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Tong L, Qiu J, Xu Y, Lian S, Xu Y, Wu X. Programmed Cell Death in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Inflamm Res 2025; 18:2377-2393. [PMID: 39991656 PMCID: PMC11846511 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s499345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 02/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, systemic autoimmune disease characterised by synovial inflammation, synovial pannus formation and subsequent destruction of articular cartilage and bone. Programmed cell death (PCD), encompassing apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of RA. An imbalance in PCD causes a variety of immune cells to release large amounts of inflammatory factors and mediators that exacerbate not only chronic synovial inflammation, but also bone and joint damage. The purpose of this article is to review the relevant studies between PCD and RA, with the aim of providing further insights and considerations for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of RA and to guide clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Tong
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Qiu
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yalin Xu
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shijing Lian
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Xu
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wu
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People’s Republic of China
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Demarco B, Danielli S, Fischer FA, Bezbradica JS. How Pyroptosis Contributes to Inflammation and Fibroblast-Macrophage Cross-Talk in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells 2022; 11:1307. [PMID: 35455985 PMCID: PMC9028325 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
About thirty years ago, a new form of pro-inflammatory lytic cell death was observed and termed pyroptosis. Only in 2015, gasdermins were defined as molecules that create pores at the plasma membrane and drive pyroptosis. Today, we know that gasdermin-mediated death is an important antimicrobial defence mechanism in bacteria, yeast and mammals as it destroys the intracellular niche for pathogen replication. However, excessive and uncontrolled cell death also contributes to immunopathology in several chronic inflammatory diseases, including arthritis. In this review, we discuss recent findings where pyroptosis contributes to tissue damage and inflammation with a main focus on injury-induced and autoimmune arthritis. We also review novel functions and regulatory mechanisms of the pyroptotic executors gasdermins. Finally, we discuss possible models of how pyroptosis may contribute to the cross-talk between fibroblast and macrophages, and also how this cross-talk may regulate inflammation by modulating inflammasome activation and pyroptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Demarco
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; (S.D.); (F.A.F.)
| | | | | | - Jelena S. Bezbradica
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK; (S.D.); (F.A.F.)
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Mosquera N, Rodriguez-Trillo A, Mera-Varela A, Gonzalez A, Conde C. Uncovering Cellular retinoic acid-binding protein 2 as a potential target for rheumatoid arthritis synovial hyperplasia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8731. [PMID: 29880835 PMCID: PMC5992205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease including synovitis and synovial hyperplasia that contribute to joint destruction. Pivotal pathogenic mechanisms in this process are the dysregulated proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). Unfortunately, the mechanisms of FLS dysregulation are not completely elucidated. Here, we explored a new hypothesis based in the potent anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity of retinoids in some types of cancer. Specifically, we investigated the role of retinoids and of the retinoic acid binding proteins, CRABP2 and FABP5, on the proliferation and apoptosis of FLS from RA by adding all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or silencing CRABP2 and FABP5. We showed an unconventional behaviour of RA FLS, which were relatively insensitive to ATRA. In effect, ATRA increased the resistance to apoptosis despite the high CRABP2/FABP5 ratio of RA FLS; and CRABP2 suppression sensitized RA FLS to Fas-induced apoptosis. This latter effect was associated with changes in expression of kinases, ASK1 up-regulation and ERK down-regulation, and increased phosphorylation of JNK. In addition, the potentiation of FLS apoptosis by CRABP2 silencing persisted in the presence of pro-inflammatory mediators, TNF e IL1β. Therefore, the results point to CRABP2 as a potential target to decrease synovial hyperplasia in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Mosquera
- Laboratorio de Reumatología Experimental y Observacional, y Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS. Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Angela Rodriguez-Trillo
- Laboratorio de Reumatología Experimental y Observacional, y Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS. Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera-Varela
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS. Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Antonio Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Reumatología Experimental y Observacional, y Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS. Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Carmen Conde
- Laboratorio de Reumatología Experimental y Observacional, y Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS. Travesía da Choupana s/n, Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain.
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Selective killing of proinflammatory synovial fibroblasts via activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA1). Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:293-302. [PMID: 29803505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASF) demonstrated the expression of several transient receptor potential channels (TRP) such as TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPA1 and TRPM8. Upon ligation, these receptors increase intracellular calcium but they have also been linked to modulation of inflammation in several cell types. TNF was shown to increase the expression of TRPA1, the receptor for mustard oil and environmental poisons in SF, but the functional consequences have not been investigated yet. METHODS TRPA1 was detected by immunocytochemistry, western blot and cell-based ELISA. Calcium measurements were conducted in a multimode reader. Cell viability was assessed by quantification of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in culture supernatants and "RealTime-Glo" luminescent assays. IL-6 and IL-8 production by SF was quantified by ELISA. Proliferation was determined by cell titer blue incorporation. RESULTS After 72 h, mimicking proinflammatory conditions by the innate cytokine TNF up-regulated TRPA1 protein levels in RASF which was accompanied by increased sensitivity to TRPA1 agonists AITC and polygodial. Under unstimulated conditions, polygodial elicited calcium flux only in the highest concentrations used (50 µM and 25 µM). TNF preincubation substantially lowered the activation threshold for polygodial (from 25 µM to 1 µM). In the absence of TNF pre-stimulation, only polygodial in high concentrations was able to reduce viability of synovial fibroblasts as determined by a real-time viability assay. However, following TNF preincubation, stimulation of TRPA1 led to a fast (<30 min) viability loss by necrosis of synovial fibroblasts. TRPA1 activation was also associated with decreased proliferation of RASFs, an effect that was also substantially enhanced by TNF preincubation. On the functional level, IL-6 and IL-8 production was attenuated by the TRPA1 antagonist A967079 but also polygodial, although the latter mediated this effect by reducing cell viability. CONCLUSION Simulating inflamed conditions by preincubation of synovial fibroblasts with TNF up-regulates and sensitizes TRPA1. Subsequent activation of TRPA1 increases calcium flux and substantially reduces cell viability by inducing necrosis. Since TRPA1 agonists in the lower concentration range only show effects in TNF-stimulated RASF, this cation channel might be an attractive therapeutic target in chronic inflammation to selectively reduce the activity of proinflammatory SF in the joint.
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Moura RA, Quaresma C, Vieira AR, Gonçalves MJ, Polido-Pereira J, Romão VC, Martins N, Canhão H, Fonseca JE. B-cell phenotype and IgD-CD27- memory B cells are affected by TNF-inhibitors and tocilizumab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182927. [PMID: 28886017 PMCID: PMC5590747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of TNF-inhibitors and/or the IL-6 receptor antagonist, tocilizumab, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have pleiotropic effects that also involve circulating B-cells. The main goal of this study was to assess the effect of TNF-inhibitors and tocilizumab on B-cell phenotype and gene expression in RA. Methods Blood samples were collected from untreated early RA (ERA) patients, established RA patients under methotrexate treatment, established RA patients before and after treatment with TNF-inhibitors and tocilizumab, and healthy donors. B-cell subpopulations were characterized by flow cytometry and B-cell gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR on isolated B-cells. Serum levels of BAFF, CXCL13 and sCD23 were determined by ELISA. Results The frequency of total CD19+ B cells in circulation was similar between controls and all RA groups, irrespective of treatment, but double negative (DN) IgD-CD27- memory B cells were significantly increased in ERA and established RA when compared to controls. Treatment with TNF-inhibitors and tocilizumab restored the frequency of IgD-CD27- B-cells to normal levels, but did not affect other B cell subpopulations. TACI, CD95, CD5, HLA-DR and TLR9 expression on B-cells significantly increased after treatment with either TNF-inhibitors and/ or tocilizumab, but no significant changes were observed in BAFF-R, BCMA, CD69, CD86, CXCR5, CD23, CD38 and IgM expression on B-cells when comparing baseline with post-treatment follow-ups. Alterations in B-cell gene expression of BAFF-R, TACI, TLR9, FcγRIIB, BCL-2, BLIMP-1 and β2M were found in ERA and established RA patients, but no significant differences were observed after TNF-inhibitors and tocilizumab treatment when comparing baseline and follow-ups. Serum levels of CXCL13, sCD23 and BAFF were not significantly affected by treatment with TNF-inhibitors and tocilizumab. Conclusions In RA patients, the use of TNF-inhibitors and/ or tocilizumab treatment affects B-cell phenotype and IgD-CD27- memory B cells in circulation, but not B-cell gene expression levels.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Biomarkers
- Chemokine CXCL13/blood
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin D/metabolism
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphocyte Count
- Methotrexate/pharmacology
- Methotrexate/therapeutic use
- Phenotype
- Receptors, CXCR5/metabolism
- Receptors, IgE/blood
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A. Moura
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Cláudia Quaresma
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Vieira
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Gonçalves
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, EPE, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Polido-Pereira
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, EPE, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vasco C. Romão
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, EPE, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nádia Martins
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, EPE, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Canhão
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, EPE, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João E. Fonseca
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Norte, EPE, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
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Wu Q, Xiong X, Zhang X, Lu J, Zhang X, Chen W, Wu T, Cui L, Liu Y, Xu B. Secondary osteoporosis in collagen-induced arthritis rats. J Bone Miner Metab 2016. [PMID: 26210858 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-015-0700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is often associated with bone loss; however, few experiments have focused on cancellous and cortical bone changes in rats during the process of arthritis. We have investigated bone changes in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and have explored the characteristics of how RA induces osteoporosis by means of bone histomorphometry, bone biomechanics studies, bone mineral density studies, micro computer tomography, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis. Bone mineral density of the femur and lumbar vertebrae and biomechanical properties of the femur were decreased in CIA rats. Trabecular bone volume of the tibia and lumbar vertebrae was decreased whereas bone resorption was increased in CIA rats. Bone formation of the tibial shaft in periosteal surfaces was decreased in CIA rats. Furthermore, the trabecular bone loss in CIA rats was severer at 16 weeks than at 8 weeks, as was cortical bone loss. The serum level of tumor necrosis factor α in CIA rats was increased, and the expression of dickkopf 1 and that of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANKL) ligand (RANKL) in the ankle joints were also increased, but the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) was decreased. We conclude that CIA rats developed systemic osteoporosis, and that osteoporosis became more serious with CIA development. The mechanism may be related to the increase of bone resorption in cancellous bone cause by upregulation of the expression of DKK-1 and regulation of the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway, and the decrease of bone formation in cortical bone caused by an increase in the expression of DKK-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming Donglu, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming Donglu, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinle Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming Donglu, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming Donglu, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming Donglu, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshuang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming Donglu, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming Donglu, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming Donglu, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bilian Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming Donglu, Xiashan District, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Lowin T, Straub RH. Synovial fibroblasts integrate inflammatory and neuroendocrine stimuli to drive rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:1069-71. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1066674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Toben C, Baune BT. An Act of Balance Between Adaptive and Maladaptive Immunity in Depression: a Role for T Lymphocytes. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:595-609. [PMID: 26133121 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Historically the monoaminergic neurotransmitter system, in particular the serotonergic system, was seen as being responsible for the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). With the advent of psychoneuroimmunology an important role of the immune system in the interface between the central nervous systems (CNS) and peripheral organ systems has emerged. In addition to the well-characterised neurobiological activities of cytokines, T cell function in the context of depression has been neglected so far. In this review we will investigate the biological roles of T cells in depression. Originally it was thought that the adaptive immune arm including T lymphocytes was excluded from the CNS. It is now clear that peripheral naïve T cells not only carry out continuous surveillance within the brain but also maintain neural plasticity. Furthermore animal studies demonstrate that regulatory T lymphocytes can provide protection against maladaptive behavioural responses associated with depression. Psychogenic stress as a major inducer of depression can lead to transient trafficking of T lymphocytes into the brain stimulating the secretion of certain neurotrophic factors and cytokines. The separate and combined mechanism of CD4 and CD8 T cell activation is likely to determine the response pattern of CNS specific neurokines and neurotrophins. Under chronic stress-induced neuroinflammatory conditions associated with depression, T cell responses may become maladaptive and can be involved in neurodegeneration. Additionally, intracellular adhesion and MHC molecule expression as well as glucocorticoid receptor expression within the brain may play a role in determining T lymphocyte functionality in depression. Taken together, T lymphocyte mechanisms, which confer susceptibility or resilience to MDD, are not yet fully understood. Further insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms which balance the adaptive and maladaptive roles of T lymphocytes may provide a better understanding of both the neuro- degenerative and -regenerative repair functions as present within the neuroimmune network during depression. Furthermore T cells may be important players in restoration of normal behaviour and immune cell homeostasis in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Toben
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, 5005, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, 5005, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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