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Lennox L, Lambe K, Hindocha CN, Coronini-Cronberg S. What health inequalities exist in access to, outcomes from and experience of treatment for lung cancer? A scoping review. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e077610. [PMID: 37918927 PMCID: PMC10626811 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer (LC) continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and while there have been significant improvements in overall survival, this gain is not equally distributed. To address health inequalities (HIs), it is vital to identify whether and where they exist. This paper reviews existing literature on what HIs impact LC care and where these manifest on the care pathway. DESIGN A systematic scoping review based on Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage framework. DATA SOURCES Multiple databases (EMBASE, HMIC, Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed) were used to retrieve articles. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Search limits were set to retrieve articles published between January 2012 and April 2022. Papers examining LC along with domains of HI were included. Two authors screened papers and independently assessed full texts. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS HIs were categorised according to: (a) HI domains: Protected Characteristics (PC); Socioeconomic and Deprivation Factors (SDF); Geographical Region (GR); Vulnerable or Socially Excluded Groups (VSG); and (b) where on the LC pathway (access to, outcomes from, experience of care) inequalities manifest. Data were extracted by two authors and collated in a spreadsheet for structured analysis and interpretation. RESULTS 41 papers were included. The most studied domain was PC (32/41), followed by SDF (19/41), GR (18/41) and VSG (13/41). Most studies investigated differences in access (31/41) or outcomes (27/41), with few (4/41) exploring experience inequalities. Evidence showed race, rural residence and being part of a VSG impacted the access to LC diagnosis, treatment and supportive care. Additionally, rural residence, older age or male sex negatively impacted survival and mortality. The relationship between outcomes and other factors (eg, race, deprivation) showed mixed results. CONCLUSIONS Findings offer an opportunity to reflect on the understanding of HIs in LC care and provide a platform to consider targeted efforts to improve equity of access, outcomes and experience for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lennox
- Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Northwest London, London, UK
| | - Kate Lambe
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Chandni N Hindocha
- Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Northwest London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Coronini-Cronberg
- Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Northwest London, London, UK
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- West London NHS Trust, London, UK
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2
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Jaitly J, Mavilakandy A, Naeem M, Reddy RV, Goodman L, Johnson N, Frost M, Tsaknis G. Lung cancer recovery focus post pandemic: an income-deprived area paradigm. Clin Med (Lond) 2023; 23:38-44. [PMID: 36697004 PMCID: PMC11046512 DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2022-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
'Stage shift' has been proposed as a marker of impact of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in lung cancer services; however, there are no data available specifically from income-deprived areas. Thus, this study evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lung cancer care in our area (Corby; among the most income deprived in England) and identified focus recovery areas. The study was a retrospective observational study of 668 consecutive patients with lung cancer at a district general hospital, pre-, during and after the COVID peak. Outcomes were the overall number of cases, presenting staging and treatment pathway. Overall, 32 fewer patients were diagnosed during the pandemic, with more inpatient diagnoses (p=0.01) and fewer primary care referrals (p<0.0001). There were no differences observed in treatment intent or 'stage shift'. Our results suggest that COVID-19 negatively affected the whole lung cancer pathway in our area. However, 'stage shift' might not be ideal to assess the impact of COVID-19 in income-deprived areas. Further studies will help the strategic rollout of a screening programme to identify patients with lung cancer earlier on in such areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Jaitly
- Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, UK
| | | | - Muhammad Naeem
- Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, UK
| | - Raja V Reddy
- Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, UK
| | - Laura Goodman
- Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, UK
| | - Natalie Johnson
- Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, UK
| | - Melissa Frost
- Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, UK
| | - George Tsaknis
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, and consultant in respiratory medicine, Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, UK
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3
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Early-stage lung cancer associated with higher frequency of chest x-ray up to three years prior to diagnosis. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2022; 23:e66. [PMID: 36321523 PMCID: PMC9641667 DOI: 10.1017/s1463423622000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Symptom awareness campaigns have contributed to improved early detection of lung cancer. Previous research suggests that this may have been achieved partly by diagnosing lung cancer in those who were not experiencing symptoms of their cancer. This study aimed to explore the relationship between frequency of chest x-ray in the three years prior to diagnosis and stage at diagnosis. SETTINGS Lung cancer service in a UK teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS Patients diagnosed with lung cancer between 2010 and 2013 were identified. The number of chest x-rays for each patient in the three years prior to diagnosis was recorded. Statistical analysis of chest x-ray frequency comparing patients with early- and late-stage disease was performed. RESULTS One-thousand seven-hundred fifty patients were included - 589 (33.7%) with stage I/II and 1,161 (66.3%) with stage III/IV disease. All patients had at least one chest x-ray in the six months prior to diagnosis. Those with early-stage disease had more chest x-rays in this period (1.32 vs 1.15 radiographs per patient, P = 0.009). In the period 36 months to six months prior to lung cancer diagnosis, this disparity was even greater (1.70 vs 0.92, radiographs per patient, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increased rates of chest x-ray are likely to contribute to earlier detection. Given the known symptom lead time many patients diagnosed through chest x-ray may not have been experiencing symptoms caused by their cancer. The number of chest x-rays performed could reflect patient and/or clinician behaviours in response to symptoms.
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4
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Bright CJ, Gildea C, Lai J, Elliss-Brookes L, Lyratzopoulos G. Does geodemographic segmentation explain differences in route of cancer diagnosis above and beyond person-level sociodemographic variables? J Public Health (Oxf) 2021; 43:797-805. [PMID: 32785586 PMCID: PMC8677448 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency diagnosis of cancer is associated with poorer short-term survival and may reflect delayed help-seeking. Optimal targeting of interventions to raise awareness of cancer symptoms is therefore needed. METHODS We examined the risk of emergency presentation of lung and colorectal cancer (diagnosed in 2016 in England). By cancer site, we used logistic regression (outcome emergency/non-emergency presentation) adjusting for patient-level variables (age, sex, deprivation and ethnicity) with/without adjustment for geodemographic segmentation (Mosaic) group. RESULTS Analysis included 36 194 and 32 984 patients with lung and colorectal cancer. Greater levels of deprivation were strongly associated with greater odds of emergency presentation, even after adjustment for Mosaic group, which nonetheless attenuated associations (odds ratio [OR] most/least deprived group = 1.67 adjusted [model excluding Mosaic], 1.28 adjusted [model including Mosaic], P < 0.001 for both, for colorectal; respective OR values of 1.42 and 1.18 for lung, P < 0.001 for both). Similar findings were observed for increasing age. There was large variation in risk of emergency presentation between Mosaic groups (crude OR for highest/lowest risk group = 2.30, adjusted OR = 1.89, for colorectal; respective values of 1.59 and1.66 for lung). CONCLUSION Variation in risk of emergency presentation in cancer patients can be explained by geodemography, additional to deprivation group and age. The findings support proof of concept for public health interventions targeting all the examined attributes, including geodemography.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Bright
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS), Public Health England, Wellington House, London SE1 8UG, UK
| | - C Gildea
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS), Public Health England, Wellington House, London SE1 8UG, UK
| | - J Lai
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS), Public Health England, Wellington House, London SE1 8UG, UK
| | - L Elliss-Brookes
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS), Public Health England, Wellington House, London SE1 8UG, UK
| | - G Lyratzopoulos
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service (NCRAS), Public Health England, Wellington House, London SE1 8UG, UK
- Epidemiology of Cancer Healthcare and Outcomes (ECHO) Group, Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care (IEHC), University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 7HB, UK
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5
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Pompili C, Dalmia S, McLennan Battleday F, Rogers Z, Absolom K, Bekker H, Franks K, Brunelli A, Velikova G. Factors influencing patient satisfaction after treatments for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 148:2447-2454. [PMID: 34515847 PMCID: PMC9349300 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Patient-reported outcome measures, including satisfaction with treatment decisions, provide important information in addition to clinical outcomes, survival and decision-making in lung cancer surgery. We investigated associations between preoperative clinical and socio-demographic factors and patient-reported satisfaction 6 weeks after radical treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods We conducted a sub-group analysis of the prospective observational longitudinal study of 225 participants in two treatment groups—surgical (VATS) and radiotherapy (SABR). The Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire-18 (PSQ-18) was used to measure patient satisfaction 6 weeks after treatment. Clinical variables, Index of Multiple Deprivation decile and Decision self-efficacy scores were used in regression analysis. Variables with a p level < 0.1 were used as independent predictors in generalised linear logistic regression analyses. Results As expected, the two groups differed in pre-treatment clinical features. The SABR group experienced more grade 1–2 complications than the VATS group. No differences were found between the groups in any subscale of the PSQ-18 questionnaire. Patients experiencing complications or living in more deprived areas were more satisfied with care. Properative factors independently associated with patient satisfaction were the efficacy in decision-making and age. Conclusion We showed that efficacy in treatment decision-making and age was the sole predictor of patient satisfaction with their care after radical treatment for early-stage NSCLC. Patients from more deprived areas and patients who suffered complications reported greater subsequent satisfaction. Involving patients in their care may improve satisfaction after treatment for early-stage NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pompili
- Section of Patient Centred Outcomes Research, Leeds Institute for Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
- Bexley Wing, St. James' Institute of Oncology, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
| | | | - Finn McLennan Battleday
- Section of Patient Centred Outcomes Research, Leeds Institute for Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Zoe Rogers
- Section of Patient Centred Outcomes Research, Leeds Institute for Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kate Absolom
- Section of Patient Centred Outcomes Research, Leeds Institute for Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK
| | - Hilary Bekker
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, Leeds, LS2 9NL, UK
| | | | | | - Galina Velikova
- Section of Patient Centred Outcomes Research, Leeds Institute for Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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6
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Barclay ME, Abel GA, Greenberg DC, Rous B, Lyratzopoulos G. Socio-demographic variation in stage at diagnosis of breast, bladder, colon, endometrial, lung, melanoma, prostate, rectal, renal and ovarian cancer in England and its population impact. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1320-1329. [PMID: 33564123 PMCID: PMC8007585 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stage at diagnosis strongly predicts cancer survival and understanding related inequalities could guide interventions. METHODS We analysed incident cases diagnosed with 10 solid tumours included in the UK government target of 75% of patients diagnosed in TNM stage I/II by 2028. We examined socio-demographic differences in diagnosis at stage III/IV vs. I/II. Multiple imputation was used for missing stage at diagnosis (9% of tumours). RESULTS Of the 202,001 cases, 57% were diagnosed in stage I/II (an absolute 18% 'gap' from the 75% target). The likelihood of diagnosis at stage III/IV increased in older age, though variably by cancer site, being strongest for prostate and endometrial cancer. Increasing level of deprivation was associated with advanced stage at diagnosis for all sites except lung and renal cancer. There were, inconsistent in direction, sex inequalities for four cancers. Eliminating socio-demographic inequalities would translate to 61% of patients with the 10 studied cancers being diagnosed at stage I/II, reducing the gap from target to 14%. CONCLUSIONS Potential elimination of socio-demographic inequalities in stage at diagnosis would make a substantial, though partial, contribution to achieving stage shift targets. Earlier diagnosis strategies should additionally focus on the whole population and not only the high-risk socio-demographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Barclay
- The Healthcare Improvement Studies (THIS) Institute, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Epidemiology of Cancer Healthcare and Outcomes (ECHO) Research Group, Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - G A Abel
- University of Exeter Medical School (Primary Care), Exeter, UK
| | - David C Greenberg
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - B Rous
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - G Lyratzopoulos
- The Healthcare Improvement Studies (THIS) Institute, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Epidemiology of Cancer Healthcare and Outcomes (ECHO) Research Group, Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK.
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, Public Health England, London, UK.
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7
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Malhotra C, Harding R, Teo I, Ozdemir S, Koh GCH, Neo P, Lee LH, Kanesvaran R, Finkelstein E. Financial difficulties are associated with greater total pain and suffering among patients with advanced cancer: results from the COMPASS study. Support Care Cancer 2019; 28:3781-3789. [PMID: 31832824 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-05208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Universal Health Coverage goals call for access to affordable palliative care to reduce inequities in "total pain" and suffering. To achieve this, a patient-centred understanding of these inequities is required. AIM To assess association of total pain and suffering (i.e. physical, psychological, social, and spiritual health outcomes) and perceived health care quality with financial difficulties among stage IV solid malignancy patients. DESIGN Using baseline data from the COMPASS cohort study, we assessed total pain and suffering including physical (physical and functional well-being, pain, symptom burden), psychological (anxiety, depression, emotional well-being), social (social well-being), and spiritual (spiritual well-being, hope) outcomes and perceived health care quality (physician communication, nursing care, and coordination/responsiveness). Financial difficulties were scored by assessing patient perception of the extent to which their resources were meeting expenses for their treatments, daily living, and other obligations. We used multivariable linear/logistic regression to test association between financial difficulties and each patient-reported outcome. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Six hundred stage IV solid malignancy patients in Singapore. RESULTS Thirty-five percent reported difficulty in meeting expenses. A higher financial difficulties score was associated with worse physical, psychological, social, spiritual outcomes, and lower perceived quality of health care coordination and responsiveness (i.e. greater total pain and suffering) (all p < 0.05). These associations persisted after adjustment for socio-economic indicators. CONCLUSION Results identify advanced cancer patients with financial difficulties to be a vulnerable group with greater reported total pain and suffering. A holistic patient-centred approach to care at end-of-life may help meet goals for Universal Health Coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Malhotra
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Richard Harding
- Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Teo
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Semra Ozdemir
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gerald C H Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia Neo
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lai Heng Lee
- Department of Haematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Eric Finkelstein
- Lien Centre for Palliative Care, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.,Program in Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Finke I, Behrens G, Weisser L, Brenner H, Jansen L. Socioeconomic Differences and Lung Cancer Survival-Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:536. [PMID: 30542641 PMCID: PMC6277796 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The impact of socioeconomic differences on cancer survival has been investigated for several cancer types showing lower cancer survival in patients from lower socioeconomic groups. However, little is known about the relation between the strength of association and the level of adjustment and level of aggregation of the socioeconomic status measure. Here, we conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the association of individual and area-based measures of socioeconomic status with lung cancer survival. Methods: In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, we searched for studies on socioeconomic differences in lung cancer survival in four electronic databases. A study was included if it reported a measure of survival in relation to education, income, occupation, or composite measures (indices). If possible, meta-analyses were conducted for studies reporting on individual and area-based socioeconomic measures. Results: We included 94 studies in the review, of which 23 measured socioeconomic status on an individual level and 71 on an area-based level. Seventeen studies were eligible to be included in the meta-analyses. The meta-analyses revealed a poorer prognosis for patients with low individual income (pooled hazard ratio: 1.13, 95 % confidence interval: 1.08–1.19, reference: high income), but not for individual education. Group comparisons for hazard ratios of area-based studies indicated a poorer prognosis for lower socioeconomic groups, irrespective of the socioeconomic measure. In most studies, reported 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates across socioeconomic status groups showed decreasing rates with decreasing socioeconomic status for both individual and area-based measures. We cannot confirm a consistent relationship between level of aggregation and effect size, however, comparability across studies was hampered by heterogeneous reporting of socioeconomic status and survival measures. Only eight studies considered smoking status in the analysis. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a weak positive association between individual income and lung cancer survival. Studies reporting on socioeconomic differences in lung cancer survival should consider including smoking status of the patients in their analysis and to stratify by relevant prognostic factors to further explore the reasons for socioeconomic differences. A common definition for socioeconomic status measures is desirable to further enhance comparisons between nations and across different levels of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Finke
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gundula Behrens
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Linda Weisser
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lina Jansen
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Forrest LF, Sowden S, Rubin G, White M, Adams J. Socio-economic inequalities in stage at diagnosis, and in time intervals on the lung cancer pathway from first symptom to treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2016; 72:430-436. [PMID: 27682330 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer diagnosis at an early stage increases the chance of curative treatment and of survival. It has been suggested that delays on the pathway from first symptom to diagnosis and treatment may be socio-economically patterned, and contribute to socio-economic differences in receipt of treatment and in cancer survival. This review aimed to assess the published evidence for socio-economic inequalities in stage at diagnosis of lung cancer, and in the length of time spent on the lung cancer pathway. MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases were searched to locate cohort studies of adults with a primary diagnosis of lung cancer, where the outcome was stage at diagnosis or the length of time spent within an interval on the care pathway, or a suitable proxy measure, analysed according to a measure of socio-economic position. Meta-analysis was undertaken when there were studies available with suitable data. Of the 461 records screened, 39 papers were included in the review (20 from the UK) and seven in a final meta-analysis for stage at diagnosis. There was no evidence of socio-economic inequalities in late stage at diagnosis in the most, compared with the least, deprived group (OR=1.04, 95% CI=0.92 to 1.19). No socio-economic inequalities in the patient interval or in time from diagnosis to treatment were found. Socio-economic inequalities in stage at diagnosis are thought to be an important explanatory factor for survival inequalities in cancer. However, socio-economic inequalities in stage at diagnosis were not found in a meta-analysis for lung cancer. PROSPERO PROTOCOL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42014007145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne F Forrest
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Sowden
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Greg Rubin
- Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Wolfson Research Institute, Durham University, Queen's Campus, Stockton on Tees, UK
| | - Martin White
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedicine Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jean Adams
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedicine Campus, Cambridge, UK
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10
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Niksic M, Rachet B, Duffy SW, Quaresma M, Møller H, Forbes LJL. Is cancer survival associated with cancer symptom awareness and barriers to seeking medical help in England? An ecological study. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:876-86. [PMID: 27537388 PMCID: PMC5046204 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campaigns aimed at raising cancer awareness and encouraging early presentation have been implemented in England. However, little is known about whether people with low cancer awareness and increased barriers to seeking medical help have worse cancer survival, and whether there is a geographical variation in cancer awareness and barriers in England. METHODS From population-based surveys (n=35 308), using the Cancer Research UK Cancer Awareness Measure, we calculated the age- and sex-standardised symptom awareness and barriers scores for 52 primary care trusts (PCTs). These measures were evaluated in relation to the sex-, age-, and type of cancer-standardised cancer survival index of the corresponding PCT, from the National Cancer Registry, using linear regression. Breast, lung, and bowel cancer survival were analysed separately. RESULTS Cancer symptom awareness and barriers scores varied greatly between geographical regions in England, with the worst scores observed in socioeconomically deprived parts of East London. Low cancer awareness score was associated with poor cancer survival at PCT level (estimated slope=1.56, 95% CI: 0.56; 2.57). The barriers score was not associated with overall cancer survival, but it was associated with breast cancer survival (estimated slope=-0.66, 95% CI: -1.20; -0.11). Specific barriers, such as embarrassment and difficulties in arranging transport to the doctor's surgery, were associated with worse breast cancer survival. CONCLUSIONS Cancer symptom awareness and cancer survival are associated. Campaigns should focus on improving awareness about cancer symptoms, especially in socioeconomically deprived areas. Efforts should be made to alleviate barriers to seeking medical help in women with symptoms of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Niksic
- Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health, Cancer Studies Research Division, King's College London, Bermondsey Wing, 3rd floor, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Bernard Rachet
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Stephen W Duffy
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Manuela Quaresma
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Henrik Møller
- Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health, Cancer Studies Research Division, King's College London, Bermondsey Wing, 3rd floor, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Lindsay JL Forbes
- Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health, Cancer Studies Research Division, King's College London, Bermondsey Wing, 3rd floor, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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11
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Wiggans MG, Shahtahmassebi G, Aroori S, Bowles MJ, Stell DA. Socioeconomic status influences the likelihood but not the outcome of liver resection for colorectal liver metastasis. HPB (Oxford) 2015; 17:150-8. [PMID: 24992178 PMCID: PMC4299389 DOI: 10.1111/hpb.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the socioeconomic profile of patients undergoing liver resection for colorectal liver metastasis (CLM) in a regional hepatopancreatobiliary unit with that of the local population. A further aim was to determine if degree of deprivation is associated with tumour recurrence after resection. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing liver resection for CLM was performed. Geodemographic segmentation was used to divide the population into five categories of socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS During a 7-year period, 303 patients underwent resection for CLM. The proportion of these patients in the two least deprived categories of SES was greater than that of the local population (50.2% versus 40.2%) and the proportion in the two most deprived categories was lower (18.3% versus 30.1%) (P < 0.001). There was no difference in recurrence rate (P = 0.867) or disease-free survival among categories of SES (P = 0.913). Multivariate analysis demonstrated no association between SES and tumour recurrence (P = 0.700). CONCLUSIONS Liver resection for CLM is performed more commonly among the least socioeconomically deprived population than among the most deprived. However, degree of deprivation was not associated with tumour recurrence after resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Wiggans
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Plymouth Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Derriford HospitalPlymouth, UK,Department of Medicine, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth UniversityPlymouth, UK,Correspondence, Matthew G. Wiggans, Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Derriford Hospital, Derriford Road, Plymouth PL6 8DH, UK. Tel: +44 1752 431486. Fax: +44 845 155 8235. E-mail:
| | - Golnaz Shahtahmassebi
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent UniversityNottingham, UK
| | - Somaiah Aroori
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Plymouth Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Derriford HospitalPlymouth, UK
| | - Matthew J Bowles
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Plymouth Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Derriford HospitalPlymouth, UK
| | - David A Stell
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Plymouth Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Derriford HospitalPlymouth, UK,Department of Medicine, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth UniversityPlymouth, UK
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Chatwin J, Povey A, Kennedy A, Frank T, Firth A, Booton R, Barber P, Sanders C. The mediation of social influences on smoking cessation and awareness of the early signs of lung cancer. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1043. [PMID: 25293382 PMCID: PMC4209024 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst there has been no clear consensus on the potential for earlier diagnosis of lung cancer, recent research has suggested that the time between symptom onset and consultation can be long enough to plausibly affect prognosis. In this article, we present findings from a qualitative study involving in-depth interviews with patients who had been diagnosed with lung cancer (n = 11), and people who were at heightened risk of developing the disease (n = 14). METHODS A grounded theory methodology was drawn upon to conduct thematic and narrative based approaches to analysis. RESULTS The paper focuses on three main themes which emerged from the study: i) fatalism and resignation in pathways to help-seeking and the process of diagnosis; ii) Awareness of smoking risk and response to cessation information and advice. iii) The role of social and other networks on help-seeking. Key findings included: poor awareness among participants of the symptoms of lung cancer; ambivalence about the dangers of smoking; the perception of lung cancer as part of a homogenisation of multiple illnesses; close social networks as a key trigger in help-seeking. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that future smoking cessation and lung cancer awareness campaigns could usefully capitalise on the influence of close social networks, and would benefit from taking a 'softer' approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chatwin
- School of Nursing, Midwifery, Social Work & Social Sciences, University of Salford UK, Allerton Building, Salford M6 6PU, UK.
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Johnson AM, Hines RB, Johnson JA, Bayakly AR. Treatment and survival disparities in lung cancer: the effect of social environment and place of residence. Lung Cancer 2014; 83:401-7. [PMID: 24491311 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to measure the extent to which geographic residency status and the social environment are associated with disease stage at diagnosis, receipt of treatment, and five-year survival for patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS AND MATERIALS This study was a retrospective cohort study of the Georgia Comprehensive Cancer Registry (GCCR) for incident cases of NSCLC diagnosed in the state. Multilevel logistic models were employed for five outcome variables: unstaged and late stage disease at diagnosis; receipt of treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation); and survival following diagnosis. The social and geographical variables of interest were census tract (CT) poverty level, CT-level educational attainment, and CT-level geographic residency status. RESULTS Compared to urban residents, rural and suburban residents had increased odds of unstaged disease (suburban OR=1.23, 95% CI: 1.11-1.37; rural OR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.45-1.83). In this study, rural participants had lower odds of receiving radiotherapy (OR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.82-0.96) and chemotherapy (OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.85-0.99). Living in CTs with lower educational levels was associated with decreasing odds of receiving both surgery (lowest educational level OR=0.67, 95% CI: 0.59-0.75) and chemotherapy (lowest educational level OR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.68-0.81). Living in areas with higher concentration of deprivation (high level of deprivation HR=1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.09) and lower levels of education (lowest educational level HR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.07-1.17) was associated with poorer survival. Rural residents did not show poorer survival when treatment was controlled and they even presented a lower risk of death for early stage disease (HR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.82-0.99). CONCLUSION This study concludes that where NSCLC patients live can, to some extent, explain treatment and prognostic disparities. Public health practitioners and policy makers should be cognizant of the importance of where people live and shift their efforts to improve lung cancer outcomes in rural areas and neighborhoods with concentrated poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asal Mohamadi Johnson
- Georigia Southern University, Center for International Studies, United States; Georgia Southern University, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, United States.
| | - Robert B Hines
- University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, United States
| | - James Allen Johnson
- Georgia Southern University, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, United States
| | - A Rana Bayakly
- Georgia Department of Public Health, Georgia Comprehensive Cancer Registry, United States
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