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Abker AM, Xia Z, Hu G, Fu X, Zhang Y, Jin Y, Ma M, Fu X. Using salted egg white in steamed bread: Impact on functional and structural characteristics. Food Chem 2024; 454:139609. [PMID: 38795615 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Steamed bread has long been an important part of Chinese cuisine. This study investigated the effects of salted egg white (SEW) (5, 10, 15, and 20% w/w) on the quality of steamed breads. Findings revealed that SEW notably enhanced the bread's volume and texture, with a 20% inclusion significantly boosting water retention and rheological properties, albeit reducing bread's lightness. In addition, the H-bond absorption band intensity in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed increased peak intensities with higher SEW levels, indicative of protein structure alterations. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of an amylose-lipid complex. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) imaging depicted a smooth, consistent protein network with SEW addition. Consumer sensory evaluation responded favourably to the SEW15 steamed bread, suggesting its potential for food industry application. Overall, the study considers SEW an effective ingredient for improving steamed bread quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil M Abker
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Institute for Agro-Industries, Industrial Research and Consultancy Centre (IRCC), Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Zhijun Xia
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Gan Hu
- Institute for Egg Science and Technology, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Xiaowen Fu
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yongguo Jin
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Meihu Ma
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xing Fu
- National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Hosseininejad S, Larrea V, Moraga G, Hernando I. Evaluation of the Bioactive Compounds, and Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Gluten-Free Muffins Enriched with Persimmon 'Rojo Brillante' Flour. Foods 2022; 11:3357. [PMID: 36359969 PMCID: PMC9655860 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the nutritional need of patients with celiac disease, producing quality gluten-free diet food is important. This study evaluated the use of persimmon flour on the properties of muffins. Persimmon flour obtained from the astringent variety 'Rojo Brillante', which is often discarded due to its characteristic astringency, was added to muffins replacing corn flour (10%, 20%, and 30%). Despite the height differences between the control muffin and the muffins with persimmon flour, similar mechanical parameters were obtained. As the percentage of persimmon flour increased, the muffin color was darker, turning toward a more reddish hue, mainly because of the intensification of nonenzymatic browning reactions. The sensory results showed high scores for taste attributes, the texture attributes were similar to the control, and astringency was hardly detected when persimmon flour was used. The content of tannins and carotenoids and their antioxidant activity increased significantly with an increasing amount of persimmon flour. After in vitro digestion, high recovery index values of soluble tannins and carotenoids were obtained in muffins with added persimmon flour. This study shows that the use of persimmon flour as a functional ingredient offers an opportunity to develop quality gluten-free muffins that reduce agricultural losses. Astringent varieties can be used, without applying a de-astringency treatment, as the astringency is removed during muffin baking due to tannins' insolubilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Hernando
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46021 Valencia, Spain
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3
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Gómez M. Gluten-free bakery products: Ingredients and processes. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2022; 99:189-238. [PMID: 35595394 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for gluten-free products around the world because certain groups of people, which have increased in the last decades, need to eliminate gluten from their diet. A growing number of people consider gluten-free products to be healthier. However, making gluten-free products such as bread is a technological challenge due to the important role of the gluten network in their development. However, other products, such as cakes and cookies usually made with wheat flour, can easily be made with gluten-free starches or flours since gluten does not play an essential role in their production. To replace wheat flour in these elaborations it is necessary to resort to gluten-free starches and/or flours and to gluten substitutes. Additionally, it can be convenient to incorporate other ingredients such as proteins, fibers, sugars or oils, as well as to modify their quantities in wheat flour formulations. Regarding gluten-free flours, it will also be necessary to know the parameters that influence their functionality in order to obtain regular products. These problems have originated a lower availability of gluten-free products which have a worse texture and are less tasty and more expensive than their homologues with gluten. These problems have been partially solved thanks to research on these types of products, their ingredients and their production methods. In recent years, studies about the nutritional improvement of these products have increased. This chapter delves into the main ingredients used in the production of gluten-free products, the processes for making gluten-free breads, cakes and cookies, and the nutritional quality of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gómez
- Food Technology Area, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain.
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4
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Zhang B, Qiao D, Zhao S, Lin Q, Wang J, Xie F. Starch-based food matrices containing protein: Recent understanding of morphology, structure, and properties. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Guyomarc'h F, Arvisenet G, Bouhallab S, Canon F, Deutsch SM, Drigon V, Dupont D, Famelart MH, Garric G, Guédon E, Guyot T, Hiolle M, Jan G, Le Loir Y, Lechevalier V, Nau F, Pezennec S, Thierry A, Valence F, Gagnaire V. Mixing milk, egg and plant resources to obtain safe and tasty foods with environmental and health benefits. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Imamura M, Ito S, Arai E. Effects of different types of hydrocolloids on the quality improvement of gluten-free rice flour bread made with soymilk. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.27.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mana Imamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Seiko Ito
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Eiko Arai
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Ito S, Arai E. Improvement of gluten-free steamed bread quality by partial substitution of rice flour with powder of Apios americana tuber. Food Chem 2020; 337:127977. [PMID: 32919271 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of powder made from tubers of the legume Apios americana (Apios) as a rice flour substitute in the making of gluten-free steamed bread. The carbohydrates of Apios powder were mainly starch and sucrose, and included legume-specific raffinose and stachyose. Apios powder contained almost no α-amylase but had a high level of β-amylase activity. Substitution of rice flour with Apios powder delayed the hardening of bread on storage and helped to maintain cohesiveness. Apios powder-substituted bread had higher maltose content than unsubstituted control bread due to β-amylase activity in the Apios powder. Bread substituted with 10% Apios powder had a significantly higher degree of gelatinization than the control even after storage, most likely due to lower amounts of recrystallized amylose as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. These results demonstrate Apios powder as promising a new food ingredient for improving the quality of gluten-free rice bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Ito
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Eiko Arai
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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8
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Insight into protein-starch ratio on the gelatinization and retrogradation characteristics of reconstituted rice flour. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:524-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
The population of Americans suffering from celiac, gluten intolerance, and wheat allergy is 1 in every 14 people. Also, many are choosing gluten-free (GF) diets nowadays because of the perception that it is a healthier option for them. Therefore, in the last decade, the GF market in the US and all over the world has seen significant growth. Globally, GF product sales reached 4.63 billion USD in 2017, and are expected to reach 6.47 billion USD by 2023, a projected compound annual growth rate of 7.6%. Several grains like millet, corn, sorghum, and pseudocereals like amaranth, quinoa, and teff are the main ingredients for a gluten diet. Though most of them have a comparable nutrient profile as common grains, the main challenge to their acceptability is the quality departure from gluten-containing counterparts and imbalance nutrients that ensue when food processing aids like starch, gums, and enzymes are used. In this review, we profiled some of the common grains, their characteristics, functionality and the various food types they are used for. We also reviewed the impact of some of the current food processing aids like starch, hydrocolloids used for improving functionality, and processing techniques like extrusion suitable for making remarkable GF foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Woomer
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Akinbode A Adedeji
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Sahagún M, Benavent-Gil Y, Rosell CM, Gómez M. Modulation of in vitro digestibility and physical characteristics of protein enriched gluten free breads by defining hydration. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sahagún M, Gómez M. The effect of different protein addition on the rheological, physical and sensory characteristics of extruded maize‐based purees. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sahagún
- Food Technology Area College of Agricultural Engineering University of Valladolid 34071 Palencia Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez
- Food Technology Area College of Agricultural Engineering University of Valladolid 34071 Palencia Spain
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12
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Assessing the Importance of Protein Interactions and Hydration Level on Protein-Enriched Gluten-Free Breads: a Novel Approach. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Nitta Y, Yoshimura Y, Ganeko N, Ito H, Okushima N, Kitagawa M, Nishinari K. Utilization of Ca2+-induced setting of alginate or low methoxyl pectin for noodle production from Japonica rice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sahagún M, Gómez M. Influence of protein source on characteristics and quality of gluten-free cookies. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 55:4131-4138. [PMID: 30228411 PMCID: PMC6133865 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are essential nutrients in the diet, with the recommended amount of daily protein consumption varying for people with different health status and activity level. Cookies could be an adequate carrier of proteins because of their great acceptability. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of flour substitution with different types of protein (pea, potato, egg white and whey) in gluten-free cookies. Hydration properties, dough rheology, cookie characteristics (protein content, dimensions, texture) and sensory acceptability were studied. The hydration properties of mixtures with protein were lower than the control, with the exception of pea protein. As for results from rheological analysis, G' and G″ values for pea and potato protein were similar to the control, while egg white and whey protein had lower values. Addition of egg white and whey protein respectively, produced harder and wider cookies. The addition of potato protein yielded cookies with darker edges, however, pea protein did not lead to any significant change in cookie parameters. Sensory evaluation showed that the addition of pea protein produced cookies with the same scores as the control sample, signifying that cookies with added pea protein had the best acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sahagún
- Food Technology Area, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez
- Food Technology Area, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
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Sang S, Zhang H, Xu L, Chen Y, Xu X, Jin Z, Yang N, Wu F, Li D. Functionality of ovalbumin during Chinese steamed bread-making processing. Food Chem 2018; 253:203-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Assessing Influence of Protein Source on Characteristics of Gluten-Free Breads Optimising their Hydration Level. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-018-2135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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WANG K, LU F, LI Z, ZHAO L, HAN C. Recent developments in gluten-free bread baking approaches: a review. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun WANG
- Shenyang Normal University, China
| | - Fei LU
- Shenyang Normal University, China
| | - Zhe LI
- Shenyang Normal University, China
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Gao Y, Janes ME, Chaiya B, Brennan MA, Brennan CS, Prinyawiwatkul W. Gluten‐free bakery and pasta products: prevalence and quality improvement. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Gao
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Marlene E. Janes
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Busarawan Chaiya
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro‐Industry Chalermphrakiat Sakhon Nakhon Province Campus Kasetsart University Sakhon Nakhon 47000 Thailand
| | - Margaret A. Brennan
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences Lincoln University Lincoln Canterbury 7608 New Zealand
| | - Charles S. Brennan
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences Lincoln University Lincoln Canterbury 7608 New Zealand
| | - Witoon Prinyawiwatkul
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
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Melini F, Melini V, Luziatelli F, Ruzzi M. Current and Forward-Looking Approaches to Technological and Nutritional Improvements of Gluten-Free Bread with Legume Flours: A Critical Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:1101-1122. [PMID: 33371611 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The gluten-free market currently offers a range of products which can be safely consumed by patients affected by celiac disease. Nevertheless, challenges for optimal formulation remain on the way in terms of appreciable texture, flavor, and adequate nutritional characteristics. Within that framework, legumes have recently attracted attention among scientists as structure- and texture-forming agents, as source of nutrients and bioactive compounds, and as a low-glycemic-index ingredient. This work aims at providing an updated and comprehensive overview of the advantages and disadvantages in the use of legumes in gluten-free breadmaking. It also shows how legumes can contribute to tackling the main technological, nutritional, and organoleptic challenges. From this critical analysis, it emerged that viscoelastic properties of gluten-free bread batter can be enhanced by the use of carob germ, chickpea, lupin, and soybean. Gluten-free bread organoleptic acceptability can be improved by incorporating leguminous flours, such as carob, chickpea, lupin, and soybean. Moreover, a better nutritional quality of gluten-free bread can be obtained by the addition of chickpea and soybean. Gaps and needs in the use of legumes in gluten-free breadmaking emerged and were gathered together to have a sound basis for future studies. The technological and nutritional potential of sourdough should be more extensively exploited. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies should be prompted to understand the health benefits of bread formulated with legumes. A holistic approach, interfacing food science, nutrition, and health might help to have, on the market, products with improved sensory properties and nutritional profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Melini
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Univ. of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, I-01100, Viterbo, Italy.,Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Research Centre on Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, I-00178, Rome, Italy.,Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Research Centre on Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, I-00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Melini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics Analysis, Research Centre on Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, I-00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Luziatelli
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Univ. of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, I-01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ruzzi
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Univ. of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, I-01100, Viterbo, Italy
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Zieliński H, Ciesarová Z, Kukurová K, Zielinska D, Szawara-Nowak D, Starowicz M, Wronkowska M. Effect of fermented and unfermented buckwheat flour on functional properties of gluten-free muffins. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:1425-1432. [PMID: 28559601 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Selected functional properties of four types of gluten-free muffins made of unfermented and fermented (by Lactobacillus plantarum) buckwheat flour in comparison with control muffins made using commercial gluten-free corn flour were evaluated in this study. The proximate chemical composition, antioxidant capacity analysed by ABTS, photochemiluminescence and cyclic voltammetry assays, and inhibitory activity against protein glycation in vitro in BSA/Glu systems were investigated. The content of the total phenolic compounds, available lysine, furosine, free and total FIC, browning index and antioxidant capacity of buckwheat-enhanced gluten-free muffins were higher compared to the control samples. Gluten-free muffins made of the fermented buckwheat flour showed a significantly higher antioxidant capacity, an increased activity against AGEs formation and an increased available lysine content, as well as a higher FAST index and browning index as compared to the muffins obtained with unfermented buckwheat flour. The study showed that buckwheat flour fermented by L. plantarum could be used as an ingredient for improving the functional properties of gluten-free muffins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Zieliński
- Division of Food Science, Department of Chemistry and Biodynamic of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zuzana Ciesarová
- National Agriculture and Food Centre, The Food Research Institute, Priemyselná 4, P. O. Box 25, 824 75 Bratislava 26, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristína Kukurová
- National Agriculture and Food Centre, The Food Research Institute, Priemyselná 4, P. O. Box 25, 824 75 Bratislava 26, Slovak Republic
| | - Danuta Zielinska
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Lodzki 4, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dorota Szawara-Nowak
- Division of Food Science, Department of Chemistry and Biodynamic of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Starowicz
- Division of Food Science, Department of Chemistry and Biodynamic of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wronkowska
- Division of Food Science, Department of Chemistry and Biodynamic of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
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