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Nava-Quiroz KJ, López-Flores LA, Pérez-Rubio G, Rojas-Serrano J, Falfán-Valencia R. Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases in Chronic Diseases: A Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis and Interstitial Lung Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2829. [PMID: 38132149 PMCID: PMC10741699 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination is accomplished by a broad enzyme family named Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases (PADs), which makes this post-translational modification in many proteins that perform physiological and pathologic mechanisms in the body. Due to these modifications, citrullination has become a significant topic in the study of pathological processes. It has been related to some chronic and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), interstitial lung diseases (ILD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and certain types of cancer, among others. Antibody production against different targets, including filaggrin, vimentin, and collagen, results in an immune response if they are citrullinated, which triggers a continuous inflammatory process characteristic of autoimmune and certain chronic diseases. PAD coding genes (PADI1 to PADI4 and PADI6) harbor variations that can be important in these enzymes' folding, activity, function, and half-life. However, few studies have considered these genetic factors in the context of chronic diseases. Exploring PAD pathways and their role in autoimmune and chronic diseases is a major topic in developing new pharmacological targets and valuable biomarkers to improve diagnosis and prevention. The present review addresses and highlights genetic, molecular, biochemical, and physiopathological factors where PAD enzymes perform a major role in autoimmune and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol J. Nava-Quiroz
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis A. López-Flores
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Jorge Rojas-Serrano
- Rheumatology Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
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Geary B, Sun B, Tilvawala RR, Barasa L, Tsoyi K, Rosas IO, Thompson PR, Ho IC. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 citrullinates MZB1 and promotes the secretion of IgM and IgA. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1290585. [PMID: 38094295 PMCID: PMC10716219 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction MZB1 is an endoplasmic reticulum residential protein preferentially expressed in plasma cells, marginal zone and B1 B cells. Recent studies on murine B cells show that it interacts with the tail piece of IgM and IgA heavy chain and promotes the secretion of these two classes of immunoglobulin. However, its role in primary human B cells has yet to be determined and how its function is regulated is still unknown. The conversion of peptidylarginine to peptidylcitrulline, also known as citrullination, by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) can critically influence the function of proteins in immune cells, such as neutrophils and T cells; however, the role of PADs in B cells remains to be elucidated. Method An unbiased analysis of human lung citrullinome was conducted to identify citrullinated proteins that are enriched in several chronic lung diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, compared to healthy controls. Mass spectrometry, site-specific mutagenesis, and western blotting were used to confirm the citrullination of candidate proteins. Their citrullination was suppressed by pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of PAD2 and the impact of their citrullination on the function and differentiation of human B cells was examined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and co-immunoprecipitation. Results Citrullinated MZB1 was preferentially enriched in RA-ILD but not in other chronic lung diseases. MZB1 was a substrate of PAD2 and was citrullinated during the differentiation of human plasmablasts. Ablation or pharmacological inhibition of PAD2 in primary human B cells attenuated the secretion of IgM and IgA but not IgG or the differentiation of IgM or IgA-expressing plasmablasts, recapitulating the effect of ablating MZB1. Furthermore, the physical interaction between endogenous MZB1 and IgM/IgA was attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of PAD2. Discussion Our data confirm the function of MZB1 in primary human plasmablasts and suggest that PAD2 promotes IgM/IgA secretion by citrullinating MZB1, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and RA-ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Geary
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bo Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ronak R. Tilvawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Leonard Barasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Konstantin Tsoyi
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Saifi MA, Ho IC. Citrullination of matrisomal proteins in health and diseases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220244. [PMID: 37778384 PMCID: PMC10542447 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins once translated are subjected to post-translational modifications (PTMs) that can critically modify their characteristics. Citrullination is a unique type of PTM that is catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes, which regulate a multitude of physiological functions such as apoptosis, gene expression and immune response by altering the structure and function of cellular proteins. However, emerging data have unravelled compelling evidence to support that PAD-mediated citrullination is not exclusive to cellular proteins; rather citrullination of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins also plays a major contributing role in various physiological/pathological conditions. Here, we discuss putative mechanisms for citrullination-induced alterations in the function of ECM proteins. Further, we put emphasis on influential roles of ECM citrullination in various pathological scenarios to underscore the clinical potential of its manipulation in human diseases. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aslam Saifi
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - I-Cheng Ho
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zhu C, Liu C, Chai Z. Role of the PADI family in inflammatory autoimmune diseases and cancers: A systematic review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1115794. [PMID: 37020554 PMCID: PMC10067674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptidyl arginine deiminase (PADI) family is a calcium ion-dependent group of isozymes with sequence similarity that catalyze the citrullination of proteins. Histones can serve as the target substrate of PADI family isozymes, and therefore, the PADI family is involved in NETosis and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the PADI family is associated with the development of inflammatory autoimmune diseases and cancer, reproductive development, and other related diseases. In this review, we systematically discuss the role of the PADI family in the pathogenesis of various diseases based on studies from the past decade to provide a reference for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyan Liu, ; Zhengbin Chai,
| | - Zhengbin Chai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Public Health Clinical Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Chunyan Liu, ; Zhengbin Chai,
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Song YH, Wang ZJ, Kang L, He ZX, Zhao SB, Fang X, Li ZS, Wang SL, Bai Y. PADs and NETs in digestive system: From physiology to pathology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1077041. [PMID: 36761761 PMCID: PMC9902375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1077041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are the only enzyme class known to deiminate arginine residues into citrulline in proteins, a process known as citrullination. This is an important post-translational modification that functions in several physiological and pathological processes. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are generated by NETosis, a novel cell death in neutrophils and a double-edged sword in inflammation. Excessive activation of PADs and NETs is critically implicated in their transformation from a physiological to a pathological state. Herein, we review the physiological and pathological functions of PADs and NETs, in particular, the involvement of PAD2 and PAD4 in the digestive system, from inflammatory to oncological diseases, along with related therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Xuan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Bing Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Ling Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Rappu P, Suwal U, Siljamäki E, Heino J. Inflammation-related citrullination of matrisome proteins in human cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1035188. [PMID: 36531007 PMCID: PMC9753687 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1035188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein arginine deiminases (PADs) are intracellular enzymes that may, especially in pathological conditions, also citrullinate extracellular substrates, including matrisome proteins such as structural proteins in extracellular matrix (ECM). PADs are abundantly expressed in human cancer cells. Citrullination of matrisome proteins has been reported in colon cancer but the phenomenon has never been systematically studied. METHODS To gain a broader view of citrullination of matrisome proteins in cancer, we analyzed cancer proteomics data sets in 3 public databases for citrullinated matrisome proteins. In addition, we used three-dimensional cell cocultures of fibroblasts and cancer cells and analyzed citrullination of ECM. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our new analysis indicate that citrullination of ECM occurs in human cancer, and there is a significant variation between tumors. Most frequently citrullinated proteins included fibrinogen and fibronectin, which are typically citrullinated in rheumatoid inflammation. We also detected correlation between immune cell marker proteins, matrix metalloproteinases and ECM citrullination, which suggests that in cancer, citrullination of matrisome proteins is predominantly an inflammation-related phenomenon. This was further supported by our analysis of three-dimensional spheroid co-cultures of nine human cancer cell lines and fibroblasts by mass spectrometry, which gave no evidence that cancer cells or fibroblasts could citrullinate matrisome proteins in tumor stroma. It also appears that in the spheroid cultures, matrisome proteins are protected from citrullination.
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Christophorou MA. The virtues and vices of protein citrullination. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220125. [PMID: 35706669 PMCID: PMC9174705 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The post-translational modification of proteins expands the regulatory scope of the proteome far beyond what is achievable through genome regulation. The field of protein citrullination has seen significant progress in the last two decades. The small family of peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI or PAD) enzymes, which catalyse citrullination, have been implicated in virtually all facets of molecular and cell biology, from gene transcription and epigenetics to cell signalling and metabolism. We have learned about their association with a remarkable array of disease states and we are beginning to understand how they mediate normal physiological functions. However, while the biochemistry of PADI activation has been worked out in exquisite detail in vitro, we still lack a clear mechanistic understanding of the processes that regulate PADIs within cells, under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This review summarizes and discusses the current knowledge, highlights some of the unanswered questions of immediate importance and gives a perspective on the outlook of the citrullination field.
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