Effects of insulin and sitagliptin on early cardiac dysfunction in diabetic rats

Emerging role of antidiabetic drugs in cardiorenal protection

The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has led to widespread multi-system damage, especially in cardiovascular and renal functions, heightening morbidity and mortality. Emerging antidiabetic drugs sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) have demonstrated efficacy in preserving cardiac and renal function, both in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. To understand the exact impact of these drugs on cardiorenal protection and underlying mechanisms, we conducted a comprehensive review of recent large-scale clinical trials and basic research focusing on SGLT2i, GLP-1RAs, and DPP-4i. Accumulating evidence highlights the diverse mechanisms including glucose-dependent and independent pathways, and revealing their potential cardiorenal protection in diabetic and non-diabetic cardiorenal disease. This review provides critical insights into the cardiorenal protective effects of SGLT2i, GLP-1RAs, and DPP-4i and underscores the importance of these medications in mitigating the progression of cardiovascular and renal complications, and their broader clinical implications beyond glycemic management.

Biochemical Investigation of Therapeutic Potentials of Plant-Based Bioactive Compounds as Stimulators of Glucagon like peptide-1 Secretion

This study was aimed to investigate the therapeutic potentials of plant-based bioactive compounds; lutein and resveratrol alone and/or in combination with DPP-4 enzyme inhibitor; sitagliptin on the secretion and bioavailability of Glucagon like peptide-1(GLP). For this, experimental rats were divided into seven groups. Group 1 was marked as control, while other six groups received streptozotocin (60 mg/kg I.P.). Later, group 2 was kept disease-control. While group 3 received 10 mg/kg/day sitagliptin (DDP-4i). Group 4 received 40 mg/kg/day lutein (LUT) and group 5 received 30 mg/kg/day resveratrol (RES). While group 6 and 7 were received combination of DPP-4i+LUT and DPP-4i+RES, respectively. Combined administration of DPP-4i+LUT or DPP-4i+RES showed expected therapeutic effects by lowering the fasting blood glucose and maintaining the serum insulin concentrations with improved glucose sensitivity and reduced insulin resistance. Further, co-administration of LUT and RES with DPP-4i revealed beneficial effects on measures of insulin resistance, circulating lipids, glycemic index, oxidative stress, and inflammatory status along with restoration of histological morphology of pancreatic cells and enterocytes that seemed to improve the level of GLP-1. Hence, substantial verdicts of this study showing therapeutic potentials of LUT and RES would surely help to recognize the potential effects in combination with DPP-4i as stimulators of GLP-1 secretion.