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Klein AM, de Queiroz RM, Venkatesh D, Prives C. The roles and regulation of MDM2 and MDMX: it is not just about p53. Genes Dev 2021; 35:575-601. [PMID: 33888565 PMCID: PMC8091979 DOI: 10.1101/gad.347872.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Klein et al. discuss the p53-independent roles of MDM2 and MDMX. First, they review the structural and functional features of MDM2 and MDMX proteins separately and together that could be relevant to their p53-independent activities. Following this, they summarize how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Most well studied as proteins that restrain the p53 tumor suppressor protein, MDM2 and MDMX have rich lives outside of their relationship to p53. There is much to learn about how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Regulation of MDM2 and MDMX, which takes place at the level of transcription, post-transcription, and protein modification, can be very intricate and is context-dependent. Equally complex are the myriad roles that these two proteins play in cells that lack wild-type p53; while many of these independent outcomes are consistent with oncogenic transformation, in some settings their functions could also be tumor suppressive. Since numerous small molecules that affect MDM2 and MDMX have been developed for therapeutic outcomes, most if not all designed to prevent their restraint of p53, it will be essential to understand how these diverse molecules might affect the p53-independent activities of MDM2 and MDMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Klein
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Kawata Y, Nagasaka K, Oda K, Makii C, Takeuchi M, Oki S, Honjo H, Kojima M, Miyagawa Y, Taguchi A, Tanikawa M, Sone K, Hiraike H, Matsumoto Y, Wada-Hiraike O, Ayabe T, Osuga Y, Fujii T. Effect of murine double-minute 2 inhibitors in preclinical models of advanced clear cell carcinomas originating from ovaries and kidneys. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3824-3834. [PMID: 32713096 PMCID: PMC7541011 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced clear cell carcinomas originating from both ovaries and kidneys with cancerous peritonitis have poor prognoses. Murine double-minute 2 (MDM2) is a potential therapeutic target for clear cell ovarian carcinomas with WT TP53. Herein, we characterized the antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of the MDM2 inhibitors DS-3032b and DS-5272 in 6 clear cell ovarian carcinoma cell lines and 2 clear cell renal carcinoma cell lines, as well as in clear cell ovarian carcinomas s.c. xenograft and ID8 (murine ovarian cancer cells with WT TP53) cancer peritonitis mouse models. In clear cell ovarian carcinoma s.c. xenograft mouse models, DS-3032b significantly reduced WT TP53 clear cell ovarian carcinoma- and clear cell renal carcinoma-derived tumor volumes. In ID8 mouse models, DS-5272 significantly inhibited ascites production, reduced body weight, and significantly improved overall survival. Additionally, DS-5272 reduced the tumor burden of peritoneal dissemination and decreased CD31+ cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, DS-5272 significantly decreased vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in both sera and ascites. Combined therapy with MDM2 inhibitors and everolimus showed synergistic, and dose-reduction potential, for clear cell carcinoma treatment. Our findings suggest that MDM2 inhibitors represent promising molecular targeted therapy for clear cell carcinomas, thereby warranting further studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dual MDM2/mTOR inhibitors in clear cell carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Kawata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chinami Makii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Oki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harunori Honjo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Machiko Kojima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Tanikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenbun Sone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruko Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Ayabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Garcia da Silva AC, Rodrigues BDS, Andrade WM, Marques Dos Santos TR, de Carvalho FS, Sanz G, Vaz BG, Lião LM, Menegatti R, Valadares MC. Antiangiogenic and antitumoral activity of LQFM126 prototype against B16F10 melanoma cells. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 325:109127. [PMID: 32437695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2)-p53 interaction and reactivation of p53 signaling have been explored as effective anticancer therapeutic strategy. The potent and specific antitumor activity shown by Nutlins, first class of MDM2-p53 inhibitors discovered, has made these compounds potential antitumor candidates. To this end, we synthesized Nutlin-1 and Nutlin-2 analogs through molecular simplification and selected the compound with the most efficient antitumoral activity. Cytotoxicity of Nutlin-2 analog LQFM126 on B16F10 melanoma cells induced intense cytoplasmic vacuolization, reduction of cell size, chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic degeneration and nuclear fragmentation. LQFM126 antiproliferative effects mediated cell cycle retention in G0/G1 phase and increased the levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins p21 and p27. This Nutlin analog increased mitochondrial membrane potential, activated caspase-8, -9 and -3/7 and reduced VEGF levels in B16F10 cells. Therefore, LQFM126 promoted alterations suggestive of apoptosis, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and suppression of angiogenesis through modulation of VEGF expression in B16F10 cells. Additionally, LQFM126 was classified as UN GHS category 4 (LD50 > 300-2000 mg/kg), suggesting it has low acute systemic toxicity. LQFM126 can be a promising prototype for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Christian Garcia da Silva
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Dos Santos Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Wanessa Machado Andrade
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Rosa Marques Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | | | - Germán Sanz
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Laboratory of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Luciano M Lião
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Menegatti
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology (Tox In), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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de Oliveira Ribeiro H, Cortez AP, de Ávila RI, da Silva ACG, de Carvalho FS, Menegatti R, Lião LM, Valadares MC. Small-molecule MDM2 inhibitor LQFM030-induced apoptosis in p53-null K562 chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 34:444-457. [PMID: 32011031 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Our group designed and synthesized the N-phenyl-piperazine LQFM030 [1-(4-((1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl) piperazin-1-yl) ethanone], a small molecule derived from molecular simplification of the Nutlin-1, an inhibitor of the human homologue of murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein that is expressed in several types of cancer. To better investigate the effects of LQFM030 regarding the p53 mutation status, this study investigated the antiproliferative activity of LQFM030 against the p53-null K562 leukemia cells as well as the cell death pathways involved. In addition, the effects of LQFM030 on the levels of the p53/MDM2 complex were also carried out using 3T3 cells as a p53 wild-type model. Our data suggest that LQFM030 triggered apoptosis in K562 cells via different mechanisms including cell cycle arrest, caspase activation, reduction of mitochondrial activity, decrease in MDM2 expression, and transcriptional modulation of MDMX, p73, MYC, and NF-ĸB. Additionally, it promoted effects in p53/MDM2 binding in p53 wild-type 3T3 cells. Therefore, LQFM030 has antiproliferative effects in cancer cells by a p53 mutation status-independent manner with different signaling pathways. These findings open new perspectives to the treatment of leukemic cells considering the resistance development associated with cancer treatment with conventional cytotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Higor de Oliveira Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Alane Pereira Cortez
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Renato Ivan de Ávila
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Artur Christian Garcia da Silva
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Flávio Silva de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal (LQFM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Menegatti
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica Medicinal (LQFM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Luciano Morais Lião
- Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Marize Campos Valadares
- Laboratory of Education and Research in In Vitro Toxicology - Tox In, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74605-220, Brazil
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Saleh A, ElFayoumi HM, Youns M, Barakat W. Rutin and orlistat produce antitumor effects via antioxidant and apoptotic actions. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 392:165-175. [PMID: 30465055 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a broad term used to describe a large number of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation that leads to tumor production. Cancer is associated with mutations in genes controlling proliferation and apoptosis, oxidative stress, fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression, and other mechanisms. Currently, most antineoplastic drugs have severe adverse effects and new effective and safe drugs are needed. This study aims to investigate the possible anticancer activity of rutin and orlistat which are both safely used clinically in humans against two breast cancer models (in vivo EAC and in vitro MCF7) and the pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC-1). Our results have shown that both rutin and orlistat exerted an in vivo anticancer activity as evidenced by the decrease in tumor volume, CEA level, cholesterol content, FAS, and the exerted antioxidant action (reduced MDA level and increased GSH content) and through histopathological examination. In addition, both were cytotoxic to MCF-7 and Panc-1 cell lines by promoting apoptosis. In conclusion, the anticancer activity of rutin and orlistat makes them promising candidates for cancer treatment alone or in combination with other anticancer drugs specially that they are used clinically with an acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hassan M ElFayoumi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Youns
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt.,Department of Biochemistry, Oman Pharmacy Institute, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Waleed Barakat
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. .,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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