Vaginal laser therapy for genitourinary syndrome of menopause - systematic review

Bringing sex back into the relationship in midlife couples

Sexual health and sexual well-being are important components of the overall quality of life at midlife, a turning point carrying several biopsychosocial changes. As people age, they are likely to observe a significant increase in sexual difficulties in both sexes affecting every domain of sexual response, and a decline in the frequency of engaging in sexual activity. Women may report hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) and genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), two very common biologically driven midlife conditions that are often comorbid and may also be influenced by a multitude of individual and contextual risk factors. An appropriate and timely diagnosis is important to avoid chronification of sexual dysfunction that may become refractory to treatment. The therapeutic algorithm comprises a multidisciplinary approach, including pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management. Individualized treatment is the key to providing integrated care with positive attitudes for the aging couples in order to expand the 'sexspan' of both partners. This article reports our point of view on the topic of midlife sexuality in the context of a stable relationship, as presented at the 19th World Congress on Menopause in Melbourne (Australia) on 22 October 2024.

Energy-based interventions for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and prospective observational studies

IMPORTANCE

Hormone treatments for genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) symptoms have limitations. There is interest in nonhormone therapies, including energy-based interventions. Benefits and harms of energy-based interventions are not currently well known.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to assess the benefits and harms of energy-based therapies (eg, CO 2 laser, Er:YAG laser, and radiofrequency) for GSM. Outcomes of interest are the eight "Core Outcomes in Menopause" and include the following: dyspareunia, vulvovaginal dryness, vulvovaginal discomfort/irritation, dysuria, change in most bothersome symptom, quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and treatment adverse effects.

EVIDENCE REVIEW

Eligible studies included English language randomized controlled trials (RCT) or prospective observational studies of energy-based treatments with ≥8 weeks follow-up in postmenopausal women with ≥1 GSM symptom and studies of any design reporting adverse effects ≥12 months postintervention. Ovid/MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL were searched from inception to December 11, 2023 using vocabulary and natural language terms, along with free-text words. Two authors extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies.

FINDINGS

We identified 32 unique studies (16 RCT; 1 quasi-RCT; 15 nonrandomized). Ten RCT and the quasi-RCT were rated low to moderate risk of bias (RoB) and underwent data extraction. Included studies evaluated CO 2 laser (k = 7), Er:YAG laser (k = 3), or radiofrequency and CO 2 laser (k = 1). CO 2 laser compared with sham (k = 4) may result in little to no difference in dysuria, dyspareunia, or quality of life (low certainty of evidence [COE]). CO 2 laser compared with vaginal conjugated estrogens cream (k = 2) may result in little to no difference in dyspareunia, dryness, discomfort/irritation, dysuria, or quality of life (low COE). Treatment effects on all other outcomes and effects of Er:YAG laser or radiofrequency on any outcome are very uncertain (very low COE). Studies noted few adverse events and no serious adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

CO 2 laser resulted in little to no difference in outcomes compared with sham or vaginal estrogen; the evidence is very uncertain on the effect of energy-based interventions versus all other comparators for all other outcomes. Adverse event reporting was limited. There is a need for further evidence assessing energy-based interventions.

A Preliminary Qualitative Analysis of women's Experiences With Vaginal Fractional CO2 Laser Treatments

Background

Menopause involves a range of bodily changes, with impacts on physical and psychological well-being. Around half of the postmenopausal women experience genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Fractional CO2 laser treatment can promote tissue regeneration in the vaginal wall to potentially assist with managing GSM. However, the results from clinical trials of this treatment have been mixed, and the personal perceptions and experiences of women receiving this treatment have been largely unexplored.

Objectives

To qualitatively explore the motivations and outcomes of women who have undergone vaginal fractional CO2 laser treatment.

Methods

Fourteen postmenopausal women were involved in the study. These women had undergone vaginal fractional CO2 laser treatment between 2 and 48 months earlier (M = 32.1, standard deviation = 14.9 months). Telephone interviews were conducted to explore women's motivations and their experiences after treatment. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Deductive and inductive thematic analysis was conducted to analyze interviews.

Results

Analyses produced 4 major themes. First, motivations mostly revolved around participants seeking relief from menopausal symptoms. Second, some participants noted positive sexual outcomes, including improved sexual pleasure after treatment. Third, participants noted positive physical and psychological effects, including improvements in incontinence and overall confidence. Lastly, a subset of participants reported no discernible changes.

Conclusions

This novel qualitative exploration of women's motivations and outcomes of fractional CO2 laser therapy demonstrates the multifaceted impact of treatment. These findings highlight the importance of considering the holistic effects of fractional CO2 laser therapy on women's health during midlife, particularly amid menopausal changes.

Level of Evidence 4

Physical energies for the management of genitourinary syndrome of menopause: An overview of a systematic review and network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Energy-based devices (laser and radiofrequency) have been used to treat genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM).

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of physical energy use in managing GSM symptoms.

SEARCH STRATEGY

Five databases were searched from inception to December 2022. Language restrictions were not imposed.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included all Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews with or without meta-analyses that described postmenopausal women with symptoms of GSM treated with physical energy.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

We performed a network meta-analysis using frequentist methods to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Methodological and reporting quality were assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR 2).

MAIN RESULTS

Nine reviews were included in the overview, six of which were meta-analyses. Four randomized controlled trials, representing 218 participants and nine different study arms, met the criteria for inclusion in our component network meta-analysis. Confidence in review findings was low in six reviews and critically low in three. Our network meta-analysis results showed that premarin (SMD 2.60, 95% CI 7.76-3.43), conjugated estrogens (SMD 2.13, 95% CI 1.34-2.91), carbon dioxide laser (SMD 1.71, 95% CI 1.10-2.31), promestriene (SMD 1.41, 95% CI 0.59-2.24), and vaginal lubricant (SMD 1.37, 95% CI 0.54-2.20) were more effective than sham for reducing sexual dysfunction, with a consequent increase in Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Two studies showed a high risk of bias, owing to a lack of blinding.

CONCLUSION

Several gaps in the use of physical energy for managing GSM still need to be addressed. The small number of blind clinical trials made the results fragile.

Laser therapy for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial

Objective

This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to update evidence on the effectiveness and safety of laser therapy for treating genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM).

Data sources

Manuscripts published until May 2023 were systematically searched in PubMed; Embase; Scopus; Web of Science; CENTRAL; CINAHL; and clinical trial databases (www.trialscentral.org, www.controlled-trials.com, and clinicaltrials.gov), with no language and year of publication restriction.

Studies selection

RCTs with women diagnosed with GSM, and the intervention was vaginal laser therapy (CO2-laser or Er: YAG-laser) comparing with placebo (sham therapy), no treatment or vaginal estrogen therapy.

Data collection

Two authors evaluated the publications for inclusion based on the title and abstract, followed by reviewing the relevant full-text articles. Disagreements during the review process were addressed by consensus, with the involvement of a third author.

Data synthesis

Twelve RCTs, representing a total of 5147 participants, were included in this review. Vaginal health index (VHI) significantly improved in the carbon dioxide laser (CO2-laser) therapy group (MD=2.21; 95% CI=1.25 to 3.16), while dyspareunia (MD=-0.85; 95% CI=-1.59 to -0.10), dryness (MD=-0.62; 95% CI=-1.12 to -0.12) and burning (MD= -0.64; 95% CI=-1.28 to -0.01) decreased. No serious adverse effects were reported.

Conclusion

CO2-laser increases VHI score and decreases dyspareunia, dryness and burning, especially when compared to sham-laser. However, the certainty of the evidence is low, thus preventing the recommendation of laser therapy for GSM management.

Fractional CO2 Laser, Radiofrequency and Topical Estrogen for Treating Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Pilot Study Evaluating the Vulvar Vestibule

Background and Objectives: Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) affects more than half of postmenopausal women. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and histological aspects of microablative fractionated CO2 laser (CO2L), microablative fractionated radiofrequency (RF) and intravaginal estrogen (ET) therapy as GSM treatments for the vulvar vestibule. Materials and Methods: This study included postmenopausal women with at least one moderate-to-severe complaint of GSM. Women in the CO2L and RF groups received three monthly sessions of outpatient vulvovaginal therapy. The procedures were performed 30 min after applying 4% lidocaine gel to the vulva and vaginal introitus. Vulvar vestibular pain was assessed after each application using a 10-point VAS. A follow-up evaluation was performed 120 days after beginning each treatment. Digital images of the vulva were obtained and a 5-point Likert scale (1 = much worse, 2 = worse, 3 = neutral, 4 = better, 5 = much better) was used to assess the global post-treatment women's impression of improvement regarding GSM. Results: A significant change in clinical aspects of the vulva was observed after all treatments with a reduction in the atrophic global vulvar aspect and an enhancement of the trophic aspect. High satisfaction was also reported after treatment according to the Likert scale evaluation: CO2L (4.55 ± 0.97), RF (4.54 ± 0.95), CT (4 ± 1.41), p = 0.066. Histological evaluation revealed enhanced dermal papillae before pre-treatment, significantly reducing post-treatment in all groups (p = 0.002). No unintended effects were reported. Conclusions: CO2L, RF, and ET significantly improved GSM concerning the vulvar vestibule at the 4 months follow-up.

CO2 Laser versus Sham Control for the Management of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

In the context of the menopausal transition, genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) refers to a range of genitourinary symptoms, from vaginal dryness to dysuria and urinary urgency. While hormonal treatments are standard, their associated side effects have driven the exploration of alternatives like vaginal CO2 laser. We aimed to evaluate the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing vaginal CO2 laser treatment for GSM to sham controls. This systematic review sourced four electronic databases until June 2023. The analysis incorporated seven RCTs with 407 women. The CO2 laser and sham control were comparable for most parameters, including the female sexual function index (FSFI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) for dyspareunia, vaginal health index, pH, and patient satisfaction. However, the CO2 laser group showed significant improvement in the vaginal assessment scale for GSM symptoms. Sensitivity analyses revealed that parameters like FSFI showed significant differences in favor of CO2 laser group upon the exclusion of specific studies. In conclusion, vaginal CO2 laser therapy emerges as a promising alternative for GSM management, especially for most bothersome GSM symptoms; however, the need for further well-designed RCTs remains to validate its broad safety and efficacy.

Management of perimenopausal and menopausal symptoms

Most women worldwide experience menopausal symptoms during the menopause transition or postmenopause. Vasomotor symptoms are most pronounced during the first four to seven years but can persist for more than a decade, and genitourinary symptoms tend to be progressive. Although the hallmark symptoms are hot flashes, night sweats, disrupted sleep, and genitourinary discomfort, other common symptoms and conditions are mood fluctuations, cognitive changes, low sexual desire, bone loss, increase in abdominal fat, and adverse changes in metabolic health. These symptoms and signs can occur in any combination or sequence, and the link to menopause may even be elusive. Estrogen based hormonal therapies are the most effective treatments for many of the symptoms and, in the absence of contraindications to treatment, have a generally favorable benefit:risk ratio for women below age 60 and within 10 years of the onset of menopause. Non-hormonal treatment options are also available. Although a symptom driven treatment approach with individualized decision making can improve health and quality of life for midlife women, menopausal symptoms remain substantially undertreated by healthcare providers.

Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause in Breast Cancer Survivors: Current Perspectives on the Role of Laser Therapy

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is a frequent consequence of iatrogenic menopause or anti-estrogenic adjuvant therapies in breast cancer survivors (BCSs). GSM may profoundly affect sexual health and quality of life, and a multidimensional unique model of care is needed to address the burden of this chronic heterogeneous condition. Severe symptoms may be insufficiently managed with non-hormonal traditional treatments, such as moisturizers and lubricants, recommended as the first-line approach by current guidelines, because concerns exist around the use of vaginal estrogens, particularly in women on aromatase inhibitors (AIs). Vaginal laser therapy has emerged as a promising alternative in women with GSM who are not suitable or do not respond to hormonal management, or are not willing to use pharmacological strategies. We aim to systematically review current evidence about vaginal laser efficacy and safety in BCSs and to highlight gaps in the literature. We analyzed results from 20 studies, including over 700 BCSs treated with either CO2 or erbium laser, with quite heterogeneous primary outcomes and duration of follow up (4 weeks-24 months). Although evidence for laser efficacy in BCSs comes mostly from single-arm prospective studies, with only one randomized double-blind sham-controlled trial for CO2 laser and one randomized comparative trial of erbium laser and hyaluronic acid, available data are reassuring in the short term and indicate effectiveness of both CO2 and erbium lasers on the most common GSM symptoms. However, further studies are mandatory to establish long-term efficacy and safety in menopausal women, including BCSs.

Applicability of vaginal energy-based devices in urogynecology: evidence and controversy

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to analyze the evidence and controversies about the use of vaginal energy-based devices (laser and radiofrequency) for treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause, recurrent urinary tract infection, urinary incontinence, and genital prolapse through a literature review.

METHODS

A search of literature databases (PubMed, Medline) was performed for publications in December 2022. Keywords included genitourinary syndrome of menopause, vaginal laxity, vaginal/vulvovaginal atrophy, urinary tract infection, urgency incontinence, frequency, urgency, stress urinary incontinence, genital prolapses AND energy-based devices, AND vaginal laser, AND vaginal radiofrequency, AND CO2 laser, AND Er:YAG laser. Publications in English from the last 7 years were reviewed and selected by the authors.

RESULTS

The literature regarding vaginal energy-based devices in the treatment of urogynecological conditions is primarily limited to prospective case series with small numbers and short-term follow-up. Most of these studies showed favorable results, improvement of symptoms with low risk, or no mention of serious adverse events. Consensus statement documents from major medical societies suggest caution in recommending these therapies in clinical practice until more relevant data from well-designed studies become available.

CONCLUSION

The potential of the vaginal laser and radiofrequency as a therapeutic arsenal for the evaluated urogynecological conditions is great, but qualified research must be done to prove their efficacy and long-term safety, define application protocols, and recommend the use of these technologies in clinical practice.

A study of the objective benefits and safety of Er-YAG laser in the treatment of genitourinary syndrome of menopause

The aim of this study is to evaluate changes in vaginal pH and epithelium maturation after erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er-YAG) laser treatment, and to assess its safety and efficacy on the symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). This was a retrospective study conducted between November 2019 and April 2022 and included 32 women diagnosed with GSM who had not benefitted from lubrication treatment and could not or would not use estrogen. Patients received three sessions of Er- YAG laser. All patient data before and after treatment were obtained from computer records. Vaginal maturation index (VMI), maturation value (MV) and vaginal pH values of the patients before and after laser treatment were compared. We also evaluated post-procedural complications and symptoms. Mean age was 59.72 ± 5.66 years. After laser therapy, there was a significant decrease in vaginal pH (p < 0.001) and the proportion of parabasal cells in VMI (p < 0.001), while there was a significant increase in MV (p < 0.001) and the proportion of superficial cells in VMI (p < 0.001). In 84.4% of the patients, GSM-related symptoms regressed completely or decreased to a tolerable level. Patients in which symptoms disappeared completely had significantly lower mean age (p = 0.002) and duration of menopause (p = 0.009). The laser procedure resulted in complications including mucosal injury in 5 (15.6%) patients (all recovered spontaneously) and vaginal burning sensation in 2 (6.3%) patients. Vaginal Er-YAG laser treatment may be a safe and effective alternative treatment method in a population of women with GSM who do not want to or cannot use estrogen therapy.

Efficacy of Erbium YAG laser treatment in overactive bladder syndrome: a randomized controlled trial

This study showed the efficacy of vaginal Erbium YAG laser in treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. The improvement of overactive bladder symptoms scores was confi rmed by the bladder diary.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of vaginal Erbium YAG laser in postmenopausal women presenting with overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) and vaginal atrophy.

Methods

A single center, randomized sham-controlled study was conducted between July 2019 and August 2022. Thai postmenopausal women diagnosed with OAB and who complained of one or more of vaginal atrophy symptoms (VAS) were included. The participants received either one treatment session of vaginal Erbium YAG laser or the sham procedure. The primary outcome was the Thai version Overactive Bladder Symptom Score. The secondary outcomes included results from the Thai version Overactive Bladder questionnaire (OAB-q), Patient Perception of Bladder Condition Questionnaire, bladder diary, VAS score, and Vaginal Health Index score (VHI). Outcome measurements were assessed between groups at 12 weeks after treatment.

Results

Fifty participants were included and randomized. Twenty-five participants were assigned to the vaginal laser group, and 25 to the sham group. At 12-week follow-up, vaginal Erbium YAG laser demonstrated improvement compared with sham group in total Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (6.03 ± 3.36 vs 8.44 ± 3.39, P = 0.015), nocturia (1.71 ± 0.74 vs 2.32 ± 0.70, P = 0.004), and urgency (2 [3] vs 3 [4], P = 0.008). Coping and social subscale of OAB-q, daytime micturition frequency, urgency and maximum urine volume, VAS and VHI scores also significantly improved in the vaginal laser group.

Conclusions

This study showed the efficacy of the vaginal Erbium YAG laser in treatment of OAB and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. The improvement of OAB symptoms scores was confirmed by the bladder diary.

Treating genitourinary syndrome of menopause in breast cancer survivors: main challenges and promising strategies

Many breast cancer survivors (BCS) suffer the consequences of antineoplastic treatments that induce a hypoestrogenic state, leading to chronic climacteric symptoms such as genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), arousing significant alteration in their quality of life. Non-hormonal therapies (NHT) are first-line treatments, safe but with mild efficacy. When facing moderate-severe GSM, the options for BCS are limited: local estrogen therapy, considered the 'gold standard' but with concerns about safety; vaginal androgens and prasterone, which seem to trigger an activation of estrogen and androgen receptors of the vaginal epithelium layers, without activating estrogen receptors on other tissues, being potentially safe but still without strong evidence in favor of BCS; vaginal lasers, which appear to improve vascularization of vaginal mucosa by stimulating the remodeling of the underlying connective tissue, but with contradictory results of efficacy in recent randomized clinical trials; and ospemifene, an oral selective estrogen receptor modulator presenting mild vaginal estrogenic potency and anti-estrogenic effect at the endometrial and breast level, but still not recommended for use in BCS in recent North American Menopause Society guidelines. There is a need for further studies evaluating objectively the efficacy and safety of these promising therapeutic options. On the other hand, sexuality must be seen as a multifactorial issue, where GSM is only part of the problem; evidence shows that sexual counseling improves the quality of life of BCS. Finally, there is a need to limit the underdiagnosis and undertreatment of GSM in BCS; the primary goal of physicians treating BCS regarding this issue has to be the provision of information of what to expect regarding genital and sexual symptoms to BCS and to counsel on early first-line treatments that may help prevent more severe GSM.

Assessing vaginal wall thickness by transvaginal ultrasound in breast cancer survivors: A pilot study

AIM

There is need for a straightforward objective measure to evaluate vaginal wall changes related to hypoestrogenism. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate a transvaginal ultrasound procedure for the quantification of vaginal wall thickness in order to differentiate between healthy premenopausal women and postmenopausal women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause using ultra-low-level estrogen status as a model.

METHODS

We performed a prospective, two-arm, cross-sectional pilot study comparing vaginal wall thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasound in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors using aromatase inhibitors with genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM group) and healthy premenopausal women (control or C group) from October 2020 to March 2022. After intravaginal introduction of 20 cm³ of sonographic gel, vaginal wall thickness was measured by transvaginal ultrasound in the anterior, posterior, and right and left lateral walls (four quadrants). The study methods followed the STROBE checklist.

RESULTS

According to the results of a two-sided t-test, the mean vaginal wall thickness of the four quadrants in the GSM group was significantly less than that of the C group (2.25 mm vs 4.17 mm, respectively; p < 0.001). Likewise, the thickness of each of the vaginal walls (anterior, posterior, right and left lateral) statistically differed between the two groups (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Transvaginal ultrasound with intravaginal gel may be a feasible objective technique to assess genitourinary syndrome of menopause, showing clear differences in vaginal wall thickness between breast cancer survivors using aromatase inhibitors and premenopausal women. Possible correlations with symptoms or treatment response should be assessed in future studies.

Effect of Fractional Carbon Dioxide vs Sham Laser on Sexual Function in Survivors of Breast Cancer Receiving Aromatase Inhibitors for Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: The LIGHT Randomized Clinical Trial

IMPORTANCE

Survivors of breast cancer present more severe symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) than patients without history of breast cancer. Recently, new treatments, such as vaginal laser therapy, have appeared, but evidence of their efficacy remains scarce.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the safety and efficacy of carbon dioxide (CO2) vs sham vaginal laser therapy after 6 months of follow-up in survivors of breast cancer with GSM receiving aromatase inhibitors.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This prospective double-blind sham-controlled randomized clinical trial with two parallel study groups was performed during October 2020 to March 2022 in a tertiary referral hospital. Survivors of breast cancer using aromatase inhibitors were assessed for eligibility, and eligible patients were randomized into the 2 treatment groups. Follow-up was conducted at 6 months. Data were analyzed in July 2022.

INTERVENTIONS

All patients from both groups were instructed to use the first-line treatment (FLT) based on nonhormonal moisturizers and vaginal vibrator stimulation. Patients for each group were allocated to 5 monthly sessions of fractional CO2 laser therapy (CLT) or sham laser therapy (SLT).

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

The primary outcome was sexual function, evaluated through Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) score. Other subjective measures of efficacy included a visual analog scale of dyspareunia, vaginal pH, a Vaginal Health Index, quality of life (assessed via Short-Form 12), and body image (assessed with the Spanish Body Image Scale). Objective measures of efficacy included vaginal maturation index, vaginal epithelial elasticity (measured in Pascals) and vaginal epithelial thickness (measured in millimeters). Measures were assessed before and after the intervention. Tolerance (measured on a Likert scale), adverse effects, and estradiol levels were recorded.

RESULTS

Among 211 survivors of breast cancer assessed, 84 women were deemed eligible and 72 women (mean [SD] age, 52.6 [8.3] years) were randomized to CLT (35 participants) or SLT (37 participants) and analyzed. There were no statistically significant differences between groups at baseline. At 6 months, both groups showed improvement in FSFI (mean [SD] score at baseline vs 6 months: CLT, 14.8 [8.8] points vs 20.0 [9.5] points; SLT, 15.6 [7.0] points vs 23.5 [6.5] points), but there was no significant difference between CLT and SLT groups in the improvement of sexual function evaluated through the FSFI test overall (mean [SD] difference, 5.2 [1.5] points vs 7.9 [1.2] points; P = .15) or after excluding women who were not sexually active (mean [SD] difference, 2.9 [1.4] points vs 5.5 [1.1] points; P = .15). There were also no differences between improvement of the 2 groups at 6 months of follow-up in the other assessed subjective outcomes, including dyspareunia (mean [SD] difference, -4.3 [3.4] vs -4.5 [2.3]; P = .73), Vaginal Health Index (mean [SD] difference, 3.3 [4.1] vs 5.0 [4.5]; P = .17), body image (mean [SD] difference, -3.7 [4.5] vs -2.7 [4.8]; P = .35), and quality of life (mean [SD] difference, -0.3 [3.6] vs -0.7 [3.2]; P = .39). Similarly, there were no differences in improvements in objective outcomes, including vaginal pH (mean [SD] difference, -0.6 [0.9] vs -0.8 [1.2]; P = .29), vaginal maturation index (mean [SD] difference, 10.2 [17.4] vs 14.4 [17.1]; P = .15), vaginal epithelial thickness (mean [SD] difference, 0.021 [0.014] mm vs 0.013 [0.012] mm; P = .30), vaginal epithelial elasticity (mean [SD] difference, -1373 [3197] Pascals vs -2103 [3771] Pascals; P = .64). There were significant improvements in the overall analysis regardless of group in many outcomes. The 2 interventions were well tolerated, but tolerance was significantly lower in the CLT group than the SLT group (mean [SD] Likert scale score, 3.3 [1.3] vs 4.1 [1.0]; P = .007). No differences were observed in complications or serum estradiol levels.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

In this randomized clinical trial, vaginal laser treatment was found to be safe after 6 months of follow-up, but no statistically significant differences in efficacy were observed between CLT and SLT.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04619485.

Pharmacotherapy for female sexual dysfunctions (FSDs): what is on the market and where is this field heading?

INTRODUCTION

Female sexual dysfunctions (FSDs) are common in women of any age and have a huge impact on quality of life and relationships. They have a multifaceted etiology limiting the development of pharmacotherapies with a high rate of effectiveness. Safety issues are also a concern.

AREAS COVERED

The authors report the most recent advances in pharmacotherapy for premenopausal and postmenopausal women with a main focus on hypoactive sexual desire disorders (HSDD) and associated sexual symptoms. Good levels of evidence have emerged for psychoactive agents, such as flibanserin and bremelanotide, as well as hormonal compounds (transdermal testosterone). The authors also report briefly on intravaginal DHEA (prasterone), local estrogen therapy (LET), and ospemifene to manage effectively vulvovaginal atrophy/genitourinary syndrome of menopause (VVA/GSM). In addition, they discuss promising therapeutic options highlighting the main reasons that hamper the availability of new labeled products. Finally, they include the importance of the multimodal approach to address FSDs.

EXPERT OPINION

Approved pharmacotherapies for FSD are limited. Validated multidimensional instruments and adequate objective measures of physical and mental responses to sexual external and internal incentives are mandatory to identify women suitable to chronic or on-demand treatments and to assess their pattern of response in research and practice.

Drugs for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms: Hormonal and non-hormonal therapy

Postmenopausal symptoms are systemic symptoms associated with estrogen deficiency after menopause. At present, treatments for postmenopausal symptoms include hormonal therapy (HT) and non-HT. However, the optimal regimen for balancing the benefits and risks remains unclear. This article reviewed the characteristics, regimens, and side effects of drugs used in hormonal and non-HT. However, HT is still the most effective treatment with safety in early initiation since menopause onset. Nevertheless, it is essential to evaluate the risks of related chronic diseases and customize individualized treatments. Possible estetrol preparations and more types of Tissue Selective Estrogen Complex formulations are potential directions of drug development in the future of HT. Regarding non-HT, fezolinetant, currently in phase III clinical trials, is poised to become a first-in-class therapy for vasomotor symptoms. Ospemifene, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and vaginal lasers can also be used for moderate-to-severe genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Recent data suggest a superior efficacy and safety of vaginal lasers, but more validated evidence of long-term tolerability is needed to respond to the United States Food and Drug Administration warning. Herbal medication commonly used in Asia is effective in alleviating menopausal symptoms; however, its adverse effects still require more detailed reports and standardized observation methods. This review contributes to a better understanding of drugs for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms and provides useful information for clinical drug selection.

Vaginal laser therapy for gynecologic conditions: re-examining the controversy and where do we go from here

Despite significant controversy, vaginal laser therapy continues to be used for treatment of many gynecologic and pelvic conditions including vaginal atrophy, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia, urinary incontinence and pelvic pain. This commentary reviews the controversy surrounding vaginal laser therapy and summarizes the important distinction between ablative and non-ablative vaginal lasers. While much research is still needed, the article describes what is important for healthcare professionals to know before making the decision to integrate this technology into their clinical practice.

Treating menopause - MHT and beyond

Every woman who lives past midlife will experience menopause, which, by definition, is complete cessation of ovarian function. This process might occur spontaneously (natural menopause) or be iatrogenic (secondary menopause), and can be further classified as 'early' if it occurs before the age of 45 years and 'premature' if it occurs before the age of 40 years. Globally, the mean age of natural menopause is 48.8 years, with remarkably little geographic variation. A woman's age at menopause influences health outcomes in later life. Early menopause is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer, but increased risks of premature osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and premature death. The cardinal symptoms of menopause, and adverse health sequelae, are due to loss of ovarian oestrogen production. Consequently, menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) that includes oestrogen or an oestrogenic compound ameliorates menopausal symptoms, while preventing menopause-associated bone loss and cardiometabolic changes. Importantly, comprehensive care of postmenopausal women involves lifestyle optimization (attention to nutrition and physical activity, reducing alcohol consumption and not smoking) and treating other established chronic disease risk factors. This Review offers a commentary specifically on the contemporary use of MHT and novel pharmaceutical alternatives to manage menopausal symptoms.