Do GST polymorphisms influence in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy?

A case-control study and systematic review of the association between glutathione S-transferase genes and chronic kidney disease

Background

GSTM1 deletion was reported to be associated with CKD progression in cohort studies. However, the results of case‒control studies were conflicting. The association between GST genes and CKD progression needs to be studied in China. Therefore, we conducted this case‒control study and systematic review for Southwest China to outline the association between GST genes and CKD.

Methods

CKD patients and healthy controls were enrolled from June 1, 2022 to 1 August 2022. Reported case‒control studies were identified by searching databases until 1 September 2022 for meta-analysis.

Results

Significant associations were found between deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and CKD risk (all P < 0.01) but not in GSTP1 rs1695 (all P > 0.05) in Southwest China. Then, we conducted a meta-analysis on 30 studies and found positive associations between deletions of GSTM1 and GSTT1 and CKD risk (all P < 0.01) but failed to find associations in GSTP1 rs1695 (all P > 0.05). Stratification analysis for ethnicity only showed a significant association in Southern Asia (P < 0.05) but not in Eastern Asia or other populations. This was different from our case‒control results. The current evidence was influenced by study quality and PCR method but not by control selection. Given the different stages of CKD patients, a subanalysis of disease stages was performed, and the results remained positive. Interestingly, we found no significant associations between DM-CKD and GST genes, which should be interpreted with caution.

Conclusion

We found that GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes were risk factors for CKD in China. The results of the meta-analysis were somewhat different from our results. We considered that antioxidant therapy might be useful for the treatment of these patients.

Individual and combined effects of the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms on type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Backgrounds: Compared with previously published meta-analyses, this is the first study to investigate the combined effects of glutathione-S-transferase polymorphisms (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 IIe105Val) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk; moreover, the credibility of statistically significant associations was assessed; furthermore, many new original studies were published. Objectives: To determine the relationship between GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms with T2DM risk. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure Databases were searched. We quantify the relationship using crude odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals Moreover, the Venice criteria, false-positive report probability (FPRP), and Bayesian false discovery probability (BFDP) were used to validate the significance of the results. Results: Overall, significantly increased T2DM risk was found between individual and combined effects of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms on T2DM risk, but, combined effects of the GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms was not statistically significant. GSTT1 gene polymorphism significantly increases the risk of T2DM complications, while GSTM1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms had no statistical significance. The GSTM1 null genotype was linked to a particularly increased risk of T2DM in Caucasians; the GSTT1 null genotype was connected to a significantly higher risk of T2DM in Asians and Indians; and the GSTP1 IIe105Val polymorphism was related to a substantially increased T2DM risk in Indians. Moreover, the GSTM1 and GSTT1 double null genotype was associated with substantially increased T2DM risk in Caucasians and Indians; the combined effects of GSTM1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms was associated with higher T2DM risk in Caucasians. However, all significant results were false when the Venice criteria, FPRP, and BFDP test were used (any FPRP >0.2 and BFDP value >0.8). Conclusion: The current analysis strongly suggests that the individual and combined effects of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms might not be connected with elevated T2DM risk.

Association of Polymorphisms in Antioxidant Enzyme-Encoding Genes with Diabetic Nephropathy in a Group of Saudi Arabian Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction

Purpose

Patients and Methods

Results

Conclusion

No association of GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A case-control study in the Brazilian population

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons and promotes progressive muscle atrophy. It has a multifactorial etiology, where environmental conditions playing a remarkable role through the increase of oxidative stress. Genetic polymorphisms in cell detoxification genes, such as Glutathione S-Transferase Pi 1 (GSTP1) can contribute to excessive oxidative stress, and therefore may be a risk factor to ALS. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of the GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism in ALS susceptibility in different genetic inheritance models and evaluate the association of the genotypes with risk factors, clinical and demographic characteristics of ALS patients from the Brazilian central population. This case-control study was conducted with 101 patients with ALS and 101 healthy controls. GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism genotyping was performed with Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS statistical package and SNPStats software. Analysis of genetic inheritance models was performed by logistic regression, which was used to determine the Odds Ratio. The results of this first study in the Brazilian population demonstrated that there was no risk association between the development of ALS and the GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism in any genetic inheritance model (codominant, dominant, recessive, overdominant, and logarithmic); and that the polymorphic variants were not associated with the clinical and demographic characteristics of ALS patients. No association of the GSTP1 rs1695 polymorphism and ALS development in the Brazilian central population was found. These findings may be justified by the multifactorial character of the disease.

Evaluation of glutathione S-transferase polymorphism in Iranian patients with type 2 diabetic microangiopathy

Background

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species as a result of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus leads to microvascular complications. Glutathione S-transferases play important detoxifying roles with antioxidant potentials. This study aimed to assess whether the glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genotypes were associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus microangiopathic complications in the Iranian population.

Results

In this case-control study, the frequencies of null GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were 4/72 (5.56%) and 12/72 (16.67%) respectively, in uncomplicated DM group. The frequencies of null GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotype in complicated DM group were 16/134 (11.94%) and 37/134 (27.61%), respectively. The proportion of GSTM1 null genotypes was higher in diabetic nephropathy compared to non-nephropathy (19.3% vs. 6.04 %, P = 0.006). At GSTT1 locus, patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy had a higher frequency of deletion compared to those of without neuropathy (30.39% vs. 23.49%) (P = 0.02).

Conclusion

Selective polymorphisms encoding GSTM1 and GSTT1genes may prove useful as genetic markers to recognize individuals with an increased trend in developing diabetic nephropathy and neuropathy, respectively. This will help better identify individuals at higher risk toward microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes due to genetic susceptibility.

Clinical data and risk factors for diabetic nephropathy in Brazilian central population

This article describes data set of the profile of patients diagnosed with Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) undergoing hemodialysis and followed-up by Hemodialysis Service in medical centers in Goiânia, Go, Brazil. These data describe specifically the demographic, clinical, and lifestyle variables of 101 patients. In addition, these data provide detailed clinical associations about the profile of patients diagnosed with DN and which are made publicly available to enable critical or extended analyzes. For further interpretation of the data presented in this article, see the research article: Do GST polymorphisms influence in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy? (Lima et al., 2018).