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Pintér P, Alpár A. The Role of Extracellular Matrix in Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911085. [PMID: 36232390 PMCID: PMC9569603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dense neuropil of the central nervous system leaves only limited space for extracellular substances free. The advent of immunohistochemistry, soon followed by advanced diagnostic tools, enabled us to explore the biochemical heterogeneity and compartmentalization of the brain extracellular matrix in exploratory and clinical research alike. The composition of the extracellular matrix is critical to shape neuronal function; changes in its assembly trigger or reflect brain/spinal cord malfunction. In this study, we focus on extracellular matrix changes in neurodegenerative disorders. We summarize its phenotypic appearance and biochemical characteristics, as well as the major enzymes which regulate and remodel matrix establishment in disease. The specifically built basement membrane of the central nervous system, perineuronal nets and perisynaptic axonal coats can protect neurons from toxic agents, and biochemical analysis revealed how the individual glycosaminoglycan and proteoglycan components interact with these molecules. Depending on the site, type and progress of the disease, select matrix components can either proactively trigger the formation of disease-specific harmful products, or reactively accumulate, likely to reduce tissue breakdown and neuronal loss. We review the diagnostic use and the increasing importance of medical screening of extracellular matrix components, especially enzymes, which informs us about disease status and, better yet, allows us to forecast illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panka Pintér
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, 1113 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alán Alpár
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, 1113 Budapest, Hungary
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1051 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Ma X, Zhang Y, Gou D, Ma J, Du J, Wang C, Li S, Cui H. Metabolic Reprogramming of Microglia Enhances Proinflammatory Cytokine Release through EphA2/p38 MAPK Pathway in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:771-785. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: The activation of microglia and neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the exact roles of microglia and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Objective: To clarify how the metabolic reprogramming of microglia induce by amyloid-β (Aβ)1-42 to affect the release of proinflammatory cytokines in AD. Methods: MTS assay was used to detect the viability of BV2 cells treated with different concentrations of Aβ1-42 for different periods of time. The expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines were determined by qRT-PCR and western blot assay in BV2 cells and hippocampus of mice. RNA sequencing was applied to evaluate the gene expression profiles in response to HK2 knockdown in BV2 cells treated with Aβ1-42. Results: Low concentrations of Aβ1-42 increased the viability of BV2 cells and promoted the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and this process is accompanied by increased glycolysis. Inhibition of glycolysis significantly downregulated the release of proinflammatory cytokines in BV2 cells and hippocampus of mice treated with Aβ1-42. The results of RNA sequencing revealed the expression of chemokine ligand 2 (Cxcl2) and ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase A2 (EphA2) were significantly downregulated when knocked down HK2 in BV2 cells. Subsequently, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines was downregulated in BV2 cell after knocking down EphA2. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that EphA2/p38 MAPK pathway is involved the release of proinflammatory cytokines in microglia induced by Aβ1-42 in AD, which is accompanied by metabolic reprogramming from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Dongyun Gou
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Jingle Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
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