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Lian T, Wang X, Li S, Jiang H, Zhang C, Wang H, Jiang L. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Folate Accumulation in Maize Grains. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031708. [PMID: 35163628 PMCID: PMC8836222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the complexity of folate accumulation in the early stages of maize kernel development has been reported, but the mechanisms of folate accumulation are unclear. Two maize inbred lines, DAN3130 and JI63, with different patterns of folate accumulation and different total folate contents in mature kernels were used to investigate the transcriptional regulation of folate metabolism during late stages of kernel formation by comparative transcriptome analysis. The folate accumulation during DAP 24 to mature kernels could be controlled by circumjacent pathways of folate biosynthesis, such as pyruvate metabolism, glutamate metabolism, and serine/glycine metabolism. In addition, the folate variation between these two inbred lines was related to those genes among folate metabolism, such as genes in the pteridine branch, para-aminobenzoate branch, serine/tetrahydrofolate (THF)/5-methyltetrahydrofolate cycle, and the conversion of THF monoglutamate to THF polyglutamate. The findings provided insight into folate accumulation mechanisms during maize kernel formation to promote folate biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- Plant Genetics, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Xuxia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Sha Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.W.); (H.J.)
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- Sanya Institute, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.W.); (H.J.)
- National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (L.J.)
| | - Ling Jiang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (T.L.); (S.L.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (L.J.)
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Cocco P, Zucca M, Sanna S, Satta G, Nonne T, Angelucci E, Gabbas A, Rais M, Malpeli G, Campagna M, Scarpa A, G Ennas M. N-acetyltransferase polymorphisms are associated with risk of lymphoma subtypes. Hematol Oncol 2015; 34:79-83. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Cocco
- Department of Public Health; Clinical and Molecular Medicine; Occupational Health Section; University of Cagliari; Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Zucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Cytomorphology Section; University of Cagliari; Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Sonia Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Cytomorphology Section; University of Cagliari; Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Giannina Satta
- Department of Public Health; Clinical and Molecular Medicine; Occupational Health Section; University of Cagliari; Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Tinucia Nonne
- Department of Public Health; Clinical and Molecular Medicine; Occupational Health Section; University of Cagliari; Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | | | - Attilio Gabbas
- Department of Public Health; Clinical and Molecular Medicine; Occupational Health Section; University of Cagliari; Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Malpeli
- ARC-NET Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Department of Public Health; Clinical and Molecular Medicine; Occupational Health Section; University of Cagliari; Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-NET Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Maria G Ennas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Cytomorphology Section; University of Cagliari; Monserrato Cagliari Italy
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Sim E, Abuhammad A, Ryan A. Arylamine N-acetyltransferases: from drug metabolism and pharmacogenetics to drug discovery. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2705-25. [PMID: 24467436 PMCID: PMC4158862 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) are polymorphic drug-metabolizing enzymes, acetylating arylamine carcinogens and drugs including hydralazine and sulphonamides. The slow NAT phenotype increases susceptibility to hydralazine and isoniazid toxicity and to occupational bladder cancer. The two polymorphic human NAT loci show linkage disequilibrium. All mammalian Nat genes have an intronless open reading frame and non-coding exons. The human gene products NAT1 and NAT2 have distinct substrate specificities: NAT2 acetylates hydralazine and human NAT1 acetylates p-aminosalicylate (p-AS) and the folate catabolite para-aminobenzoylglutamate (p-abaglu). Human NAT2 is mainly in liver and gut. Human NAT1 and its murine homologue are in many adult tissues and in early embryos. Human NAT1 is strongly expressed in oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer and may contribute to folate and acetyl CoA homeostasis. NAT enzymes act through a catalytic triad of Cys, His and Asp with the architecture of the active site-modulating specificity. Polymorphisms may cause unfolded protein. The C-terminus helps bind acetyl CoA and differs among NATs including prokaryotic homologues. NAT in Salmonella typhimurium supports carcinogen activation and NAT in mycobacteria metabolizes isoniazid with polymorphism a minor factor in isoniazid resistance. Importantly, nat is in a gene cluster essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival inside macrophages. NAT inhibitors are a starting point for novel anti-tuberculosis drugs. Human NAT1-specific inhibitors may act in biomarker detection in breast cancer and in cancer therapy. NAT inhibitors for co-administration with 5-aminosalicylate (5-AS) in inflammatory bowel disease has prompted ongoing investigations of azoreductases in gut bacteria which release 5-AS from prodrugs including balsalazide.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sim
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston, UK; Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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Scheer N, Wolf CR. Genetically humanized mouse models of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters and their applications. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:96-108. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.815831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Shen HW, Jiang XL, Gonzalez FJ, Yu AM. Humanized transgenic mouse models for drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic research. Curr Drug Metab 2012; 12:997-1006. [PMID: 22023319 DOI: 10.2174/138920011798062265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extrapolation of the metabolic, pharmacokinetic and toxicological data obtained from animals to humans is not always straightforward, given the remarkable species difference in drug metabolism that is due in large part to the differences in drug-metabolizing enzymes between animals and humans. Furthermore, genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes may significantly alter pharmacokinetics, drug efficacy and safety. Thus, humanized transgenic mouse lines, in which the human drug-metabolizing enzymes are expressed in mouse tissues in the presence or absence of mouse orthologues, have been developed to address such challenges. These humanized transgenic mice are valuable animal models in understanding the significance of specific human drug-metabolizing enzymes in drug clearance and pharmacokinetics, as well as in predicting potential drug-drug interactions and chemical toxicity in humans. This review, therefore, aims to summarize the development and application of some humanized transgenic mouse models expressing human drug-metabolizing enzymes. The limitations of these genetically modified mouse models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wu Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 541 Cooke Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260-1200, USA
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Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases – from Drug Metabolism and Pharmacogenetics to Identification of Novel Targets for Pharmacological Intervention. CURRENT CONCEPTS IN DRUG METABOLISM AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 63:169-205. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398339-8.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sugamori KS, Brenneman D, Sanchez O, Doll MA, Hein DW, Pierce WM, Grant DM. Reduced 4-aminobiphenyl-induced liver tumorigenicity but not DNA damage in arylamine N-acetyltransferase null mice. Cancer Lett 2011; 318:206-13. [PMID: 22193722 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aromatic amine 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP) is a liver procarcinogen in mice, requiring enzymatic bioactivation to exert its tumorigenic effect. To assess the role of arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT)-dependent acetylation capacity in the risk for ABP-induced liver tumors, we compared 1-year liver tumor incidence following the postnatal exposure of wild-type and NAT-deficient Nat1/2(-/-) mice to ABP. At an ABP exposure of 1200 nmol, male Nat1/2(-/-) mice had a liver tumor incidence of 36% compared to 69% in wild-type males, and at 600 nmol there was a complete absence of tumors compared to 60% in wild-type mice. Only one female wild-type mouse had a tumor using this exposure protocol. However, levels of N-deoxyguanosin-8-yl-ABP-DNA adducts did not correlate with either the strain or sex differences in tumor incidence. These results suggest that female sex and NAT deficiency reduce risk for ABP-induced liver tumors, but by mechanisms unrelated to differences in DNA-damaging events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Sugamori
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sugamori KS, Brenneman D, Grant DM. Liver-selective expression of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase NAT2 in transgenic mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:882-90. [PMID: 21317369 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.038216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) mediates the biotransformation of arylamine drugs and procarcinogens into either innocuous or reactive DNA-damaging metabolites and is expressed predominantly in liver. Interspecies differences and incongruous results between in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies make it difficult to extrapolate animal results to human risk. We have generated human NAT2 transgenic mice on both C57BL/6 (hNAT2(tg)) and Nat1/2 null backgrounds [hNAT2(tg)Nat1/2(-/-)], in which liver-selective expression of human NAT2 is driven by the mouse albumin promoter. We detected expression of the human NAT2 transcript and protein in mouse liver by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. NAT2 enzyme activity, measured using the human NAT2-selective substrate sulfamethazine (SMZ), was 40- to 80-fold higher in liver cytosols from hNAT2(tg)Nat1/2(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice. An unexpected gender difference was observed, with males displaying 2-fold higher activity than females. Transgenic mice also had an increased in vivo plasma clearance of SMZ and higher levels of N-acetylated SMZ than wild-type mice. Liver expression of human NAT2 did not affect the disposition of the human NAT1-selective substrate p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), because hNAT2(tg)Nat1/2(-/-) mice displayed in vivo PAS pharmacokinetic profiles similar to those of Nat1/2(-/-) mice. The metabolism of 4-aminobiphenyl was similar between hNAT2(tg)Nat1/2(-/-) and wild-type mice with the exception of a more liver-restricted pattern in hNAT2(tg)Nat1/2(-/-) mice and lower activity in females. Overall, the hNAT2(tg)Nat1/2(-/-) mouse mimics human expression of NAT2 and may thus be of value in clarifying the role of human NAT2 in arylamine clearance, detoxification, and bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Sugamori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Abstract
Nonsyndromic orofacial clefting has been the subject of intense studies, both genetic and epidemiological. The findings have frequently been controversial because of lack of reproducibility. Mouse models provide the potential both for genetic and environmental uniformity. We have chosen to study the role of genetic susceptibility to teratogen-induced orofacial clefting, using 2 drugs (dilantin and corticosteroid) and 1 nondrug teratogen (6-aminonicotinamide). The strongest single genetic influence we have found is N-acetyltransferase 2. Our recent work and that of others suggest that the influence of this locus is mediated through alterations in folate metabolism. Our results support epidemiological findings in humans and possibly implicate altered cytosine methylation, potentially caused by environmental factors, at least in the A/J model.
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