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Bentan MA, Reiter ER, Costanzo RM, Coelho DH. COVID-19-related chemosensory changes: Findings from a prospective national database. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 10:97-104. [PMID: 38855288 PMCID: PMC11156681 DOI: 10.1002/wjo2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to review findings from a large prospective national database of chemosensory disturbances associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Data Sources The Virginia Commonwealth University Smell and Taste Center national database of COVID-19 chemosensory disturbances. Methods A series of online surveys, first opened on April 10, 2020, was made accessible nationwide to any adult with sudden chemosensory dysfunction since January 2020. Participants received subsequent follow-up surveys 14 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after enrollment. An additional survey was sent to all participants on May 28, 2022 to assess long-term outcomes. Information pertaining to demographics, symptoms, comorbidities, treatments, and life impact was collected. Results Of 363 participants who reported complete smell recovery, 51.2% recovered within 1 month, 70% within 3 months, and 79% within 6 months, while 8.8% took over 1 year to completely recover. Among all participants, 7.5% had no smell recovery. Positive predictors of recovery included age <40, male gender, and the presence of nasal congestion. Negative predictors included difficulty breathing and prior head injury. Many participants reported a decrease in quality of life and the presence of potential safety hazards associated with decreased smell loss. Conclusions Most subjects with COVID-19-related chemosensory dysfunction recover, with the majority noting complete recovery within weeks of infection. Those aged over 40 years and female gender were associated with lower rates of recovery. A considerable number of participants reported significant impact on quality of life and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai A. Bentan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Evan R. Reiter
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Richard M. Costanzo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Daniel H. Coelho
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmondVirginiaUSA
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Stafford LD, Nunkoosing K, Haydon-Laurelut M, Fisher M. Experiences of living without a sense of smell: Like "Being Behind Glass". PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293110. [PMID: 37856489 PMCID: PMC10586628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the paucity of research concerning the subjective experiences of those affected by anosmia. In the study, we interviewed individuals(n = 11) recruited via the charity (Fifth Sense) and used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to analyse the data. Findings revealed three main themes and seven sub themes. The main themes are Living with Anosmia; Remembrance of things old and new and Resilience. The study reveals the process of becoming aware of being anosmic and the relationships with others in this process including potentially unhelpful minimisations of the impact by professionals. In addition to a sense of isolation and insecurity, living with anosmia for some participants brought with it an identification of being 'anosmic' and feeling part of a community. This was in contrast to a general lack of public knowledge and understanding of anosmia. The findings of the study demonstrated the importance of smell to time, place and relationship and the recalling of smells as bringing a sense of connectivity to loved ones, of times past and also a sense of loss of ability. Participants also described the ways in which they coped and adapted to a life with anosmia and focused on positive aspects of life. These findings provide a rich qualitative account of the experience of anosmia. The findings point towards future research which could inform us about the lives of those who are anosmic and currently unaware and of those recently diagnosed, which will create a richer understanding of the experiences of anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo D. Stafford
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Nunkoosing
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Fisher
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Vandersteen C, Dubrulle C, Manera V, Castillo L, Payne M, Gros A. Persistent post-COVID-19 dysosmia: Practices survey of members of the French National Union of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Specialists. CROSS analysis. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2023; 140:159-163. [PMID: 37087365 PMCID: PMC10080269 DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Persistent dysosmia more than 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) is considered as long-COVID olfactory disease (LCOD). The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic management of LCOD in the daily clinical practice of members of the National Union of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Specialists (Syndicat national des médecins spécialisés en ORL et chirurgie cervico-faciale) (SNORL). The secondary objective was to identify factors influencing management within the descriptive survey data. MATERIALS AND METHODS A questionnaire was designed (GoogleForm®) and e-mailed to all 715 SNORL members in January 2022. RESULTS The response rate was 7.4% (n=53/715). In total, 94.3% of respondents (n=50) had managed LCOD cases, and 56% (n=28) used psychophysical olfactory tests. Specific olfactory medical therapy involved local corticosteroid nasal sprays in 49.1% of cases (n=26) and oral corticosteroids in 32.1% (n=17). Olfactory self-training was prescribed by 81.1% of respondents, with associated speech pathologist therapy in 15.1% (n=8) of cases. No predictive factors for specific management were identified. CONCLUSION Olfactometry is currently under-applied. Consistent with guidelines, non-drug therapy (olfactory training) is the first-line treatment for LCOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair Vandersteen
- Institut universitaire de la face et du cou, CHU, université Côte d'Azur, 31, avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France; Laboratoire CoBTeK, université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.
| | - Claire Dubrulle
- Département d'orthophonie de Nice, UFR médecine, université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Valeria Manera
- Laboratoire CoBTeK, université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Laurent Castillo
- Institut universitaire de la face et du cou, CHU, université Côte d'Azur, 31, avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Magali Payne
- Institut universitaire de la face et du cou, CHU, université Côte d'Azur, 31, avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France; Laboratoire CoBTeK, université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; Département d'orthophonie de Nice, UFR médecine, université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Auriane Gros
- Laboratoire CoBTeK, université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; Département d'orthophonie de Nice, UFR médecine, université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Yoo SH, Kim HW, Lee JH. Restoration of olfactory dysfunctions by nanomaterials and stem cells-based therapies: Current status and future perspectives. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221083414. [PMID: 35340424 PMCID: PMC8949739 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221083414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in the olfactory system of a person can have adverse effects on their health and quality of life. It can even increase mortality among individuals. Olfactory dysfunction is related to many factors, including post-viral upper respiratory infection, head trauma, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although some clinical therapies such as steroids and olfactory training are already available, their effectiveness is limited and controversial. Recent research in the field of therapeutic nanoparticles and stem cells has shown the regeneration of dysfunctional olfactory systems. Thus, we are motivated to highlight these regenerative approaches. For this, we first introduce the anatomical characteristics of the olfactory pathway, then detail various pathological factors related to olfactory dysfunctions and current treatments, and then finally discuss the recent regenerative endeavors, with particular focus on nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems and stem cells. This review offers insights into the development of future therapeutic approaches to restore and regenerate dysfunctional olfactory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hyuk Yoo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.,Cell and Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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Olofsson JK. Olfaction and Aging: A Review of the Current State of Research and Future Directions. Iperception 2021; 12:20416695211020331. [PMID: 34249327 PMCID: PMC8239976 DOI: 10.1177/20416695211020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction, the sense of smell, is characterized by a notable age-dependency such that aging individuals are more likely to have poor olfactory abilities. These impairments are considered to be mostly irreversible and as having potentially profound effects on quality of life and food behavior, as well as constituting warning signs of mortality, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. Here, we review the current state of research on aging and olfaction, focusing on five topics which we regard to be of particular relevance for the field: nutrition and health, cognition and dementia, mortality, environment and genetics, and training-based enhancement. Under each of these headlines, we provide a state-of-the-art overview and discuss gaps in our knowledge which might be filled by further research. Understanding how olfactory abilities are diminished in aging, and how they may be alleviated or recovered, involves a set of challenging tasks for researchers in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K. Olofsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Individual odor hedonic perception is coded in temporal joint network activity. Neuroimage 2021; 229:117782. [PMID: 33497777 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRO The human sense of smell is highly individual and characterized by a strong variability in the perception and evaluation of olfactory stimuli, depending on cultural imprint and current physiological conditions. Since this individual perspective has often been neglected in fMRI studies on olfactory hedonic coding, this study focuses on the neuronal activity and connectivity patterns resulting from subject-specific olfactory stimulation. METHODS Thirty-one normosmic participants took part in a fMRI block designed paradigm consisting of three olfactory stimulation sessions. The most pleasant and unpleasant odors were individually specified during a pre-test for each participant and validated in the main experiment. Mean activation and functional connectivity analysis focusing on the right and left piriform cortex were performed for the predefined olfactory regions-of-interest (ROIs) and compared between the three olfactory conditions. RESULTS Individual unpleasant olfactory stimulation as compared to pleasant or neutral did not alter mean BOLD activation in the predefined olfactory ROIs but led to a change in connectivity pattern in the right piriform cortex. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that the individual pleasantness of odors is not detectable by average BOLD magnitude changes in primary or secondary olfactory brain areas, but reflected in temporal patterns of joint activation that create a network between the right piriform cortex, the left insular cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, and the precentral gyrus. This network may serve the evolutionary defense mechanism of olfaction by preparing goal-directed action.
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Abstract
Despite garnering minimal attention from the medical community overall, olfaction is indisputably critical in the manner in which we as humans interact with our surrounding environment. As the initial anatomical structure in the olfactory pathway, the nasal airway plays a crucial role in the transmission and perception of olfactory stimuli. The goal of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of olfactory disturbances as it pertains to the sinonasal airway. This comprises an in-depth discussion of clinically relevant nasal olfactory anatomy and physiology, classification systems of olfactory disturbance, as well as the various etiologies and pathophysiologic mechanisms giving rise to this important disease entity. A systematic clinical approach to the diagnosis and clinical workup of olfactory disturbances is also provided in addition to an extensive review of the medical and surgical therapeutic modalities currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S. Schwartz
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bobby A. Tajudeen
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David W. Kennedy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Correspondence to: David W. Kennedy, M.D., Department of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St Ravdin 5, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. Tel: +1-215-662-6971, Fax: +1215-349-5977
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Fornazieri MA, Doty RL, Bezerra TFP, de Rezende Pinna F, Costa FO, Voegels RL, Silveira-Moriyama L. Relationship of socioeconomic status to olfactory function. Physiol Behav 2018; 198:84-89. [PMID: 30336228 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Socioeconomic status can significantly impact health. To what degree education and other socioeconomic factors influence the chemical sense of olfaction is not clear. Most studies that have assessed such influences come from countries lacking large disparities in education and income and generally view such measures as nuisance variables to be controlled for statistically. In this study, we evaluated the influences of education and income on odor identification in a diverse sample of subjects from Brazil, a society where large disparities in both income and education are present. The 40-item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was administered to 1572 healthy Brazilian citizens with no self-reported olfactory or gustatory deficits and for whom detailed socioeconomic and educational status data were obtained. Univariate and multivariate models were employed to examine the influence of socioeconomic status on the test scores. After controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, and smoking behavior, income and educational level were positively and independently related to the olfactory test scores (respective ps < 0.001 & 0.01). Both linear and quadratic functions described the relationship between the UPSIT scores and the levels of education and socioeconomic status. Individuals of lower socioeconomic status performed significantly worse than those of higher socioeconomic status on 20 of the 40 odorant items. This study demonstrates socioeconomic status is significantly associated with influence the ability to identify odors. The degree to which this reflects differential exposures to xenobiotic agents, cultural differences, familiarity with odors or their names, cognitive development, or other factors requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio Fornazieri
- Department of Surgery, Londrina State University and Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Test Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Brazil
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Choi WR, Jeong HY, Kim JH. Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018; 8:1481-1485. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.22186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo Ri Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Yeong Jeong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Heui Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; Seoul Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The olfactory system is one of a few areas in the nervous system which is capable of regeneration throughout the life. Olfactory sensory neurons reside in the nasal cavity are continuously replenished with new neurons arising from stem cells. Some factors such as aging, neurodegenerative diseases, head trauma, brain tumor extraction and infection cause olfactory dysfunction which significantly influences physical wellbeing, quality of life, mental health, nutritional status, memory processes, identifying danger and is associated with increased mortality. Therefore, finding a treatment to improve olfactory dysfunction is needed. Recent research efforts in the field have shown some very promising new approaches to treat olfactory dysfunction. This review explores the current studies that have addressed therapeutic approaches to improve olfactory neuron regeneration based on cell transplantation therapy, modulation of physiological olfactory dysfunction and drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Beecher
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology; Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Keller A, Malaspina D. Hidden consequences of olfactory dysfunction: a patient report series. BMC EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT DISORDERS 2013; 13:8. [PMID: 23875929 PMCID: PMC3733708 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6815-13-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The negative consequences of olfactory dysfunction for the quality of life are not widely appreciated and the condition is therefore often ignored or trivialized. METHODS 1,000 patients with olfactory dysfunction participated in an online study by submitting accounts of their subjective experiences of how they have been affected by their condition. In addition, they were given the chance to answer 43 specific questions about the consequences of their olfactory dysfunction. RESULTS Although there are less practical problems associated with impaired or distorted odor perception than with impairments in visual or auditory perception, many affected individuals report experiencing olfactory dysfunction as a debilitating condition. Smell loss-induced social isolation and smell loss-induced anhedonia can severely affect quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Olfactory dysfunction is a serious condition for those affected by it and it deserves more attention from doctors who treat affected patients as well as from scientist who research treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Keller
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Creedmoor Psychiatric Center, New York State Office of Mental Health, New York, NY, USA
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Croy I, Buschhüter D, Seo HS, Negoias S, Hummel T. Individual significance of olfaction: development of a questionnaire. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009; 267:67-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-009-1054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chabot O. Une notoriété et des consultations « électroniques » en progression accompagnent les exigences du comité de rédaction de La Presse Médicale. Presse Med 2008; 37:1187-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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