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Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP. The human glucocorticoid receptor. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:417-438. [PMID: 37717993 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are members of steroid hormones that are biosynthesized in the intermediate cellular zone of the adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata) and released into the peripheral blood as final products of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as well as under the control of the circadian biologic system. These molecules regulate every physiologic function of the organism as they bind to an almost ubiquitous hormone-activated transcription factor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which influences the rate of transcription of a huge number of target genes amounting to up to 20% of the mammalian genome. The evolving progress of cellular, molecular and computational-structural biology and the implication of epigenetics in every-day clinical practice have enabled us a deeper and ever-increasing understanding of how target tissues respond to natural and synthetic glucocorticoids. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge on the structure, expression, function and signaling of the human glucocorticoid receptor in normal and pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
| | - George P Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 'Aghia Sophia' Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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2
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Shipston MJ. Glucocorticoid action in the anterior pituitary gland: Insights from corticotroph physiology. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2022; 25:100358. [PMID: 36632471 PMCID: PMC9823093 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary is exposed to ultradian, circadian and stress-induced rhythms of circulating glucocorticoid hormones. Glucocorticoids feedback at the level of the pituitary corticotroph to control their own production through multiple mechanisms. This review highlights key insights from analysis of the dynamics of rapid and early glucocorticoid feedback that reveal both non-genomic and genomic mechanisms mediated by glucocorticoid receptors. Importantly, a common target is control of electrical excitability and calcium signalling although non-genomic effects may also involve control of hormone secretion distal to calcium signalling. Understanding the mechanisms and functional consequences of pulsatile glucocorticoid signalling in the anterior pituitary promises to elucidate the role of glucocorticoids in health and disease, as well as identifying potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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3
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Glucocorticoid resistance conferring mutation in the C-terminus of GR alters the receptor conformational dynamics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12515. [PMID: 34131228 PMCID: PMC8206104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor is a key regulator of essential physiological processes, which under the control of the Hsp90 chaperone machinery, binds to steroid hormones and steroid-like molecules and in a rather complicated and elusive response, regulates a set of glucocorticoid responsive genes. We here examine a human glucocorticoid receptor variant, harboring a point mutation in the last C-terminal residues, L773P, that was associated to Primary Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance, a condition originating from decreased affinity to hormone, impairing one or multiple aspects of GR action. Using in vitro and in silico methods, we assign the conformational consequences of this mutation to particular GR elements and report on the altered receptor properties regarding its binding to dexamethasone, a NCOA-2 coactivator-derived peptide, DNA, and importantly, its interaction with the chaperone machinery of Hsp90.
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4
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Abstract
Primary generalized glucocorticoid resistance or Chrousos syndrome is a rare disorder, which affects all tissues expressing the human glucocorticoid receptor. It is characterized by generalized, partial tissue insensitivity to glucocorticoids caused by genetic defects in the NR3C1 gene. We and others have applied standard methods of molecular and structural biology to investigate the molecular mechanisms and conformational alterations through which the mutant glucocorticoid receptors lead to the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of Chrousos syndrome. The ever-increasing application of novel technologies, including the next-generation sequencing, will enhance our knowledge in factors that influence the glucocorticoid signal transduction in a positive or negative fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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5
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Lathe R, Houston DR. Fatty-acylation target sequence in the ligand-binding domain of vertebrate steroid receptors demarcates evolution from estrogen-related receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 184:20-28. [PMID: 30026064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Present-day nuclear receptors (NRs) responding to adrenal and sex steroids are key regulators of reproduction and growth in mammals, and are thought to have evolved from an ancestral NR most closely related to extant estrogen-related receptors (ERRs). The molecular events (and ligands) that distinguish steroid-activated NRs (SRs) from their inferred ancestor, that gave rise to both the ERRs and SRs, remain unknown. We report that target sequences for fatty-acylation (palmitoylation) at a key cysteine residue (corresponding to Cys447 in human estrogen receptor ERα) in helix 8 of the ligand-binding domain accurately demarcate SRs from ERRs. Docking studies are consistent with the hypothesis that palmitate embeds into a key groove in the receptor surface. The implications of lipidation, and of potential alternative ligands for the key cysteine residue, for receptor function and the evolution of SRs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Douglas R Houston
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.
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6
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Zhao SQ, Xu SQ, Cheng J, Cao XL, Zhang Y, Zhou WP, Huang YJ, Wang J, Hu XM. Anti-inflammatory effect of external use of escin on cutaneous inflammation: possible involvement of glucocorticoids receptor. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:105-112. [PMID: 29455725 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Escin, as an internally applied anti-inflammatory agent, has been widely used in the treatment of inflammation and edema resulting from trauma or operation in the clinic. However, the effect of its external use on cutaneous inflammation and edema remains unexplored. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory and anti-edematous effects of external use of escin were studied in carrageenan-induced paw edema and histamine-induced capillary permeability in rats, paraxylene-induced ear swelling in mice, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. Effects of external use of escin gel on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by ELISA. The anti-inflammatory mechanism was explored by detecting the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with Western blotting and Real-time PCR analyses, with further exploration of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38MAPK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) expressions. We demonstrated that external use of escin showed significant anti-inflammatory effects on acute and chronic inflammation in different animal models and its anti-inflammatory effects might be related to down-regulation of PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The results also showed that escin exerted its anti-inflammatory effects by promoting the expression of GR, with the possible mechanism being inhibition of the expressions of GR-related signaling molecules such as NF-κB and AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Wei-Ping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yan-Juan Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Xia-Min Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; College of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China.
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Green MR, Marcolin ML, McCormick CM. The effects of ovarian hormones on stressor-induced hormonal responses, glucocorticoid receptor expression and translocation, and genes related to receptor signaling in adult female rats. Stress 2018; 21:90-100. [PMID: 29189098 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1409719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol potentiates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity and delays the return of glucocorticoid secretion to baseline after a stressor exposure in female rats; we investigated whether estradiol effects involve actions on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) translocation and expression of receptor co-chaperones. In Experiment 1 intact females and ovariectomized (OVX) females were treated for four days with vehicle (VEH), 17β-estradiol benzoate (EB), or EB and progesterone (EB + P). Samples were taken from rats in the home cage (baseline) or after 30 min of restraint stress in a plastic restrainer (post-restraint) (n = 10/group). OVX-VEH treatment reduced baseline and post-restraint plasma concentrations of corticosterone versus all other treatments. Western blots indicated that OVX-VEH treated rats had greater hippocampal cytosolic GR expression than other treatments. Stress increased hippocampal nuclear GR expression, but without treatment differences. In Experiment 2 OVX rats were treated daily with VEH, EB, or EB + P (n = 8/group). OVX-VEH rats showed a lower stimulation of corticosterone secretion by restraint stress than other treatments and OVX-EB + P treated rats had lower concentrations than the OVX-EB group, suggesting progesterone mitigated estradiol effects. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments indicated that stress increased Fkbp5 mRNA in the ventral hippocampus, with no effect of stress or treatment on Nr3c1 (GR), Nr3c2 (MR), Fkbp4, Bag1, or Ncoa1 (SRC-1) expression. Thus, the hypothesis is that estradiol effects on negative feedback are mediated by altered expression of receptor co-chaperones or co-modulators in the hippocampus was not supported. Estradiol may blunt feedback by limiting the availability of cytosolic GR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Green
- a Psychology Department , Brock University , St Catharines , Canada
| | - Marina L Marcolin
- b Biological Sciences Department , Brock University , St Catharines , Canada
| | - Cheryl M McCormick
- a Psychology Department , Brock University , St Catharines , Canada
- b Biological Sciences Department , Brock University , St Catharines , Canada
- c Centre for Neuroscience , Brock University , St Catharines , Canada
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8
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Murakami G, Hojo Y, Kato A, Komatsuzaki Y, Horie S, Soma M, Kim J, Kawato S. Rapid nongenomic modulation by neurosteroids of dendritic spines in the hippocampus: Androgen, oestrogen and corticosteroid. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30. [PMID: 29194818 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Memories are stored in synapses that consist of axon terminals and dendritic spines. Dendritic spines are postsynaptic structures of synapses and are essential for synaptic plasticity and cognition. Therefore, extensive investigations concerning the functions and structures of spines have been performed. Sex steroids and stress steroids have been shown to modulate hippocampal synapses. Although the rapid modulatory action of sex steroids on synapses has been studied in hippocampal neurones over several decades, the essential molecular mechanisms have not been fully understood. Here, a description of kinase-dependent signalling mechanisms is provided that can explain the rapid nongenomic modulation of dendritic spinogenesis in rat and mouse hippocampal slices by the application of sex steroids, including dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, oestradiol and progesterone. We also indicate the role of synaptic (classic) sex steroid receptors that trigger these rapid synaptic modulations. Moreover, we describe rapid nongenomic spine modulation by applying corticosterone, which is an acute stress model of the hippocampus. The explanations for the results obtained are mainly based on the optical imaging of dendritic spines. Comparisons are also performed with results obtained from other types of imaging, including electron microscopic imaging. Relationships between spine modulation and modulation of cognition are discussed. We recognise that most of rapid effects of exogenously applied oestrogen and androgen were observed in steroid-depleted conditions, including acute slices of the hippocampus, castrated male animals and ovariectomised female animals. Therefore, the previously observed effects can be considered as a type of recovery event, which may be essentially similar to hormone replacement therapy under hormone-decreased conditions. On the other hand, in gonadally intact young animals with high levels of endogenous sex hormones, further supplementation of sex hormones might not be effective, whereas the infusion of blockers for steroid receptors or kinases may be effective, with respect to suppressing sex hormone functions, thus providing useful information regarding molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Murakami
- Department of Liberal Arts, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Y Hojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - A Kato
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Komatsuzaki
- Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Horie
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Soma
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Kim
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Kawato
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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A novel non genomic glucocorticoid signaling mediated by a membrane palmitoylated glucocorticoid receptor cross talks with GnRH in gonadotrope cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1537. [PMID: 28484221 PMCID: PMC5431531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones (GC) are the main stress mediators associated with reproductive disorders. GC exert their effects through activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) principally acting as a transcription factor. Beside well-established GR-mediated genomic actions, several lines of evidence suggest a role for rapid membrane-initiated GC signaling in gonadotrope cells triggered by a membrane-associated GR. Herein, we demonstrate the existence of a specific membrane-initiated GC signaling in LβT2 gonadotrope cells involving two related phosphoproteins: Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and synapsin-I. Within 5 min, LβT2 cells treated with stress range of 10−7 M Corticosterone or a membrane impermeable-GC, BSA-conjugated corticosterone, exhibited a 2-fold increase in levels of phospho-CaMKII and phospho-synapsin-I. Biochemical approaches revealed that this rapid signaling is promoted by a palmitoylated GR. Importantly, GC significantly alter GnRH-induced CaMKII phosphorylation, consistent with a novel cross-talk between the GnRH receptor and GC. This negative effect of GC on GnRH signaling was further observed on LH release by mouse pituitary explants. Altogether, our work provides new findings in GC field by bringing novel understanding on how GR integrates plasma membrane, allowing GC membrane-initiated signaling that differs in presence of GnRH to disrupt GnRH-dependent signaling and LH secretion.
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10
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Nicolaides NC, Kino T, Roberts ML, Katsantoni E, Sertedaki A, Moutsatsou P, Psarra AMG, Chrousos GP, Charmandari E. The Role of S-Palmitoylation of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor (hGR) in Mediating the Nongenomic Glucocorticoid Actions. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 6:3-12. [PMID: 28775968 PMCID: PMC5538142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many rapid nongenomic glucocorticoid actions are mediated by membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). S-palmitoylation is a lipid post-translational modification that mediates the membrane localization of some steroid receptors. A highly homologous amino acid sequence (663YLCM KTLLL671) is present in the ligand-binding domain of hGRα, suggesting that hGRα might also undergo S-palmitoylation. AIM To investigate the role of the motif 663YLCMKTLLL671 in membrane localization of the hGRα and in mediating rapid nongenomic glucocorticoid signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS We showed that the mutant receptors hGRαY663A, hGRαC665A and hGRαLL670/671AA, and the addition of the palmitoylation inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate did not prevent membrane localization of hGRα and co-localization with caveolin-1, and did not influence the biphasic activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in the early time points. Finally, the hGRα was not shown to undergo S-palmitoylation. CONCLUSIONS The motif 663YLCMKTLLL671 does not play a role in membrane localization of hGRα and does not mediate the nongenomic glucocorticoid actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C. Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Tomoshige Kino
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael L. Roberts
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Katsantoni
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Amalia Sertedaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Moutsatsou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Athens Medical School, “Attiko” Hospital, Athens, 12462, Greece
| | - Anna-Maria G. Psarra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, 41221, Greece
| | - George P. Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Saudi Diabetes Study Research Group, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
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11
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Deng Q, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Li M, Liang H, Gui Y. Androgen Receptor Localizes to Plasma Membrane by Binding to Caveolin-1 in Mouse Sertoli Cells. Int J Endocrinol 2017; 2017:3985916. [PMID: 28642789 PMCID: PMC5470003 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3985916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonclassical androgen signaling pathway translates signals into alterations in cellular function within minutes, and this action is proposed to be mediated by an androgen receptor (AR) localized to the plasma membrane. This study was designed to determine the mechanism underlying the membrane association of androgen receptor in TM4 cells, a mouse Sertoli cell line. Western blot analysis indicated testosterone-induced AR translocation to the cell membrane. Data from coimmunoprecipitation indicated that AR is associated with caveolin-1, and testosterone enhanced this association. Knockdown of caveolin-1 by shRNA decreased the amount of AR localized to membrane fraction and prevented AR membrane trafficking after being exposed to testosterone at physiological concentration. The palmitoylation inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate decreased AR membrane localization in basal condition and completely blocked testosterone-induced AR translocation to membrane fraction. These data suggested that AR localized to membrane fraction by binding with caveolin-1 through palmitoylation of the cysteine residue. This study provided a new evidence for AR membrane localization and its application for clarifying the nonclassical signaling pathway of androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Deng
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua District, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeng Zhang
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Ultrasonic Imaging, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minghua Li
- Central Laboratory, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua District, Shenzhen, China
- *Hui Liang: and
| | - Yaoting Gui
- Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
- *Yaoting Gui:
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12
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Vitellius G, Fagart J, Delemer B, Amazit L, Ramos N, Bouligand J, Le Billan F, Castinetti F, Guiochon-Mantel A, Trabado S, Lombès M. Three Novel Heterozygous Point Mutations ofNR3C1Causing Glucocorticoid Resistance. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:794-803. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Vitellius
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
| | - Jérôme Fagart
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
| | - Brigitte Delemer
- Service d'Endocrinologie; Hôpital Robert Debré; CHU Reims; Reims F-51100 France
| | - Larbi Amazit
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
- INSERM UMS-32, Institut Biomédical de Bicêtre; Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275 France
| | - Nelly Ramos
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
| | - Jérôme Bouligand
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire; Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie; Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud; CHU Bicêtre F-94275 France
| | - Florian Le Billan
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
| | - Frédéric Castinetti
- Service d'Endocrinologie; Hôpital de la Timone; CHU Marseille; Marseille F-13385 France
| | - Anne Guiochon-Mantel
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire; Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie; Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud; CHU Bicêtre F-94275 France
| | - Séverine Trabado
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire; Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie; Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud; CHU Bicêtre F-94275 France
| | - Marc Lombès
- INSERM UMR S 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Univ. Paris Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94276 France
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction; Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud; CHU Bicêtre; Le Kremlin Bicêtre F-94275 France
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13
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Deng Q, Riquelme D, Trinh L, Low MJ, Tomić M, Stojilkovic S, Aguilera G. Rapid Glucocorticoid Feedback Inhibition of ACTH Secretion Involves Ligand-Dependent Membrane Association of Glucocorticoid Receptors. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3215-27. [PMID: 26121342 PMCID: PMC4541620 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that rapid glucocorticoid inhibition of pituitary ACTH secretion mediates a feedforward/feedback mechanism responsible for the hourly glucocorticoid pulsatility was tested in cultured pituitary cells. Perifusion with 30 pM CRH caused sustained the elevation of ACTH secretion. Superimposed corticosterone pulses inhibited CRH-stimulated ACTH release, depending on prior glucocorticoid clearance. When CRH perifusion started after 2 hours of glucocorticoid-free medium, corticosterone levels in the stress range (1 μM) caused a delayed (25 min) and prolonged inhibition of CRH-stimulated ACTH secretion, up to 60 minutes after corticosterone withdrawal. In contrast, after 6 hours of glucocorticoid-free medium, basal corticosterone levels inhibited CRH-stimulated ACTH within 5 minutes, after rapid recovery 5 minutes after corticosterone withdrawal. The latter effect was insensitive to actinomycin D but was prevented by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU486, suggesting nongenomic effects of the classical glucocorticoid receptor. In hypothalamic-derived 4B cells, 10 nM corticosterone increased immunoreactive glucocorticoid receptor content in membrane fractions, with association and clearance rates paralleling the effects on ACTH secretion from corticotrophs. Corticosterone did not affect CRH-stimulated calcium influx, but in AtT-20 cells, it had biphasic effects on CRH-stimulated Src phosphorylation, with early inhibition and late stimulation, suggesting a role for Src phosphorylation on the rapid glucocorticoid feedback. The data suggest that the nongenomic/membrane effects of classical GR mediate rapid and reversible glucocorticoid feedback inhibition at the pituitary corticotrophs downstream of calcium influx. The sensitivity and kinetics of these effects is consistent with the hypothesis that pituitary glucocorticoid feedback is part of the mechanism for adrenocortical ultradian pulse generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Deng
- Sections on Endocrine Physiology (Q.D., D.R., L.T., G.A.) and Cellular Signaling (M.T., S.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; College of Animal Sciences (Q.D.), Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.J.L.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Denise Riquelme
- Sections on Endocrine Physiology (Q.D., D.R., L.T., G.A.) and Cellular Signaling (M.T., S.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; College of Animal Sciences (Q.D.), Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.J.L.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Loc Trinh
- Sections on Endocrine Physiology (Q.D., D.R., L.T., G.A.) and Cellular Signaling (M.T., S.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; College of Animal Sciences (Q.D.), Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.J.L.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Malcolm J Low
- Sections on Endocrine Physiology (Q.D., D.R., L.T., G.A.) and Cellular Signaling (M.T., S.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; College of Animal Sciences (Q.D.), Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.J.L.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Melanija Tomić
- Sections on Endocrine Physiology (Q.D., D.R., L.T., G.A.) and Cellular Signaling (M.T., S.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; College of Animal Sciences (Q.D.), Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.J.L.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Stanko Stojilkovic
- Sections on Endocrine Physiology (Q.D., D.R., L.T., G.A.) and Cellular Signaling (M.T., S.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; College of Animal Sciences (Q.D.), Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.J.L.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Greti Aguilera
- Sections on Endocrine Physiology (Q.D., D.R., L.T., G.A.) and Cellular Signaling (M.T., S.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; College of Animal Sciences (Q.D.), Jilin University, Chang Chun 130021, China; and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology (M.J.L.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Solomon MB, Loftspring M, de Kloet AD, Ghosal S, Jankord R, Flak JN, Wulsin AC, Krause EG, Zhang R, Rice T, McKlveen J, Myers B, Tasker JG, Herman JP. Neuroendocrine Function After Hypothalamic Depletion of Glucocorticoid Receptors in Male and Female Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2843-53. [PMID: 26046806 PMCID: PMC4511133 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids act rapidly at the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to inhibit stress-excitatory neurons and limit excessive glucocorticoid secretion. The signaling mechanism underlying rapid feedback inhibition remains to be determined. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the canonical glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) is required for appropriate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation. Local PVN GR knockdown (KD) was achieved by breeding homozygous floxed GR mice with Sim1-cre recombinase transgenic mice. This genetic approach created mice with a KD of GR primarily confined to hypothalamic cell groups, including the PVN, sparing GR expression in other HPA axis limbic regulatory regions, and the pituitary. There were no differences in circadian nadir and peak corticosterone concentrations between male PVN GR KD mice and male littermate controls. However, reduction of PVN GR increased ACTH and corticosterone responses to acute, but not chronic stress, indicating that PVN GR is critical for limiting neuroendocrine responses to acute stress in males. Loss of PVN GR induced an opposite neuroendocrine phenotype in females, characterized by increased circadian nadir corticosterone levels and suppressed ACTH responses to acute restraint stress, without a concomitant change in corticosterone responses under acute or chronic stress conditions. PVN GR deletion had no effect on depression-like behavior in either sex in the forced swim test. Overall, these findings reveal pronounced sex differences in the PVN GR dependence of acute stress feedback regulation of HPA axis function. In addition, these data further indicate that glucocorticoid control of HPA axis responses after chronic stress operates via a PVN-independent mechanism.
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