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Popov Aleksandrov A, Tucovic D, Kulas J, Popovic D, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M, Mirkov I. Toxicology of chemical biocides: Anticoagulant rodenticides - Beyond hemostasis disturbance. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 277:109841. [PMID: 38237840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) is one of the most commonly employed management methods for pest rodents. ARs compete with vitamin K (VK) required for the synthesis of blood clotting factors in the liver, resulting in inhibition of blood coagulation and often animal death due to hemorrhage. Besides rodents (target species), ARs may affect non-target animal species and humans. Out of hemostasis disturbance, the effects of ARs may be related to the inhibition of proteins that require VK for their synthesis but are not involved in the coagulation process, to their direct cytotoxicity, and their pro-oxidant/proinflammatory activity. A survey of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these sublethal/asymptomatic AR effects is given in this review. Data from field, clinical, and experimental studies are presented. Knowledge of these mechanisms might improve hazard characterization and identification of potential ecotoxicological risks associated with ARs, contributing to a safer use of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dusanka Popovic
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dragan Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
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Feinstein DL, Nosal DG, Ramanathan S, Zhou J, Chen L, Hershow RC, van Breemen RB, Wright E, Hafner JW, Rubinstein I. Effects of vitamin K1 treatment on plasma concentrations of long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide enantiomers following inhalation of contaminated synthetic cannabinoids. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2020; 58:716-724. [PMID: 31736367 PMCID: PMC7583456 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1687903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: An outbreak of synthetic cannabinoid (SC)-associated coagulopathy and bleeding in Illinois, USA was determined to be due to inhalation of SC contaminated with brodifacoum (BDF), difenacoum (DiF), and bromadiolone (BDL), highly potent long-acting anticoagulant rodenticides (LAARs). Treatment with high-dose vitamin K1 (VK1) prevented mortality; however, plasma LAAR levels were not measured risking recurrence of coagulopathy and bleeding due to premature discontinuation. The goal of this study was to determine if plasma LAAR levels were reduced following standard of care treatment to normalize coagulopathy.Methods: Blood samples were collected from a cohort of 32 patients, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis used to quantify plasma LAAR levels including enantiomers.Results: BDF was detected in 31 samples; 30 also contained DiF and 18 contained BDL. Initial plasma levels were 581 ± 87, 11.0 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 5.9 ng/mL for BDF, DiF, and BDL, respectively (mean ± SE). At discharge plasma, BDF levels remained elevated at 453 ± 68 ng/mL. Plasma half-lives for BDF, DiF, and BDL were 7.5 ± 1.3, 7.2 ± 1.9, and 1.8 ± 0.3 days, respectively. The half-life for trans-BDF enantiomers (5.7 ± 0.8 days) was shorter than for cis-enantiomers (7.6 ± 1.9 days). BDF half-lives were shorter, and coagulopathy normalized faster in patients receiving intravenous VK1 as compared to oral VK1. Patients prescribed VK1 at discharge had fewer re-admittances.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that plasma LAAR levels at discharge were elevated in poisoned patients despite normal coagulation, and that the route of VK1 administration affected LAAR pharmacokinetics and INR normalization. We propose plasma LAAR levels and coagulation be monitored concomitantly during follow-up of patients with LAAR poisoning. KEY POINTSIn patients treated with high-dose vitamin K1 for LAAR poisoning, plasma levels remained 40-fold above safe levels upon discharge from hospital.LAAR half-lives, normalization of coagulopathy, and readmittances were reduced by treatment with intravenous vitamin K1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Feinstein
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel G Nosal
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Swetha Ramanathan
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jifang Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Luying Chen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ronald C Hershow
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Erik Wright
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - John W Hafner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Israel Rubinstein
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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