1
|
Yang Q, Dong R, Yan H, Xu R, Xue Y, Yin Y, Zhao Z, Wang Z. Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormone correlates to all-cause mortality in euthyroid individuals with chronic kidney disease. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2134. [PMID: 39107720 PMCID: PMC11305014 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the association between central sensitivity to thyroid hormones and all-cause mortality in euthyroid patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS Data on thyroid function indicators and all-cause mortality for CKD patients were extracted from the NHANES database (2007-2012). Central sensitivities to thyroid hormones were mainly evaluated by Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index (TFQI). The Kaplan-Meier method, Cox proportional hazards regression model and subgroup analysis were performed to explore the potential associations between thyroid hormone sensitivity and all-cause mortality. RESULTS A total of 1303 euthyroid CKD patients were enrolled in this study. After a median follow-up of 115 months, 503 participants died. The Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significant variations in survival rates among different levels of TFQI (P = 0.0015). Cox regression analysis showed that increased levels of TFQI were independent risk factors for all-cause mortality after adjusting for multiple confounding factors (HR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.10-1.79, P = 0.007). Subgroup analysis did not reveal any significant variation in the association between TFQI and all-cause mortality between the subgroups assessed (P for interaction > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that impaired thyroid hormone sensitivity might be linked to increased mortality in euthyroid CKD patients. Further research is needed to confirm and explore this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ru Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruijun Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Xue
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Endocrinology, Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhaoxiang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, 215300, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
You AS, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Brent GA, Narasaki Y, Daza A, Sim JJ, Kovesdy CP, Nguyen DV, Rhee CM. Impact of Thyroid Status on Incident Kidney Dysfunction and Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in a Nationally Representative Cohort. Mayo Clin Proc 2024; 99:39-56. [PMID: 38176833 PMCID: PMC10795379 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between thyroid status and incident kidney dysfunction/chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS We examined incident thyroid status, ascertained by serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels measured from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2018, among 4,152,830 patients from the Optum Labs Data Warehouse, containing deidentified retrospective administrative claims data from a large national health insurance plan and electronic health record data from a nationwide network of provider groups. Associations of thyroid status, categorized as hypothyroidism, euthyroidism, or hyperthyroidism (TSH levels >5.0, 0.5-5.0, and <0.5 mIU/L, respectively), with the composite end point of incident kidney dysfunction in patients without baseline kidney dysfunction and CKD progression in those with baseline CKD were examined using Cox models. RESULTS Patients with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism had higher risk of incident kidney dysfunction/CKD progression in expanded case-mix analyses (reference: euthyroidism): adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) (95% CIs) were 1.37 (1.34 to 1.40) and 1.42 (1.39 to 1.45), respectively. Incrementally higher TSH levels in the upper reference range and TSH ranges for subclinical, mild overt, and overt hypothyroidism (≥3.0-5.0, >5.0-10.0, >10.0-20.0, and >20.0 mIU/L, respectively) were associated with increasingly higher risk of the composite end point (reference: TSH level, 0.5 to <3.0 mIU/L): aHRs (95% CIs) were 1.10 (1.09 to 1.11), 1.37 (1.34 to 1.40), 1.70 (1.59 to 1.83), and 1.70 (1.50 to 1.93), respectively. Incrementally lower TSH levels in the subclinical (<0.5 mIU/L) and overt (<0.1 mIU/L) hyperthyroid ranges were also associated with the composite end point: aHRs (95% CIs) were 1.44 (1.41 to 1.47) and 1.48 (1.39 to 1.59), respectively. CONCLUSION In a national cohort, TSH levels in the upper reference range or higher (≥3.0 mIU/L) and below the reference range (<0.5 mIU/L) were associated with incident kidney dysfunction/CKD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S You
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA; Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA; Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yoko Narasaki
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA; Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
| | - Andrea Daza
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA; Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA
| | - John J Sim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Csaba P Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Danh V Nguyen
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA; Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA; Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rhee CM, You AS, Narasaki Y, Brent GA, Sim JJ, Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Nguyen DV. Development and Validation of a Prediction Model for Incident Hypothyroidism in a National Chronic Kidney Disease Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e1374-e1383. [PMID: 37186674 PMCID: PMC11009786 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hypothyroidism is a common yet under-recognized condition in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which may lead to end-organ complications if left untreated. OBJECTIVE We developed a prediction tool to identify CKD patients at risk for incident hypothyroidism. METHODS Among 15 642 patients with stages 4 to 5 CKD without evidence of pre-existing thyroid disease, we developed and validated a risk prediction tool for the development of incident hypothyroidism (defined as thyrotropin [TSH] > 5.0 mIU/L) using the Optum Labs Data Warehouse, which contains de-identified administrative claims, including medical and pharmacy claims and enrollment records for commercial and Medicare Advantage enrollees as well as electronic health record data. Patients were divided into a two-thirds development set and a one-third validation set. Prediction models were developed using Cox models to estimate probability of incident hypothyroidism. RESULTS There were 1650 (11%) cases of incident hypothyroidism during a median follow-up of 3.4 years. Characteristics associated with hypothyroidism included older age, White race, higher body mass index, low serum albumin, higher baseline TSH, hypertension, congestive heart failure, exposure to iodinated contrast via angiogram or computed tomography scan, and amiodarone use. Model discrimination was good with similar C-statistics in the development and validation datasets: 0.77 (95% CI 0.75-0.78) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.74-0.78), respectively. Model goodness-of-fit tests showed adequate fit in the overall cohort (P = .47) as well as in a subcohort of patients with stage 5 CKD (P = .33). CONCLUSION In a national cohort of CKD patients, we developed a clinical prediction tool identifying those at risk for incident hypothyroidism to inform prioritized screening, monitoring, and treatment in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connie M Rhee
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Amy S You
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Yoko Narasaki
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - John J Sim
- Division of Nephrology, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Csaba P Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
- Section of Nephrology, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Danh V Nguyen
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang P, Wang S, Huang B, Liu Y, Liu Y, Chen H, Zhang J. Clinicopathological features and prognosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy with thyroid dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1133521. [PMID: 37008916 PMCID: PMC10060953 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1133521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid dysfunction is common in patients with kidney disease. However, the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) remains unclear. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with IMN and thyroid dysfunction compared to patients with IMN and without thyroid dysfunction. METHODS A total of 1052 patients with IMN diagnosed by renal biopsy were enrolled in this study, including 736 (70%) with normal thyroid function and 316 (30%) with abnormal thyroid function. We analyzed the clinicopathological features and prognostic data between the two groups, using propensity score matching (PSM) to reduce the bias. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the risk factors for IMN combined with thyroid dysfunction. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analysis were used to evaluate the association between thyroid dysfunction and IMN. RESULTS Patients with IMN and thyroid dysfunction exhibited more severe clinical features. Female sex, lower albumin level, higher D-dimer level, severe proteinuria, and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate were predictors of thyroid dysfunction in patients with IMN. After PSM, 282 pairs were successfully matched. Results from the Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that the thyroid dysfunction group had a lower complete remission rate (P = 0.044), higher relapse rate (P < 0.001), and lower renal survival rate (P = 0.004). The multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that thyroid dysfunction was an independent risk factor for complete remission [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.810, P = 0.045], relapse (HR = 1.721, P = 0.001), and composite endpoint event (HR = 2.113, P = 0.014) in IMN. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid dysfunction is relatively common in patients with IMN, and the clinical indicators are more severe in these patients. Thyroid dysfunction is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with IMN. More attention should be paid to thyroid function in patients with IMN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiheng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shulei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huiming Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junjun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Junjun Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kidney disease and thyroid dysfunction: the chicken or egg problem. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:3031-3042. [PMID: 35737115 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Patients with non-dialysis-dependant chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) and dialysis-dependant chronic kidney disease (DD-CKD) frequently also suffer from thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism which is found two to five times more often among them compared to the general population. Emerging research has illustrated the potential prognostic implications of this association as NDD-CKD and DD-CKD patients with hypothyroidism have been shown to have higher mortality rates, and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in NDD-CKD patients has been reported to attenuate the decline of glomerular filtration rate over time. This review illustrates the bidirectional, multi-layered interplay between the kidneys and the thyroid gland explaining how pathologies in one organ will affect the other and vice versa. Additionally, it outlines the impact of thyroid disorders on routine parameters of kidney function (especially serum creatinine and serum cystatin C) that nephrologists should be aware of in their clinical practice. Lastly, it summarizes the emerging evidence from clinical studies on how treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in NDD-CKD and DD-CKD patients may potentially have beneficial effects on kidney function as well as mortality. While most of the research in this area has been performed on adult patients, we specifically discuss what is currently known about thyroid dysfunctions in paediatric CKD patients as well and provide management suggestions. The evidence accumulated so far clearly indicates that further, prospective studies with meticulous methodology are warranted to refine our understanding of thyroid disorders in paediatric and adult CKD patients and establish optimal treatment pathways.
Collapse
|
6
|
Fang H, Zhao R, Cui S, Wan W. Sex differences in major cardiovascular outcomes and fractures in patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8448-8485. [DOI: 10.18632/aging.204352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Runsheng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Center for Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Cui
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqing Wan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Center for Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pohl KR, Hobohm L, Krieg VJ, Sentler C, Rogge NI, Steimke L, Ebner M, Lerchbaumer M, Hasenfuß G, Konstantinides S, Lankeit M, Keller K. Impact of thyroid dysfunction on short-term outcomes and long-term mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2022; 211:70-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
8
|
You AS, Budoff M, Zeb I, Ahmadi N, Novoa A, Flores F, Hamal S, Kinninger A, Dailing C, Nakata T, Kovesdy CP, Nguyen DV, Brent GA, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Rhee CM. Elevated serum thyrotropin levels and endothelial dysfunction in a prospective hemodialysis cohort. Hemodial Int 2022; 26:57-65. [PMID: 34231302 PMCID: PMC10753993 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid dysfunction is a highly prevalent yet under-recognized complication in hemodialysis patients. In the general population, hypothyroidism has been associated with endothelial dysfunction due to impaired vasodilator synthesis and activity. Little is known about the association of serum thyrotropin (TSH), the most sensitive and specific single biochemical metric of thyroid function, with endothelial function in hemodialysis patients. METHODS In a secondary analysis of 99 patients from the Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative nutrition in hypoalbuminemic dialysis patients (AIONID) trial, we examined measurements of serum TSH and endothelial function ascertained by fingertip digital thermal monitoring (DTM), a novel method used to measure micro-vascular reactivity, collected within a 90-day period. DTM was used to measure changes in fingertip temperature during and after an ischemic stimulus (blood pressure cuff occlusion) as an indicator of changes in blood flow, and two DTM indices were assessed, namely adjusted (a) Temperature Rebound (TR), defined as the maximum temperature rebound post-cuff deflation, and adjusted (b) Area Under the Temperature Curve (TMP-AUC), defined as area under the curve between the maximum and minimum temperatures. We examined the relationship between serum TSH with impaired TR (separately) and TMP-AUC (both defined as less than the median level of observed values) using multivariable logistic regression. FINDINGS In unadjusted and case-mix analyses, higher serum TSH levels (defined as the three highest quartiles) were associated with lower (worse) TR (ref: lowest TSH quartile): ORs (95% CI) 2.64 (1.01-6.88) and 2.85 (1.08-7.57), respectively. In unadjusted and case-mix analyses, higher TSH levels were associated with lower (worse) TMP-AUC: ORs (95% CI) 2.64 (1.01-6.88) and 2.79 (1.06-7.38), respectively. DISCUSSION In HD patients, higher serum TSH levels were associated with worse micro-vascular reactivity measured by DTM. Further studies are needed to determine if thyroid hormone supplementation improves endothelial function in hemodialysis patients with lower levels of thyroid function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. You
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
| | - Matthew Budoff
- Lundquist Institute, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Irfan Zeb
- Division of Cardiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Naser Ahmadi
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alejandra Novoa
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
| | - Ferdinand Flores
- Lundquist Institute, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Sajad Hamal
- Lundquist Institute, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - April Kinninger
- Lundquist Institute, Harbor UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | | | - Tracy Nakata
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
| | - Csaba P. Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Nephrology Section, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Danh V. Nguyen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
| | - Gregory A. Brent
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
- Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Connie M. Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang S, Lai S, Wang Z, Liu A, Wang W, Guan H. Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index correlates strongly to renal function in euthyroid individuals. Ann Med 2021; 53:1945-1955. [PMID: 34726096 PMCID: PMC8567884 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1993324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported a negative relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and renal function in euthyroid individuals, but others have found that higher free thyroxine (FT4) was associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease. This study was designed to analyze the relationship between thyroid and renal function from a new perspective of sensitivity to thyroid hormone. METHODS This retrospective study included 2831 euthyroid individuals who underwent a health examination at the First Hospital of China Medical University between January 2017 and December 2018. Parametric Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index (PTFQIFT4), TSH index (TSHI), thyrotroph T4 resistance index (TT4RI), free triiodothyronine to FT4 ratio (FT3/FT4), the secretory capacity of the thyroid gland (SPINA-GT) and the sum activity of peripheral deiodinases (SPINA-GD) were calculated. We also innovated the TT3RI and PTFQIFT3 indices based on FT3 and TSH. Renal function was assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) CKD-EPI and creatinine-cystatin C-KDIGO equations. RESULTS After adjustment of basic characteristics and comorbidities, linear regression showed that eGFR CKD-EPI was positively associated with FT3/FT4 (β = 23.31), and inversely correlated to PTFQI FT4 (β= -2.69) (both p < .001). When comparing the fourth versus the first quartile of PTFQI FT4, the odds ratio (OR) for a reduced renal function was 1.89 (95% CI 1.28-2.80), and the OR was 0.64 (95% CI 0.43-0.95) when comparing quartiles of FT3/FT4 (both pfor trend< .05). In addition, for every 1SD increase in PTFQI FT4, the OR for a reduced renal function was 1.27 (95%CI 1.10-1.47). TSHI, TT4RI and TT3RI also showed a negative correlation to renal function. Similar results were obtained in SPINA-GD as in FT3/FT4. CONCLUSIONS In euthyroid individuals, decreased sensitivity to thyroid hormone is associated with reduced renal function. The composite PTFQIFT4 index correlates more strongly to renal function than TSH or T4 alone.KEY MESSAGESDecreased sensitivity to thyroid hormone is associated with reduced renal function in the euthyroid population.The recently developed composite index PTFQIFT4 seems to correlate more strongly to renal function than individual TSH or FT4 parameters.Innovative indices TT3RI and PTFQIFT3 based on the interaction between T3 and TSH may also reflect sensitivity to thyroid hormone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijue Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China†
| | - Shuiqing Lai
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zixiao Wang
- Department of Physical Examination Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Physical Examination Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is a highly prevalent endocrine complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. A large body of evidence has shown that there is a bidirectional relationship between thyroid dysfunction and kidney disease, yet there are many remaining gaps in knowledge in regards to the clinical management of CKD patients with hypothyroidism, including those receiving hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Given that hypothyroidism has been associated with many deleterious outcomes including a higher risk of (1) mortality, (2) cardiovascular disease, (3) impaired health-related quality of life, and (4) altered body composition in both non-CKD and CKD patients, future research is needed to establish the appropriate screening, diagnosis, and treatment approaches in these populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Narasaki
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA
| | - Peter Sohn
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Kidney Transplantation, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sohn SY, Seo GH, Chung JH. Risk of All-Cause Mortality in Levothyroxine-Treated Hypothyroid Patients: A Nationwide Korean Cohort Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:680647. [PMID: 34054737 PMCID: PMC8155625 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.680647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although hypothyroidism is associated with various comorbidities, its relationship with increased all-cause mortality remains controversial. The aim of this nationwide retrospective cohort study was to investigate whether hypothyroid patients treated with levothyroxine had increased mortality compared to controls. METHODS Hypothyroid subjects were identified through the Korean National Health Insurance Service Claims database between 2008 and 2017. Hypothyroidism in this study was defined as overt hypothyroidism treated with long-term prescription of levothyroxine (>6 months). After 1:3 age-, sex- and index year-matching, 501,882 patients with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism and 1,505,646 controls without hypothyroidism were included. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 6 years, 25,954 (5.2%) hypothyroid patients and 59,105 (3.9%) controls died. Hypothyroidism was significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-1.16) even with levothyroxine treatment. When stratified by age, sex, and cardiovascular disease risk, independent associations between hypothyroidism and mortality remained significant in all subgroups. The risk of mortality was higher in the < 65 age group (HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.22-1.29), men (HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.25-1.31), and the high cardiovascular disease risk group (HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.29-1.34). The mortality rate of hypothyroid patients was highest within 1 year of treatment and decreased with time. CONCLUSION This nationwide, population-based cohort study showed that all-cause mortality was significantly higher in levothyroxine-treated hypothyroid patients than in non-hypothyroid controls. This association remained significant regardless of age, sex, and cardiovascular disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seo Young Sohn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Gi Hyeon Seo
- Department of Healthcare Review and Assessment Committee, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine and Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae Hoon Chung,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Blackaller GN, Chávez-Iñiguez JS, Carreón-Bautista EE, González-Torres FJ, Villareal-Contreras M, Barrientos Avalos JR, Aguilera PM, Rosales FR, José Antonio TM, Gómez Fregoso JA, Michel Gonzalez JI, García-García G. A Pilot Trial on the Effect of Levothyroxine on Proteinuria in Patients With Advanced CKD. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:110-119. [PMID: 33426390 PMCID: PMC7783574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid hormones can directly affect kidney function; elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with proteinuria, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and progression to end-stage renal disease. Our hypothesis is that in patients with CKD and TSH at levels considered to be in the low subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) range, lowering TSH with levothyroxine (LVX) improves the clinical parameters of renal function. METHODS This was a double-blind, randomized, pilot clinical trial in patients with proteinuric CKD (eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and proteinuria >150 mg/d) performed at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, with the intention of lowering TSH (levels of 1.25-2.5 μIU/l) in patients with TSH (levels of 2.6-9.9 μIU/ml with FT4 in the range of 0.7-1.8 ng/dl). Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive LVX or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary objective was to evaluate absolute levels of proteinuria at the beginning compared to the end of the study and, as a secondary objective, the changes in serum creatinine (sCr), eGFR, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and blood pressure, and to assess the tolerability and safety of LVX. RESULTS Between March and November 2018, a total of 163 patients were assessed for eligibility; 119 patients did not meet the inclusion criteria or were excluded, and 32 patients were randomized. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the 2 study groups were essentially not different. Subjects were 66.87 (SD 12.19) years of age, 62.5% were female, 75% were diabetes mellitus, eGFR was 23.55 (±12.91) ml/min per 1.73 m2, TSH was 5.37 ± 2.13 μIU/ml, proteinuria in 24-hour urine collection was 1.52 ± 1.12, and all of them were taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Proteinuria at 12 weeks in the LVX group was 0.89 SD ± 1.28 g/d, and in the placebo group it was 1.35 SD ± 0.85 g/d; when compared to placebo, LVX showed a significant decrease in proteinuria of 1.1 g/d (P = 0.0011). The eGFR in the LVX group showed an improvement of 4 ml/min/1.73 m2 (P = 0.049); in the placebo group, there was a decrease of 1.98 ml/min per 1.73 m2. The sCr, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were not different between groups. Adverse events were reported in the LVX group in 7.14% of patients and in 11.11% of patients in the placebo group; none left the study because of adverse effects, and there were no serious adverse events. CONCLUSION This single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial in patients with advanced proteinuric CKD who already used ACEIs or ARBs demonstrated that administering LVX to obtain a TSH range close to 2.5 μIU/ml decreased proteinuria and improved eGFR. Future research is needed to confirm our results and to determine whether our findings generalize to patient groups not explicitly enrolled in this small pilot trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Navarro Blackaller
- Service of Nephrology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- University of Guadalajara, University Center of Health Sciences CUCS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jonathan S. Chávez-Iñiguez
- Service of Nephrology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- University of Guadalajara, University Center of Health Sciences CUCS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | | | - Miroslava Villareal-Contreras
- Service of Nephrology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- University of Guadalajara, University Center of Health Sciences CUCS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Roberto Barrientos Avalos
- University of Guadalajara, University Center of Health Sciences CUCS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Service of Endocrinology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pablo Maggiani Aguilera
- Service of Nephrology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- University of Guadalajara, University Center of Health Sciences CUCS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Francisco Romo Rosales
- Service of Nephrology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- University of Guadalajara, University Center of Health Sciences CUCS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Torres Mayorga José Antonio
- Service of Nephrology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- University of Guadalajara, University Center of Health Sciences CUCS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan Alberto Gómez Fregoso
- Service of Nephrology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- University of Guadalajara, University Center of Health Sciences CUCS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge Isaac Michel Gonzalez
- Service of Nephrology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- University of Guadalajara, University Center of Health Sciences CUCS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Guillermo García-García
- Service of Nephrology, Civil Hospital of Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- University of Guadalajara, University Center of Health Sciences CUCS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tsai TY, Tu YK, Munir KM, Lin SM, Chang RHE, Kao SL, Loh CH, Peng CCH, Huang HK. Association of Hypothyroidism and Mortality in the Elderly Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5661569. [PMID: 31829418 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The evidence of whether hypothyroidism increases mortality in the elderly population is currently inconsistent and conflicting. OBJECTIVE The objective of this meta-analysis is to determine the impact of hypothyroidism on mortality in the elderly population. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception until May 10, 2019. STUDY SELECTION Studies evaluating the association between hypothyroidism and all-cause and/or cardiovascular mortality in the elderly population (ages ≥ 60 years) were eligible. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the quality of the studies. Relative risk (RR) was retrieved for synthesis. A random-effects model for meta-analyses was used. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 27 cohort studies with 1 114 638 participants met the inclusion criteria. Overall, patients with hypothyroidism experienced a higher risk of all-cause mortality than those with euthyroidism (pooled RR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.15-1.37); meanwhile, no significant difference in cardiovascular mortality was found between patients with hypothyroidism and those with euthyroidism (pooled RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.84-1.43). Subgroup analyses revealed that overt hypothyroidism (pooled RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.20) rather than subclinical hypothyroidism (pooled RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.92-1.41) was associated with increased all-cause mortality. The heterogeneity primarily originated from different study designs (prospective and retrospective) and geographic locations (Europe, North America, Asia, and Oceania). CONCLUSIONS Based on the current evidence, hypothyroidism is significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality instead of cardiovascular mortality among the elderly. We observed considerable heterogeneity, so caution is needed when interpreting the results. Further prospective, large-scale, high-quality studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tou-Yuan Tsai
- Emergency Department, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Tu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital and School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kashif M Munir
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shu-Man Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Sheng-Lun Kao
- Department of Family Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hui Loh
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Center for Aging and Health, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Carol Chiung-Hui Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Huei-Kai Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
You AS, Sim JJ, Kovesdy CP, Streja E, Nguyen DV, Brent GA, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Rhee CM. Association of thyroid status prior to transition to end-stage renal disease with early dialysis mortality. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 34:2095-2104. [PMID: 30299498 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, including those receiving dialysis, have a high prevalence of thyroid dysfunction. Although hypothyroidism is associated with higher death risk in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, no studies have examined whether thyroid status in the pre-ESRD period impacts mortality after dialysis initiation. METHODS Among US veterans with CKD identified from the national Veterans Affairs database that transitioned to dialysis over the period from October 2007 to September 2011, we examined the association of pre-ESRD serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels averaged over the 1-year pre-dialysis ('prelude') period with all-cause mortality in the first year following dialysis initiation. RESULTS Among 15 335 patients in the 1-year prelude cohort, TSH levels >5.0 mIU/L were associated with higher mortality in expanded case-mix Cox models (reference: TSH 0.5-5.0 mIU/L): adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20 (1.07-1.33). Similar findings were observed for TSH >5.0 mIU/L and mortality in the 2- and 5-year cohorts: aHRs (95% CI) 1.11 (1.02-1.21) and 1.15 (1.07-1.24), respectively. Analyses of finer gradations of TSH in the 1-year prelude cohort demonstrated that incrementally higher levels >5.0 mIU/L were associated with increasingly higher mortality in expanded case-mix models (reference: TSH 0.5-3.0 mIU/L): aHRs (95% CI) 1.18 (1.04-1.33) and 1.28 (1.03-1.59) for TSH levels >5.0-10.0 mIU/L and >10.0 mIU/L, respectively. In the 2- and 5-year cohorts, mortality associations persisted most strongly for those with TSH >10.0 mIU/L, particularly after laboratory covariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Among new ESRD patients, there is a dose-dependent relationship between higher pre-ESRD TSH levels >5.0 mIU/L and post-ESRD mortality. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of TSH reduction with thyroid hormone supplementation in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy S You
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - John J Sim
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Department of Nephrology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Csaba P Kovesdy
- Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Nephrology Section, Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Elani Streja
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA.,Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Danh V Nguyen
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA.,Tibor Rubin Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Connie M Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypothyroidism is a highly prevalent endocrine disorder in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) population, yet many cases may remain latent and undiagnosed. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiologic data show that there is a nearly five-fold higher prevalence of hypothyroidism in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients vs. those without CKD. Given that the metabolism, degradation, and excretion of thyroid hormone and its metabolites, as well as the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis may be altered in ESRD, certain considerations should be made when interpreting thyroid functional tests in these patients. Growing evidence shows that hypothyroidism and other thyroid functional test derangements are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease, worse patient-centered outcomes, and survival in the advanced CKD population, including those with ESRD. Although limited data examining treatment of hypothyroidism suggests benefit, further studies of the efficacy and safety of thyroid hormone supplementation, including clinical trials and rigorous longitudinal observational studies are needed to inform the management of thyroid dysfunction in CKD. SUMMARY Given the high burden of hypothyroidism in ESRD patients, and potential ill effects on their cardiovascular health, patient-centered outcomes, and survival, further research is needed to inform the optimal management of thyroid dysfunction in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connie M. Rhee
- Harold Simmons Center for Chronic Disease Research and Epidemiology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- Marius N Stan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | - Matthew T Drake
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| |
Collapse
|