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Lobo RR, Almeida E, Monteiro A, Silva SS, Salas-Solis G, Coronella CJ, Hiibel SR, Faciola AP. Replacing soybean meal with microalgae biomass in diets with contrasting carbohydrate profile can reduce in vitro methane production and improve short-chain fatty acids production. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00495-8. [PMID: 38395394 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of dietary carbohydrate profile and soybean meal (SBM) replacement with either Chlorella pyrenoidosa (CHL) or Spirulina platensis (SPI) on in vitro fermentation. This experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design, with fermentation run (3 runs) considered as blocks. The treatments were arranged in a 2 × 5 factorial design, where the first factor was the carbohydrate profile, which was composed of diets containing 42.5% NDF and 26.8% starch (HF-LS) or 26.8% NDF and 40.6% starch (LF-HS) and the second factor was the protein source, in which a control diet (100% SBM), partial replacement of SBM with CHL (1/2 CHL) or SPI (1/2 SPI), or total replacement of SBM with CHL or SPI were used. All experimental diets were formulated to have 17% crude protein. The ruminal fluid was collected from 2 lactating Holstein cows, buffered with Van Soest medium at a ratio of 1:2 and added to serum bottles containing 0.50 g of the experimental diets. Bottles were incubated at 39°C for 24 and 48 h in triplicate; headspace pressure was measured, along with gas collection for methane (CH4) quantification at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 36, and 48 h after incubation. The final medium was used to measure pH, ammonia, and volatile-fatty acid (VFA). After incubation, feed bags were recovered and used for estimation of degradability of DMD, NDF, and OMD. Statistical analysis was carried out using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with carbohydrate profile, protein source, assay, and its interactions as fixed effects, with run and bottle as random effects. Orthogonal contrasts were used to compare carbohydrate profile, algae species, carbohydrate profile × algae interaction, and linear and quadratic effects of SBM replacement with CHL or SPI. There was no interaction effect between carbohydrate profile and algae source. LF-HS improved gas production, degradability of nutrients, and VFA, mainly increasing the production of butyrate and propionate. When compared with CHL, SPI had a greater degradability of nutrients and branched VFA, along with reduction in total gas production and tended to reduce total CH4 yield. The replacement of SBM with algae linearly reduced the degradability of nutrients, along with a linear reduction in gas production. When replacement of SBM with only SPI was evaluated, SPI slightly reduced the degradability of nutrients; however, it promoted a linear reduction in CH4 yield, as well as reduction in CH4 yield by unit of degraded DM, NDF, and OM. In summary, there was no interaction of carbohydrate profile and protein source, which means that SBM replacement had a similar effect, regardless of dietary carbohydrate profile. Spirulina may be a more suitable algae source when compared with Chlorella due to the potential to reduce CH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Lobo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - E Almeida
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States; Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - A Monteiro
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States; Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - S S Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - G Salas-Solis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States
| | - C J Coronella
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557
| | - S R Hiibel
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557
| | - A P Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
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Physicochemical Changes of Heat-Treated Corn Grain Used in Ruminant Nutrition. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172234. [PMID: 36077954 PMCID: PMC9454732 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal grain is processed using different combinations of heat, moisture, time, and mechanical action in order to improve its digestibility. The objective of the present research was to quantitatively represent the physicochemical properties of raw and processed starch using an in vitro methodology, as well as to describe the changes that occurred after heat treatment, such as pelleting, steam flaking, micronization, and extrusion of corn. Based on the obtained results, pelleting, steam flaking, and micronization can be considered as mild heat treatment methods, whereas extrusion proved to be a severe heat treatment method. Analysis of functional and pasting properties implied a possible interaction between the degraded components in the steam-flaked sample, as well as in the micronized sample, through to a lesser extent. Additionally, the occurrence of dextrins was noted after extrusion. The obtained results indicate the existence of significant differences in the physicochemical properties of corn starch depending on the heat treatment applied, which could possibly affect rumen starch degradation traits.
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Wang W, Larsen M, Weisbjerg M, Johansen M, Hellwing A, Lund P. Effects of particle size and toasting of fava beans and forage source on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and metabolizable protein supply in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8806-8823. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hansen NP, Johansen M, Wiking L, Larsen M, Lund P, Larsen T, Weisbjerg MR. Fava beans can substitute soybean meal and rapeseed meal as protein source in diets for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5508-5521. [PMID: 33685672 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of replacing mixtures of wheat and soybean meal and wheat and rapeseed meal by toasted fava beans, and the effect of toasting fava beans on feed intake, milk yield, and composition of milk and feces were investigated using 40 Holstein cows in each of two 4 × 4 Latin square design trials conducted simultaneously. In trial 1, the 4 treatment concentrates were untreated fava beans, toasted fava beans, 42% soybean meal + 58% rolled wheat, and a 21, 29, and 50% mix of soybean meal, rolled wheat, and toasted fava beans, respectively [on dry matter (DM) basis]. In trial 2, the 4 experimental treatments were untreated fava beans, toasted fava beans, 64% rapeseed meal + 36% rolled wheat, and a 32, 18, and 50% mix of rapeseed meal, rolled wheat, and toasted fava beans, respectively (on DM basis). In each trial, 16 primiparous and 24 multiparous cows were fed the treatment concentrates as part of a partial mixed ration, of which the forage consisted of 50% corn silage and 50% grass-clover silage. Substitution of soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans did not affect total DM intake, and no linear effects were observed on milk yield or energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield. However, in trial 2, a quadratic effect was observed on milk yield when substituting rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans. In both trials, substitution of soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans increased milk lactose concentration and decreased milk protein yield and concentration of protein in milk. In both trials, fecal concentration of starch increased linearly when substituting soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans. In trial 2, fecal concentration of P decreased when substituting rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans. In situ investigations showed increased rumen undegradable protein concentration and thereby increased estimated metabolizable protein supply when toasting fava beans. However, in both trials, milk protein yield and concentration decreased when cows were fed toasted compared with untreated fava beans. Furthermore, when cows were fed toasted compared with untreated fava beans in trial 1, milk yield, ECM yield, and nitrogen efficiency decreased. We conclude that toasted fava beans could substitute soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with regard to ECM yield. However, milk protein yield decreased when substituting soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans. Compared with untreated fava beans, toasting had no positive effect on milk production and nitrogen efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - L Wiking
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - M Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - T Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Menezes ACB, Valadares Filho SC, Carneiro Pacheco MV, Pucetti P, Pereira JMV, Rotta PP, Zanetti D, Silva BC, Costa E Silva LF, Detmann E, Neville TL, Caton JS. Single point ruminal incubation times necessary to estimate rumen degradable protein content in concentrate feeds. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1686-1690. [PMID: 32704937 PMCID: PMC6999154 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara B Menezes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | | | - Pauliane Pucetti
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jéssica M V Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Polyana P Rotta
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego Zanetti
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southern Minas Gerais, Machado, Brazil
| | - Breno C Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Costa E Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edenio Detmann
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tammi L Neville
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Joel S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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Grubješić G, Titze N, Krieg J, Rodehutscord M. Determination of in situ ruminal crude protein and starch degradation values of compound feeds from single feeds. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 73:414-429. [PMID: 31342789 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1641377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows are commonly fed compound feed concentrates, whose accurate formulation relies on the additivity of ruminal degradation characteristics of single feeds, and the absence of associative effects. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the additivity of single feeds in compound feeds made thereof. Twelve single feeds were used to produce eight compound feeds in mash and pelleted form. Samples of single and compound feeds were incubated in situ in three ruminally fistulated dairy cows, and effective ruminal degradation (ED) of CP and starch (ST) was computed. The ED values of examined compound feeds could be, in most cases, accurately calculated from ED values of single feeds. Observed EDCP values were significantly lower than that calculated, but differences were overall small and not exceeded 5% points. No significant differences were observed between calculated and observed EDST. The study also examined the effects of pelleting of compound feeds on in situ degradation. Pelleting significantly increased EDCP (up to 8% points), and EDST (up to 4% points) of most compound feeds. This could have been caused by the pelleting process increasing the proportion of fine feed particles with fast disappearance from the bags. It was concluded that small associative effects between the examined single feeds could be disregarded when formulating compound feeds for dairy cows, and that additivity of EDCP and EDST can be assumed in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Grubješić
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Natascha Titze
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Jochen Krieg
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- a Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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Przybyło M, Kański J, Lasek O, Kloska A, Górka P. Effect of processing method of cereals on feed intake, eating behaviour, rumination and nutrient digestibility in nyala antelope ( Tragelaphus angasii). JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/94489/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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