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Oldani M, Fabbri M, Melchioretto P, Callegaro G, Fusi P, Gribaldo L, Forcella M, Urani C. In vitro and bioinformatics mechanistic-based approach for cadmium carcinogenicity understanding. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104757. [PMID: 31904401 PMCID: PMC7166080 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a toxic metal able to enter the cells through channels and transport pathways dedicated to essential ions, leading, among others, to the dysregulation of divalent ions homeostasis. Despite its recognized human carcinogenicity, the mechanisms are still under investigation. A powerful tool for mechanistic studies of carcinogenesis is the Cell Transformation Assay (CTA). We have isolated and characterized by whole genome microarray and bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) cadmium-transformed cells from different foci (F1, F2, and F3) at the end of CTA (6 weeks). The systematic analysis of up- and down-regulated transcripts and the comparison of DEGs in transformed cells evidence different functional targets and the complex picture of cadmium-induced transformation. Only 34 in common DEGs are found in cells from all foci, and among these, only 4 genes are jointly up-regulated (Ccl2, Ccl5, IL6 and Spp1), all responsible for cytokines/chemokines coding. Most in common DEGs are down-regulated, suggesting that the switching-off of specific functions plays a major role in this process. In addition, the comparison of dysregulated pathways immediately after cadmium treatment with those in transformed cells provides a valuable means to the comprehension of the overall process. Cell transformation Assay and toxicogenomics are integrated to study cadmium carcinogenesis mechanisms Inflammatory response is the only common feature in Cd-transformed cells from all different foci Switching-off of specific functions plays a major role in Cd-induced carcinogenesis Comparison of triggering signals and deregulated pathways in transformed cells provides hints on cadmium mechanisms
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Oldani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Fabbri
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pasquale Melchioretto
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Callegaro
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy; Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Fusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy; Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health, (MISTRAL) Interuniversity Research Center, Italy
| | - Laura Gribaldo
- European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Via Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Matilde Forcella
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Urani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy; Integrated Models for Prevention and Protection in Environmental and Occupational Health, (MISTRAL) Interuniversity Research Center, Italy
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Gómez RM, Sánchez MY, Portela-Lomba M, Ghotme K, Barreto GE, Sierra J, Moreno-Flores MT. Cell therapy for spinal cord injury with olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Glia 2018; 66:1267-1301. [PMID: 29330870 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prospects of achieving regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) have changed, as most recent findings indicate that several species, including humans, can produce neurons in adulthood. Studies targeting this property may be considered as potential therapeutic strategies to respond to injury or the effects of demyelinating diseases in the CNS. While CNS trauma may interrupt the axonal tracts that connect neurons with their targets, some neurons remain alive, as seen in optic nerve and spinal cord (SC) injuries (SCIs). The devastating consequences of SCIs are due to the immediate and significant disruption of the ascending and descending spinal pathways, which result in varying degrees of motor and sensory impairment. Recent therapeutic studies for SCI have focused on cell transplantation in animal models, using cells capable of inducing axon regeneration like Schwann cells (SchCs), astrocytes, genetically modified fibroblasts and olfactory ensheathing glia cells (OECs). Nevertheless, and despite the improvements in such cell-based therapeutic strategies, there is still little information regarding the mechanisms underlying the success of transplantation and regarding any secondary effects. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify these issues. In this review, we highlight the properties of OECs that make them suitable to achieve neuroplasticity/neuroregeneration in SCI. OECs can interact with the glial scar, stimulate angiogenesis, axon outgrowth and remyelination, improving functional outcomes following lesion. Furthermore, we present evidence of the utility of cell therapy with OECs to treat SCI, both from animal models and clinical studies performed on SCI patients, providing promising results for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Gómez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Magdy Y Sánchez
- Fundación de Neuroregeneración en Colombia, Grupo de investigación NeuroRec, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Maestría en Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota D.C, Colombia
| | - Maria Portela-Lomba
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kemel Ghotme
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Sabana, Chía, Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota D.C, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Sierra
- Facultad de CC Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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Reginensi D, Carulla P, Nocentini S, Seira O, Serra-Picamal X, Torres-Espín A, Matamoros-Angles A, Gavín R, Moreno-Flores MT, Wandosell F, Samitier J, Trepat X, Navarro X, del Río JA. Increased migration of olfactory ensheathing cells secreting the Nogo receptor ectodomain over inhibitory substrates and lesioned spinal cord. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2719-37. [PMID: 25708702 PMCID: PMC11113838 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation emerged some years ago as a promising therapeutic strategy to repair injured spinal cord. However, inhibitory molecules are present for long periods of time in lesioned spinal cord, inhibiting both OEC migration and axonal regrowth. Two families of these molecules, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPG) and myelin-derived inhibitors (MAIs), are able to trigger inhibitory responses in lesioned axons. Mounting evidence suggests that OEC migration is inhibited by myelin. Here we demonstrate that OEC migration is largely inhibited by CSPGs and that inhibition can be overcome by the bacterial enzyme Chondroitinase ABC. In parallel, we have generated a stable OEC cell line overexpressing the Nogo receptor (NgR) ectodomain to reduce MAI-associated inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Results indicate that engineered cells migrate longer distances than unmodified OECs over myelin or oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp)-coated substrates. In addition, they also show improved migration in lesioned spinal cord. Our results provide new insights toward the improvement of the mechanisms of action and optimization of OEC-based cell therapy for spinal cord lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Reginensi
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Carulla
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Nocentini
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Seira
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- Blusson Spinal Cord Centre and Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xavier Serra-Picamal
- Integrative cell and tissue dynamics, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abel Torres-Espín
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Edif. M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
- Grupo de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biosanitarias, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Matamoros-Angles
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), CBM-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering Laboratory, . Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronics, University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigaciòn Médica en Red, Biomecánica, Biomateriales y Nanotecnologìa (CIBERBBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Trepat
- University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Edif. M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Spain
- Grupo de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biosanitarias, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 15-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
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Transcriptional profiling predicts overwhelming homology of schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and schwann cell-like glia. Glia 2014; 62:1559-81. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Biological Roles of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Facilitating Neural Regeneration: A Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:168-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rupasinghe DB, Knapp O, Blomster LV, Schmid AB, Adams DJ, King GF, Ruitenberg MJ. Localization of Nav 1.7 in the normal and injured rodent olfactory system indicates a critical role in olfaction, pheromone sensing and immune function. Channels (Austin) 2012; 6:103-10. [PMID: 22622154 DOI: 10.4161/chan.19484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the pore-forming α subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (Nav 1.7) cause congenital indifference to pain and anosmia. We used immunohistochemical techniques to study Nav 1.7 localization in the rat olfactory system in order to better understand its role in olfaction. We confirm that Nav 1.7 is expressed on olfactory sensory axons and report its presence on vomeronasal axons, indicating an important role for Nav 1.7 in transmission of pheromonal cues. Following neuroepithelial injury, Nav 1.7 was transiently expressed by cells of monocytic lineage. These findings support an emerging role for Nav 1.7 in immune function. This sodium channel may provide an important pharmacological target for treatment of inflammatory injury and inflammatory pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshani B Rupasinghe
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Blomster LV, Vukovic J, Hendrickx DAE, Jung S, Harvey AR, Filgueira L, Ruitenberg MJ. CX₃CR1 deficiency exacerbates neuronal loss and impairs early regenerative responses in the target-ablated olfactory epithelium. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:236-45. [PMID: 21871566 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium is a site of sustained adult neurogenesis where olfactory sensory neurons are continuously replaced from endogenous stem/progenitor cells. Epithelial macrophages have been implicated in the phagocytosis of degenerating cells but the molecular mechanisms allowing for their recruitment and activation while maintaining a neurogenic microenvironment are poorly understood. We have previously shown that the chemokine fractalkine (CX₃CL1) is expressed by olfactory sensory neurons and ensheathing cells in the olfactory epithelium. In turn, the fractalkine receptor, CX₃CR1, is expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells within the olfactory epithelium. We report that a selective cell death of olfactory sensory neurons in the epithelium of CX₃CR1-deficient mice via target ablation (i.e. olfactory bulbectomy) results in an exacerbated loss of olfactory sensory neurons compared to wild-type mice. In addition, reduced proliferation of intraepithelial stem/progenitor cells was observed in lesioned CX₃CR1-deficient mice, suggesting an impaired regenerative response. Importantly, a lack of CX₃CL1-signaling caused increased recruitment of macrophages into the olfactory epithelium, which in turn contained higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF-α and IL-6) as determined by qPCR. We also present novel data showing that, relative to wild-type, CX₃CR1-deficient macrophages have diminished phagocytic activity following stimulation with CX₃CL1. Collectively, our data indicate that signaling through the CX₃CR1 receptor modulates macrophage activity, resulting in an environment conducive to olfactory sensory neuron clearance and targeted replacement from endogenous stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda V Blomster
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Roet KCD, Bossers K, Franssen EHP, Ruitenberg MJ, Verhaagen J. A meta-analysis of microarray-based gene expression studies of olfactory bulb-derived olfactory ensheathing cells. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:10-45. [PMID: 21396936 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genome wide transcriptional profiling and large scale proteomics have emerged as two powerful methods to dissect the molecular properties of specific neural tissues or cell types on a global scale. Several genome-wide transcriptional profiling and proteomics studies have been published on cultured olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC). In this article we present a meta-analysis of all five published and publicly available micro-array gene expression datasets of cultured early-passage-OB-OEC with other cell types (Schwann cells, late-passage-OB-OEC, mucosa-OEC, an OEC cell line, and acutely dissected OEC). The aim of this meta-analysis is to identify genes and molecular pathways that are found in multiple instead of one isolated study. 454 Genes were detected in at least three out of five microarray datasets. In this "Top-list", genes involved in the biological processes "growth of neurites", "blood vessel development", "migration of cells" and "immune response" were strongly overrepresented. By applying network analysis tools, molecular networks were constructed and Hub-genes were identified that may function as key genes in the above mentioned interrelated processes. We also identified 7 genes (ENTPD2, MATN2, CTSC, PTHLH, GLRX1, COL27A1 and ID2) with uniformly higher or lower expression in early-passage-OB-OEC in all five microarray comparisons. These genes have diverse but intriguing roles in neuroprotection, neurite extension and/or tissue repair. Our meta-analysis provides novel insights into the molecular basis of OB-OEC-mediated neural repair and can serve as a repository for investigators interested in the molecular biology of OEC. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Understanding olfactory ensheathing glia and their prospect for nervous system repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper C D Roet
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Perrin RJ, Craig-Schapiro R, Malone JP, Shah AR, Gilmore P, Davis AE, Roe CM, Peskind ER, Li G, Galasko DR, Clark CM, Quinn JF, Kaye JA, Morris JC, Holtzman DM, Townsend RR, Fagan AM. Identification and validation of novel cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for staging early Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16032. [PMID: 21264269 PMCID: PMC3020224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ideally, disease modifying therapies for Alzheimer disease (AD) will be applied during the 'preclinical' stage (pathology present with cognition intact) before severe neuronal damage occurs, or upon recognizing very mild cognitive impairment. Developing and judiciously administering such therapies will require biomarker panels to identify early AD pathology, classify disease stage, monitor pathological progression, and predict cognitive decline. To discover such biomarkers, we measured AD-associated changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome. METHODS AND FINDINGS CSF samples from individuals with mild AD (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] 1) (n = 24) and cognitively normal controls (CDR 0) (n = 24) were subjected to two-dimensional difference-in-gel electrophoresis. Within 119 differentially-abundant gel features, mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) identified 47 proteins. For validation, eleven proteins were re-evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Six of these assays (NrCAM, YKL-40, chromogranin A, carnosinase I, transthyretin, cystatin C) distinguished CDR 1 and CDR 0 groups and were subsequently applied (with tau, p-tau181 and Aβ42 ELISAs) to a larger independent cohort (n = 292) that included individuals with very mild dementia (CDR 0.5). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analyses using stepwise logistic regression yielded optimal biomarker combinations to distinguish CDR 0 from CDR>0 (tau, YKL-40, NrCAM) and CDR 1 from CDR<1 (tau, chromogranin A, carnosinase I) with areas under the curve of 0.90 (0.85-0.94 95% confidence interval [CI]) and 0.88 (0.81-0.94 CI), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Four novel CSF biomarkers for AD (NrCAM, YKL-40, chromogranin A, carnosinase I) can improve the diagnostic accuracy of Aβ42 and tau. Together, these six markers describe six clinicopathological stages from cognitive normalcy to mild dementia, including stages defined by increased risk of cognitive decline. Such a panel might improve clinical trial efficiency by guiding subject enrollment and monitoring disease progression. Further studies will be required to validate this panel and evaluate its potential for distinguishing AD from other dementing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Perrin
- Division of Neuropathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America.
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