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Seidl MD, Fels B, Kranick D, Sternberg A, Grimm K, Stümpel FT, Pluteanu F, Schulte JS, Heinick A, Kojima N, Endo S, Huge A, Stoll M, Müller FU. Induction of ICER is superseded by smICER, challenging the impact of ICER under chronic beta-adrenergic stimulation. FASEB J 2020; 34:11272-11291. [PMID: 32602979 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902301rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ICER (inducible cAMP early repressor) isoforms are transcriptional repressors encoded by the Crem (cAMP responsive element modulator) gene. They were linked to the regulation of a multitude of cellular processes and pathophysiological mechanisms. Here, we show for the first time that two independent induction patterns for CREM repressor isoforms exist in the heart, namely for ICER and smICER (small ICER), which are induced in response to β-adrenergic stimulation in a transient- and saturation-like manner, respectively. This time-shifted induction pattern, driven by two internal promoters in the Crem gene, leads to the predominant transcription of smIcer after prolonged β-adrenergic stimulation. Using an ICER knockout mouse model with preserved smICER induction, we show that the transient-like induction of Icer itself has minor effects on gene regulation, cardiac hypertrophy or contractile function in the heart. We conclude that the functions previously linked to ICER may be rather attributed to smICER, also beyond the cardiac background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias D Seidl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedikt Fels
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Kranick
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexandra Sternberg
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kristina Grimm
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank T Stümpel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Florentina Pluteanu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jan S Schulte
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Heinick
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Shogo Endo
- Aging Neuroscience Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andreas Huge
- Core Facility Genomik, Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Monika Stoll
- Core Facility Genomik, Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Frank U Müller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Palui R, Sahoo J, Kamalanathan S, Kar SS, Sridharan K, Durgia H, Raj H, Patil M. Effect of metformin on thyroid function tests in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: an open-label randomised controlled trial. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:1451-1458. [PMID: 31127593 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01059-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Though most of the observational studies have shown that metformin can reduce serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level in patients of hypothyroidism with diabetes or polycystic ovarian disease, randomised controlled trials are sparse. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of metformin on thyroid function tests (TSH, free T4, and free T3) in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). METHODOLOGY In this open label, parallel arm, randomised controlled trial, 60 patients of SCH (TSH 5.5-10 mIU/L) were randomised to either metformin group (1500 mg/day) or control group. RESULT A total of 46 patients (23 in each group) completed the study and no significant difference in serum TSH, free T4 or free T3 was found in between the 2 groups. Neither there was any significant change in serum TSH, free T4 or free T3 (pre and post 6 months) within the individual groups. However, the rate of normalisation of serum TSH in patients with negative thyroid antibody was significantly higher than patients with positive thyroid antibody (71.4% vs. 18.8%; P = 0.026) in metformin group in post hoc analysis. Fasting plasma glucose, serum high-density lipoprotein and indices of insulin sensitivity significantly improved in metformin group. Four patients (17%) had mild gastrointestinal adverse effects in the metformin group. CONCLUSION We did not find any significant change in thyroid function test in patients with SCH with metformin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Palui
- Department of Endocrinology, JIPMER, Fourth Floor, Superspeciality Block, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - J Sahoo
- Department of Endocrinology, JIPMER, Fourth Floor, Superspeciality Block, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - S Kamalanathan
- Department of Endocrinology, JIPMER, Fourth Floor, Superspeciality Block, Puducherry, 605006, India.
| | - S S Kar
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
| | - K Sridharan
- Department of Endocrinology, JIPMER, Fourth Floor, Superspeciality Block, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - H Durgia
- Department of Endocrinology, JIPMER, Fourth Floor, Superspeciality Block, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - H Raj
- Department of Endocrinology, JIPMER, Fourth Floor, Superspeciality Block, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - M Patil
- Inlaks Budhrani Hospital, Pune, India
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Wang J, Li X, He S, Hu L, Guo J, Huang X, Hu J, Qi Y, Chen B, Shang D, Wen Y. Regulation of the kynurenine metabolism pathway by Xiaoyao San and the underlying effect in the hippocampus of the depressed rat. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 214:13-21. [PMID: 29217494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xiaoyao San (XYS) is a classic Chinese herbal formula for treatment of depression. The present study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effects of XYS in a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS A CUMS rat model of depression was established via 4 weeks of unpredictable stimulation. Then the rats were orally administered paroxetine and XYS for 2 weeks with continued stress. Behavioral assessments, including an open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swim test (FST), were conducted to evaluate the antidepressant effects of XYS. The concentrations in rat plasma of tryptophan (Trp) and its metabolic products, including kynurenine (Kyn) and quinolinic acid (QUIN), were determined using high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with electrochemical detection (HPLC-MS/MS). The mRNA and protein levels in rat hippocampus of depression-related brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and nerve cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) were determined by real-time qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to detect the activities of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) in rat plasma. RESULTS The results showed that a successful CUMS rat model was established through 4 weeks of continuous unpredictable stimulation, as indicated by the significant decrease in locomotor activity and increase in immobility time in the OFT, reduction in body weight and food intake etc. Compared with the normal group, the concentrations of Kyn and QUIN had significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at day 28 in the control group, but then improved after drug treatment with paroxetine and XYS. There were no obvious changes in the activities of IDO and KMO. Compared with the normal group, the mRNA of NCAM, CREB and BDNF were significantly down-regulated (p < 0.001) in the control group, BDNF gene was up-regulated by paroxetine or XYS treatment, NCAM and CREB gene did not change in XYS group, protein expressions of BDNF and CREB were significantly increased, and NCAM was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS XYS reversed the abnormalities of the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathways in depressed rats and achieved an excellent antidepressant effect. Its direct impact may be observed as changes in biological indicators in rat hippocampus tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Guangzhou 510370, PR China; Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16 Airport Road, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Guangzhou 510370, PR China
| | - Shugui He
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16 Airport Road, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Lijun Hu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Guangzhou 510370, PR China
| | - Jiewen Guo
- Guangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16 Zhuji Road, Guangzhou 510130, PR China
| | - Xiangning Huang
- Guangzhou Xinhai Hospital, Guangzhou, 167 Xingang West Road, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Jinqing Hu
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Guangzhou 510370, PR China
| | - Yaoqun Qi
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16 Airport Road, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Bin Chen
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16 Airport Road, Guangzhou 510405, PR China
| | - Dewei Shang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Guangzhou 510370, PR China.
| | - Yuguan Wen
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), 36 Mingxin Road, Guangzhou 510370, PR China.
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Al-Alusi MA, Du L, Li N, Yeh MW, He X, Braverman LE, Leung AM. Metformin Does Not Suppress Serum Thyrotropin by Increasing Levothyroxine Absorption. Thyroid 2015; 25:1080-4. [PMID: 26191653 PMCID: PMC4589100 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levothyroxine (LT4) absorption is affected by concomitant ingestion of certain minerals, medications, and foods. It has been hypothesized that metformin may suppress serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations by enhancing LT4 absorption or by directly affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. This study examined the effect of metformin ingestion on LT4 absorption, as assessed by serum total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations. METHODS A modified Food and Drug Administration LT4 bioequivalence protocol was applied to healthy, metformin-naïve, euthyroid adult volunteers. Following an overnight fast, 600 μg LT4 was administered orally. Serum TT4 concentrations were measured at baseline and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, and 6 h following LT4 administration. Measurements were performed before and after one week of metformin ingestion (850 mg three times daily). Peak serum TT4 concentrations, time to peak TT4 concentrations, and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were calculated. RESULTS Twenty-six subjects (54% men, 27% white, age 33 ± 10 years) were studied. There were no significant differences in peak serum TT4 concentrations (p = 0.13) and time to peak TT4 concentrations (p = 0.19) before and after one week of metformin use. A trend toward reduced TT4 AUC was observed after metformin ingestion (pre-metformin 3893 ± 568 μg/dL-min, post-metformin 3765 ± 588 μg/dL-min, p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS LT4 absorption is unchanged by concomitant metformin ingestion. Mechanisms other than increased LT4 absorption may be responsible for the suppressed TSH concentrations observed in patients ingesting both drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomathematics, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael W. Yeh
- Section of Endocrine Surgery, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xuemei He
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lewis E. Braverman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Angela M. Leung
- Division of Endocrinology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Endocrinology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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Joseph-Bravo P, Jaimes-Hoy L, Charli JL. Regulation of TRH neurons and energy homeostasis-related signals under stress. J Endocrinol 2015; 224:R139-59. [PMID: 25563352 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis relies on a concerted response of the nervous and endocrine systems to signals evoked by intake, storage, and expenditure of fuels. Glucocorticoids (GCs) and thyroid hormones are involved in meeting immediate energy demands, thus placing the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axes at a central interface. This review describes the mode of regulation of hypophysiotropic TRHergic neurons and the evidence supporting the concept that they act as metabolic integrators. Emphasis has been be placed on i) the effects of GCs on the modulation of transcription of Trh in vivo and in vitro, ii) the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which acute or chronic situations of stress and energy demands affect the activity of TRHergic neurons and the HPT axis, and iii) the less explored role of non-hypophysiotropic hypothalamic TRH neurons. The partial evidence gathered so far is indicative of a contrasting involvement of distinct TRH cell types, manifested through variability in cellular phenotype and physiology, including rapid responses to energy demands for thermogenesis or physical activity and nutritional status that may be modified according to stress history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
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Xia T, Zhang Q, Xiao Y, Wang C, Yu J, Liu H, Liu B, Zhang Y, Chen S, Liu Y, Chen Y, Guo F. CREB/TRH pathway in the central nervous system regulates energy expenditure in response to deprivation of an essential amino acid. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:105-13. [PMID: 24732144 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the central nervous system (CNS), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) has an important role in regulating energy balance. We previously showed that dietary deprivation of leucine in mice increases energy expenditure through CNS-dependent regulation. However, the involvement of central TRH in this regulation has not been reported. METHODS Male C57J/B6 mice were maintained on a control or leucine-deficient diet for 7 days. Leucine-deprived mice were either third intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injected with a TRH antibody followed by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of triiodothyronine (T3) or i.c.v. administrated with an adenovirus of shCREB (cAMP-response element binding protein) followed by i.c.v. injection of TRH. Food intake and body weight were monitored daily. Oxygen consumption, physical activity and rectal temperature were assessed after the treatment. After being killed, the hypothalamus and the brown adipose tissue were collected and the expression of related genes and proteins related was analyzed. In other experiments, control or leucine-deficient medium incubated primary cultured neurons were either infected with adenovirus-mediated short hairpin RNA targeting extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Ad-shERK1/2) or transfected with plasmid-overexpressing protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C (PPP1R3C). RESULTS I.c.v. administration of anti-TRH antibodies significantly reduced leucine deprivation-stimulated energy expenditure. Furthermore, the effects of i.c.v. TRH antibodies were reversed by i.p. injection of T3 during leucine deprivation. Moreover, i.c.v. injection of Ad-shCREB (adenovirus-mediated short hairpin RNA targeting CREB) significantly suppressed leucine deprivation-stimulated energy expenditure via modulation of TRH expression. Lastly, TRH expression was regulated by CREB, which was phosphorylated by ERK1/2 and dephosphorylated by PPP1R3C-containing protein Ser/Thr phosphatase type 1 (PP1) under leucine deprivation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate a novel role for TRH in regulating energy expenditure via T3 during leucine deprivation. Furthermore, our findings reveal that TRH expression is activated by CREB, which is phosphorylated by ERK1/2 and dephosphorylated by PPP1R3C-containing PP1. Collectively, our studies provide novel insights into the regulation of energy homeostasis by the CNS in response to an essential amino-acid deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Xia
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - C Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - J Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - H Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - B Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - S Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - F Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Bianco AC, Anderson G, Forrest D, Galton VA, Gereben B, Kim BW, Kopp PA, Liao XH, Obregon MJ, Peeters RP, Refetoff S, Sharlin DS, Simonides WS, Weiss RE, Williams GR. American Thyroid Association Guide to investigating thyroid hormone economy and action in rodent and cell models. Thyroid 2014; 24:88-168. [PMID: 24001133 PMCID: PMC3887458 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An in-depth understanding of the fundamental principles that regulate thyroid hormone homeostasis is critical for the development of new diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients with thyroid disease. SUMMARY Important clinical practices in use today for the treatment of patients with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid cancer are the result of laboratory discoveries made by scientists investigating the most basic aspects of thyroid structure and molecular biology. In this document, a panel of experts commissioned by the American Thyroid Association makes a series of recommendations related to the study of thyroid hormone economy and action. These recommendations are intended to promote standardization of study design, which should in turn increase the comparability and reproducibility of experimental findings. CONCLUSIONS It is expected that adherence to these recommendations by investigators in the field will facilitate progress towards a better understanding of the thyroid gland and thyroid hormone dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Grant Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Valerie Anne Galton
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brian W. Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, and Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xiao Hui Liao
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Institute of Biomedical Investigation (IIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David S. Sharlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota
| | - Warner S. Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy E. Weiss
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Wide distribution of CREM immunoreactivity in adult and fetal human brain, with an increased expression in dentate gyrus neurons of Alzheimer's as compared to normal aging brains. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1373-83. [PMID: 24100545 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human cyclic AMP response modulator proteins (CREMs) are encoded by the CREM gene, which generates 30 or more different CREM protein isoforms. They are members of the leucine zipper protein superfamily of nuclear transcription factors. CREM proteins are known to be implicated in a plethora of important cellular processes within the CNS. Amazingly, little is known about their cellular and regional distribution in the brain, however. Therefore, we studied by means of immunohistochemistry and Western blotting the expression patterns of CREM in developing and adult human brain, as well as in brains of Alzheimer's disease patients. CREM immunoreactivity was found to be widely but unevenly distributed in the adult human brain. Its localization was confined to neurons. In immature human brains, CREM multiple neuroblasts and radial glia cells expressed CREM. In Alzheimer's brain, we found an increased cellular expression of CREM in dentate gyrus neurons as compared to controls. We discuss our results with regard to the putative roles of CREM in brain development and in cognition.
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