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Stark R. The olfactory bulb: A neuroendocrine spotlight on feeding and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2024; 36:e13382. [PMID: 38468186 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Olfaction is the most ancient sense and is needed for food-seeking, danger protection, mating and survival. It is often the first sensory modality to perceive changes in the external environment, before sight, taste or sound. Odour molecules activate olfactory sensory neurons that reside on the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, which transmits this odour-specific information to the olfactory bulb (OB), where it is relayed to higher brain regions involved in olfactory perception and behaviour. Besides odour processing, recent studies suggest that the OB extends its function into the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Furthermore, numerous hormone receptors associated with appetite and metabolism are expressed within the OB, suggesting a neuroendocrine role outside the hypothalamus. Olfactory cues are important to promote food preparatory behaviours and consumption, such as enhancing appetite and salivation. In addition, altered metabolism or energy state (fasting, satiety and overnutrition) can change olfactory processing and perception. Similarly, various animal models and human pathologies indicate a strong link between olfactory impairment and metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the nature of this reciprocal relationship is critical to understand how olfactory or metabolic disorders arise. This present review elaborates on the connection between olfaction, feeding behaviour and metabolism and will shed light on the neuroendocrine role of the OB as an interface between the external and internal environments. Elucidating the specific mechanisms by which olfactory signals are integrated and translated into metabolic responses holds promise for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and interventions aimed at modulating appetite and promoting metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Kong Y, Si M, Wang P, Guo H, Liu X, Zhao M. Enantioselectivity effects of energy metabolism in honeybees (Apis mellifera) by triticonazole. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162884. [PMID: 36933730 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The heavy use of agrochemicals is considered a major factor contributing to the decline in wild honeybee populations. Development of low-toxicity enantiomers of chiral fungicides is the key to reducing the potential threats to honeybees. In this study, we evaluated the enantioselective toxic effects of triticonazole (TRZ) on honeybees and its molecular mechanisms. The results showed that after long-term exposure to TRZ, the content of thoracic ATP decreased significantly, by 41 % in R-TRZ treatments and by 46 % in S-TRZ treatments. Furthermore, the transcriptomic results indicated that S-TRZ and R-TRZ significantly altered the expression of 584 genes and 332 genes, respectively. Pathway analysis indicated that R- and S-TRZ could affect different genes expressed in GO terms and metabolic pathways, especially the transport GO terms (GO: 0006810) and pathways of alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, drug metabolism - cytochrome P450, and pentose phosphate. Additionally, S-TRZ had a more pronounced effect on honeybee energy metabolism, disrupting a greater number of genes involved in the TCA cycle and glycolysis/glycogenesis, exerting a stronger effect on energy metabolic pathways, including nitrogen metabolism, sulfur metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation. In summary, we recommend reducing the proportion of S-TRZ in racemate to minimize the threat to the survival of honeybees and protect the diversity of economic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Min Si
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China
| | - Haikun Guo
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Xinju Liu
- Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, China.
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3
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Antidepressant effects of Enterococcus faecalis 2001 through the regulation of prefrontal cortical myelination via the enhancement of CREB/BDNF and NF-κB p65/LIF/STAT3 pathways in olfactory bulbectomized mice. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 148:137-148. [PMID: 35123326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A therapeutic strategy through the gut-brain axis has been proven to be effective in treatment for depression. In our previous study, we demonstrated that Enterococcus faecalis 2001 (EF-2001) prevents colitis-induced depressive-like behavior through the gut-brain axis in mice. More recently, we found that demyelination in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was associated with depressive-like behavior in an animal model of major depressive disorder, olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) mice. The present study investigated the effects of EF-2001 on depressive-like behaviors in OBX mice and the underlying molecular mechanisms from the perspective of myelination in the PFC. OBX mice exhibited depressive-like behaviors in the tail-suspension, splash, and sucrose preference tests, and decreased myelin and paranodal proteins along with mature oligodendrocytes in the PFC. These behavioral and biochemical changes were all prevented by treatment with EF-2001. Further, EF-2001 treatment increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in the PFC. Interestingly, an immunohistochemical analysis revealed enhanced phospho (p) -cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) expression in neurons, p-nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) p65 (Ser536) expression in astrocytes, and p-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) (Ty705) expression in mature oligodendrocytes in the PFC of OBX mice. From these results, we suggest that EF-2001 administration prevents depressive-like behaviors by regulating prefrontal cortical myelination via the enhancement of CREB/BDNF and NFκB p65/LIF/STAT3 pathways. Our findings strongly support the idea that a therapeutic strategy involving the gut microbiota may be a promising alternative treatment for alleviating symptoms of depression.
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Khoshnevisan K, Chehrehgosha M, Conant M, Mohammad Meftah A, Baharifar H, Ejtahed HS, Angoorani P, Gholami M, Sharifi F, Maleki H, Larijani B, Khorramizadeh MR. Interactive relationship between Trp metabolites and gut microbiota: The impact on human pathology of disease. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4186-4207. [PMID: 35304801 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp), an α-amino acid, is the precursor of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), which is involved in a variety of features of metabolic function and human nutrition. Evidence highlights the role of Trp metabolites (exclusively 5-HT) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; however, the mechanisms of action involved in the release of 5-HT in the GI tract are still unknown. Considering the fact that variations of 5-HT may facilitate the growth of certain GI disorders, gaining a better understanding of the function and release of 5-HT in the GI tract would be beneficial. Additionally, investigating Trp metabolism may clarify the relationship between Trp and gut microbiota. It is believed that other metabolites of Trp (mostly that of the kynurenine pathway) may play a significant role in controlling gut microbiota function. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the current research investigating the relationship of gut microbiota, Trp, and 5-HT metabolism (with particular attention paid to their metabolite type, as well as a discussion of the research methods used in each study). Taking together, regarding the role that Trp/5-HT plays in a range of physical and mental diseases, the gut bacterial types, as well as the related disorders, have been exclusively considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamyar Khoshnevisan
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Chehrehgosha
- Department of Surgical Technology, Paramedical School, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Gerontology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Melissa Conant
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amir Mohammad Meftah
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hadi Baharifar
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Angoorani
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Gholami
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Sharifi
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Maleki
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khorramizadeh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Huang D, Wang L, Wu Y, Qin X, Du G, Zhou Y. Metabolomics Based on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Dissect the Mechanisms of Chaigui Granules for Treating Depression. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8466-8482. [PMID: 35309492 PMCID: PMC8928523 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chaigui granules were a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation with antidepressant effects derived from a famous antidepressant prescription. It was of great significance to clarify the antidepressant mechanism of Chaigui granules for the clinical application of this drug. In this study, a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression model was successfully established, and behavioral indicators were used to evaluate the antidepressant effect. Second, the CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ levels were detected in peripheral blood. Meanwhile, the amount of inflammatory cytokines was determined in serum. Correspondingly, LC/MS-based peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) metabolomics was used to investigate vital metabolic pathways participating in the antidepressive effects of Chaigui granules. Finally, bioinformatics technology was further employed to discover the potential antidepressant mechanism of Chaigui granules regulating the immune system. The results suggested that the administration of Chaigui granules significantly improved CUMS-induced depressive symptoms. Chaigui granules could improve immune function by regulating T lymphocyte subsets, increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-2 and IL-10, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. In addition, metabolomics results of PBMCs showed that Chaigui granules improved 14 of the 25 potential biomarkers induced by CUMS. Metabolic pathway analyses indicated that purine metabolism was the critical metabolic pathway regulated by Chaigui granules. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated that 13 key biomarkers were related to immune-related indicators. The metabolite-gene network of 13 key biomarkers was investigated by using bioinformatics. The investigation showed that 10 targets (5'-nucleotidase ecto; 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IB; 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II; etc.), mainly belong to the purine metabolism, might be potential targets for Chaigui granules to exert their antidepressant effects by improving immune function impairment. Together, our results suggested that Chaigui granules might exert antidepressant effects by improving immune function and regulating the purine metabolic pathway in PBMCs. This work used PBMCs metabolomics as an entry point to study the antidepressant mechanism of Chaigui granules, which provided a new way to elucidate the mechanism of a traditional Chinese medicine prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Huang
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Department
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Hospital
of Shanxi Medical University, Yingze District, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhi Zhou
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
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6
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Flores-Burgess A, Millón C, Gago B, García-Durán L, Cantero-García N, Puigcerver A, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Galanin (1-15) Enhances the Behavioral Effects of Fluoxetine in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Rat, Suggesting a New Augmentation Strategy in Depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 25:307-318. [PMID: 34891163 PMCID: PMC9017770 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors, including fluoxetine (FLX), are the most commonly used for the treatment of major depression. However, they are effective for remission in only 30% of patients. Recently, we observed that Galanin (1-15) [GAL(1-15)] enhanced the antidepressant effects of FLX in naïve animals, suggesting a new augmentation strategy in depression. METHODS We have analyzed in an animal model of depression, the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) rats, the effect of GAL(1-15) on FLX-mediated responses in the forced swimming test and the sucrose preference test and the involvement of GAL receptor 2 with its antagonist, M871. We have also studied the corticosterone levels in OBX after the coadministration of GAL(1-15) with FLX. Moreover, we studied whether the effects of GAL(1-15) on FLX actions were mediated via auto- and heteroreceptor 5-HT1A (5-HT1AR), analyzing the binding characteristics, mRNA levels, and functionality of 5-HT1AR in the dorsal hippocampus. RESULTS GAL(1-15) enhances the antidepressant-like effects induced by FLX in OBX animals in the forced swimming test and the sucrose preference test. The involvement of the GALR2 was demonstrated with M871. Importantly, the mechanism underlying the GAL(1-15)/FLX interactions in the OBX animals involves the 5-HT1AR in the hippocampus at the plasma membrane (increase of affinity and density of 5HT1AR in the DG) and transcriptional (increase of 5HT1AR mRNA levels in DG and CA1) levels. Besides, the coadministration of GAL(1-15) and FLX also reduced OBX-increased corticosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS The results open the possibility to use GAL(1-15) in combination with FLX as a novel strategy for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carmelo Millón
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Belen Gago
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura García-Durán
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Noelia Cantero-García
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Araceli Puigcerver
- Faculty of Psychology ,University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José Angel Narváez
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Institute of Biomedical Research of Málaga, Málaga, Spain,Correspondence: Z. Díaz-Cabiale, PhD, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n. 29080 Málaga, Spain ()
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Cui F, Zhu Y, Di S, Wang X, Zhang Y, Chai T. Toxicological Study on Chiral Fluoxetine Exposure to Adult Zebrafish ( Danio rerio): Enantioselective and Sexual Mechanism on Disruption of the Brain Serotonergic System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7479-7490. [PMID: 34002605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of people with depression worldwide has led to concerns regarding antidepressant contamination in aquatic environments, which could have the risk of negative effects on aquatic organisms. Chirality increases its toxicity potentials. Accordingly, we investigated the negative effects of racemic (rac-), R-, and S-FX at environmental levels (100 ng/L) on the brain serotonergic system in zebrafish (Danio rerio) for 42 days. Additionally, we measured the whole-body concentrations of FX and norfluoxetine (NFX). We found that S-FX exposure disrupted the brain serotonergic system more severely than rac- and R-FX exposure. The mechanism underlying this disruption induced by S-FX was sex-specific, with female zebrafish showing disruption of the serotonin (5-HT) release process but male zebrafish showing disruption of the 5-HT synthesis process. In addition, enantioselective enrichment and biotransformation (R-FX to R-NFX and S-FX to S-NFX) occurred in zebrafish. Sex-specific accumulation was also observed, with higher concentrations in females. Our study provides evidence for enantiomer- and sex-specific effects of FX exposure at biologically relevant concentrations. More broadly, our study demonstrated that SSRI antidepressants, such as FX, can affect aquatic life by causing important shifts in not only their active sites of the serotonin transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cui
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Pesticide, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yunlong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Shanshan Di
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products/Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Quality and Standard of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Tingting Chai
- Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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8
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Li CC, Gan L, Tan Y, Yan MZ, Liu XM, Chang Q, Pan RL. Chronic restraint stress induced changes in colonic homeostasis-related indexes and tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism in rats. J Proteomics 2021; 240:104190. [PMID: 33766670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stressors represented risk factors for the etiology or exacerbation of several gastrointestinal diseases. The goal of the present study was to examine whether chronic restraint stress (CRS) could initiate and aggravate colonic inflammation, integrity damage and metabolic disturbance of rats. Firstly, increased inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-10(IL-10)) and decreased tight junction (TJ) proteins (occludin and zonula occludins-1 (ZO-1)) in rat colon were observed. Secondly, untargeted metabolomics based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) revealed that TRP metabolism was the most prominently affected. Thirdly, quantification of TRP and its metabolites via prominence ultrafast liquid chromatography coupled with a QTRAP 5500 mass (UFLC-QTRAP-5500/MS) showed that TRP, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) were significantly increased. At the same time, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was unchanged and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) was significantly decreased in the colon of CRS rats. Besides, TRP metabolic enzyme changes were with the same trends as the corresponding metabolites. Thus, our data showed that CRS could initiate colonic inflammation, integrity damage and colonic metabolism disturbance, especially TRP-KYN metabolism pathway of rats, which may provide an experimental background for future research on stress-related gastrointestinal dysfunction. SIGNIFICANCE: Chronic exposure to psychological stress could induce metabolic imbalance of the body, and stressful life events were intimately correlated with frequent relapses in patients with intestinal disorders. The present study showed that chronic restraint stress (CRS) could initiate and aggravate colonic inflammation, integrity damage and metabolic disturbance, especially tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism of rats. Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway may be involved in the initiation and development of diseases induced by chronic stress. This research may shed light on future research on stress-related gastrointestinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Long Gan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yue Tan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Yan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Rui-Le Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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9
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Zhou Y, Yan M, Pan R, Wang Z, Tao X, Li C, Xia T, Liu X, Chang Q. Radix Polygalae extract exerts antidepressant effects in behavioral despair mice and chronic restraint stress-induced rats probably by promoting autophagy and inhibiting neuroinflammation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113317. [PMID: 32861821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix Polygalae (RP) has been traditionally used for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders in East Asia. AIM OF THE STUDY Depression is a severe mental disease with high prevalence in people, and neurobiology changes of depression are not fully clarified yet. The present study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effect and underlying mechanism of RP in behavioral despair mice and chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS ICR mice were treated with various doses of RP (0.13-1.0 g/kg) for 14 days and then subjected to forced swimming test (FST). Wistar rats were exposed to 6-hour restraint stress daily for 28 days, and RP (0.5 and 1 g/kg) was administered by gavage 1 h prior to CRS procedure. Subsequently, behavioral tests were performed and brains were collected for biochemical analysis. RESULTS RP reduced immobility time of mice in FST and reversed abnormal behaviors of rats induced by CRS in sucrose preference test, novelty-suppressed feeding test, open field test and FST. Moreover, RP could enhance the expression of LC3-II and beclin1 and decrease the level of p62 both in cortex of mice and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats, and regulate the dysfunction of AMPK-mTOR pathway in PFC of CRS rats. Activated microglia, impaired astrocyte, elevated protein expression of NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1, and increased mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines were observed in PFC of CRS rats, all of which were corrected by RP treatment. CONCLUSION RP exerted remarkable antidepressant activity in behavioral despair mice and CRS-induced rats, probably by promoting autophagy and inhibiting neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingzhu Yan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ruile Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xue Tao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianji Xia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; The State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Bacterial Metabolites of Human Gut Microbiota Correlating with Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239234. [PMID: 33287416 PMCID: PMC7730936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a global threat to mental health that affects around 264 million people worldwide. Despite the considerable evolution in our understanding of the pathophysiology of depression, no reliable biomarkers that have contributed to objective diagnoses and clinical therapy currently exist. The discovery of the microbiota-gut-brain axis induced scientists to study the role of gut microbiota (GM) in the pathogenesis of depression. Over the last decade, many of studies were conducted in this field. The productions of metabolites and compounds with neuroactive and immunomodulatory properties among mechanisms such as the mediating effects of the GM on the brain, have been identified. This comprehensive review was focused on low molecular weight compounds implicated in depression as potential products of the GM. The other possible mechanisms of GM involvement in depression were presented, as well as changes in the composition of the microbiota of patients with depression. In conclusion, the therapeutic potential of functional foods and psychobiotics in relieving depression were considered. The described biomarkers associated with GM could potentially enhance the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders in clinical practice and represent a potential future diagnostic tool based on metagenomic technologies for assessing the development of depressive disorders.
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Zhou Y, Tao X, Wang Z, Feng L, Wang L, Liu X, Pan R, Liao Y, Chang Q. Hippocampus Metabolic Disturbance and Autophagy Deficiency in Olfactory Bulbectomized Rats and the Modulatory Effect of Fluoxetine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174282. [PMID: 31480539 PMCID: PMC6747550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) rodent is a widely-used model for depression (especially for agitated depression). The present study aims to investigate the hippocampus metabolic profile and autophagy-related pathways in OBX rats and to explore the modulatory roles of fluoxetine. OBX rats were given a 30-day fluoxetine treatment after post-surgery rehabilitation, and then behavioral changes were evaluated. Subsequently, the hippocampus was harvested for metabonomics analysis and Western blot detection. As a result, OBX rats exhibited a significantly increased hyperemotionality score and declined spatial memory ability. Fluoxetine reduced the hyperemotional response, but failed to restore the memory deficit in OBX rats. Sixteen metabolites were identified as potential biomarkers for the OBX model including six that were rectified by fluoxetine. Disturbed pathways were involved in amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, purine metabolism, and energy metabolism. In addition, autophagy was markedly inhibited in the hippocampus of OBX rats. Fluoxetine could promote autophagy by up-regulating the expression of LC3 II, beclin1, and p-AMPK/AMPK, and down-regulating the levels of p62, p-Akt/Akt, p-mTOR/mTOR, and p-ULK1/ULK1. Our findings indicated that OBX caused marked abnormalities in hippocampus metabolites and autophagy, and fluoxetine could partly redress the metabolic disturbance and enhance autophagy to reverse the depressive-like behavior, but not the memory deficits in OBX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Tao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Feng
- School of Medicine, the Open University of China, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruile Pan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yonghong Liao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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