused by harmful residues formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zancanella
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Agripolis Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Frye CA, Paris JJ, Walf AA, Rusconi JC. Effects and Mechanisms of 3α,5α,-THP on Emotion, Motivation, and Reward Functions Involving Pregnane Xenobiotic Receptor. Front Neurosci 2012; 5:136. [PMID: 22294977 PMCID: PMC3261425 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progestogens [progesterone (P(4)) and its products] play fundamental roles in the development and/or function of the central nervous system during pregnancy. We, and others, have investigated the role of pregnane neurosteroids for a plethora of functional effects beyond their pro-gestational processes. Emerging findings regarding the effects, mechanisms, and sources of neurosteroids have challenged traditional dogma about steroid action. How the P(4) metabolite and neurosteroid, 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-THP), influences cellular functions and behavioral processes involved in emotion/affect, motivation, and reward, is the focus of the present review. To further understand these processes, we have utilized an animal model assessing the effects, mechanisms, and sources of 3α,5α-THP. In the ventral tegmental area (VTA), 3α,5α-THP has actions to facilitate affective, and motivated, social behaviors through non-traditional targets, such as GABA, glutamate, and dopamine receptors. 3α,5α-THP levels in the midbrain VTA both facilitate, and/or are enhanced by, affective and social behavior. The pregnane xenobiotic receptor (PXR) mediates the production of, and/or metabolism to, various neurobiological factors. PXR is localized to the midbrain VTA of rats. The role of PXR to influence 3α,5α-THP production from central biosynthesis, and/or metabolism of peripheral P(4), in the VTA, as well as its role to facilitate, or be increased by, affective/social behaviors is under investigation. Investigating novel behavioral functions of 3α,5α-THP extends our knowledge of the neurobiology of progestogens, relevant for affective/social behaviors, and their connections to systems that regulate affect and motivated processes, such as those important for stress regulation and neuropsychiatric disorders (anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, drug dependence). Thus, further understanding of 3α,5α-THP's role and mechanisms to enhance affective and motivated processes is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A. Frye
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNYAlbany, NY, USA
- Biological Sciences, The University at Albany-SUNYAlbany, NY, USA
- The Centers for Neuroscience, The University at Albany-SUNYAlbany, NY, USA
- Life Science Research, The University at Albany-SUNYAlbany, NY, USA
| | - J. J. Paris
- Department of Psychology, The University at Albany-SUNYAlbany, NY, USA
| | - A. A. Walf
- Life Science Research, The University at Albany-SUNYAlbany, NY, USA
| | - J. C. Rusconi
- Biological Sciences, The University at Albany-SUNYAlbany, NY, USA
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Abstract
Steroid hormones, such as progesterone, are typically considered to be primarily secreted by the gonads (albeit adrenals can also be a source) and to exert their actions through cognate intracellular progestin receptors (PRs). Through its actions in the midbrain ventral tegmental Area (VTA), progesterone mediates appetitive (exploratory, anxiety, social approach) and consummatory (social, sexual) aspects of rodents' mating behaviour. However, progesterone and its natural metabolites ('progestogens') are produced in the midbrain VTA independent of peripheral sources and midbrain VTA of adult rodents is devoid of intracellular PRs. One approach that we have used to understand the effects of progesterone and mechanisms in the VTA for mating is to manipulate the actions of progesterone in the VTA and to examine effects on lordosis (the posture female rodents assume for mating to occur). This review focuses on the effects and mechanisms of progestogens to influence reproduction and related processes. The actions of progesterone and its 5α-reduced metabolite and neurosteroid, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP; allopregnanolone) in the midbrain VTA to facilitate mating are described. The findings that 3α,5α-THP biosynthesis in the midbrain occurs with mating are discussed. Evidence for the actions of 3α,5α-THP in the midbrain VTA via nontraditional steroid targets is summarised. The broader relevance of these actions of 3α,5α-THP for aspects of reproduction, beyond lordosis, is summarised. Finally, the potential role of the pregnane xenobiotic receptor in mediating 3α,5α-THP biosynthesis in the midbrain is introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Anne Frye
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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LIU N, GUO M, MO F, SUN YH, YUAN Z, CAO LH, JIANG SX. Involvement of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A in the metabolism of florfenicol of rabbits. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 35:202-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Effect of β-naphthoflavone on AhR-regulated genes (CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2S1, Nrf2, and GST) and antioxidant enzymes in various brain regions of pig. Toxicology 2009; 265:69-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Nannelli A, Rossignolo F, Tolando R, Rossato P, Pellegatti M, Longo V, Gervasi PG. Expression and distribution of CYP3A genes, CYP2B22, and MDR1, MRP1, MRP2, LRP efflux transporters in brain of control and rifampicin-treated pigs. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 337:133-43. [PMID: 19844775 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo effect of rifampicin, a potent ligand of PXR, on gene expression of CYP2B22, 3A22, 3A29, 3A46, CAR, PXR and MDR1, MRP1, MRP2, LRP transporters in liver and cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, hippocampus, meninges and brain capillaries of pig was investigated. Animals were treated i.p. with four daily doses of rifampicin (40 mg/kg). The basal mRNA expressions of the individual CYP3As, CYP2B22, CAR, and PXR in various brain regions, except meninges, were about or below 10% of the corresponding hepatic mRNA values, whereas the mRNAs of brain transporters were closer or comparable to those in liver. After pig treatment with rifampicin, the mRNA expression of CYPs and transporters from brain regions did not appear to change, except CYP3A22 and 3A29 in cortex and hippocampus, CYP2B22 in meninges. An enzymatic analysis for CYP3As and CYP2B, in microsomes and mitochondria from liver and brain tissues using the marker activities 7-benzyloxyquinoline O-debenzylase and the anthraldehyde oxidase, showed the lack of rifampicin induction in all the brain regions, unlike liver. Taken together, our results demonstrate that CYP2B22, CYP3As, and MDR1, MRP1, MRP2, and LRP transporters are all expressed, although at different extent, in the brain regions but, despite the presence of PXR and CAR, are resistant to induction indicating that the regulation of these proteins is more complex in brain than in liver. These data obtained in vivo in the brain regions and liver of pig may be of interest to human metabolism in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Nannelli
- Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica, CNR, Area della Ricerca CNR, Pisa, Italy
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Woodland C, Huang TT, Gryz E, Bendayan R, Fawcett JP. Expression, Activity and Regulation of CYP3A in Human and Rodent Brain. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 40:149-68. [DOI: 10.1080/03602530701836712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Sims NR, Anderson MF. Isolation of mitochondria from rat brain using Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Nat Protoc 2008; 3:1228-39. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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