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Rostami F, Jaafari Suha A, Janahmadi M, Hosseinmardi N. Aquaporin-4 inhibition attenuates Pentylenetetrazole-induced behavioral seizures and cognitive impairments in kindled rats. Physiol Behav 2024; 278:114521. [PMID: 38492911 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological condition distinguished by recurrent and unexpected seizures. Astrocytic channels and transporters are essential for maintaining normal neuronal functionality. The astrocytic water channel, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), which plays a pivotal role in regulating water homeostasis, is a potential target for epileptogenesis. In present study, we examined the effect of different doses (10, 50, 100 μM and 5 mM) of AQP4 inhibitor, 2-nicotinamide-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole (TGN-020), during kindling acquisition, on seizure parameters and seizure-induced cognitive impairments. Animals were kindled by injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ: 37.5 mg/kg, i.p.). TGN-020 was administered into the right lateral cerebral ventricle 30 min before PTZ every alternate day. Seizure parameters were assessed 20 min after PTZ administration. One day following the last PTZ injection, memory performance was investigated using spontaneous alternation in Y-maze and novel object recognition (NOR) tests. The inhibition of AQP4 during the kindling process significantly decreased the maximal seizure stage and seizure duration (two-way ANOVA, P = 0.0001) and increased the latency of seizure onset and the number of PTZ injections required to induce different seizure stages (one-way ANOVA, P = 0.0001). Compared to kindled rats, the results of the NOR tests showed that AQP4 inhibition during PTZ-kindling prevented recognition memory impairment. Based on these results, AQP4 could be involved in seizure development and seizure-induced cognitive impairment. More investigation is required to fully understand the complex interactions between seizure activity, water homeostasis, and cognitive dysfunction, which may help identify potential therapeutic targets for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rostami
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Jaafari Suha
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurophysiology research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Cibelli A, Mola MG, Saracino E, Barile B, Abbrescia P, Mogni G, Spray DC, Scemes E, Rossi A, Spennato D, Svelto M, Frigeri A, Benfenati V, Nicchia GP. Aquaporin-4 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 balance in early postnatal neurodevelopment. Glia 2024; 72:938-959. [PMID: 38362923 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In the adult brain, the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is expressed in astrocyte endfoot, in supramolecular assemblies, called "Orthogonal Arrays of Particles" (OAPs) together with the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), finely regulating the cell volume. The present study aimed at investigating the contribution of AQP4 and TRPV4 to CNS early postnatal development using WT and AQP4 KO brain and retina and neuronal stem cells (NSCs), as an in vitro model of astrocyte differentiation. Western blot analysis showed that, differently from AQP4 and the glial cell markers, TRPV4 was downregulated during CNS development and NSC differentiation. Blue native/SDS-PAGE revealed that AQP4 progressively organized into OAPs throughout the entire differentiation process. Fluorescence quenching assay indicated that the speed of cell volume changes was time-related to NSC differentiation and functional to their migratory ability. Calcium imaging showed that the amplitude of TRPV4 Ca2+ transient is lower, and the dynamics are changed during differentiation and suppressed in AQP4 KO NSCs. Overall, these findings suggest that early postnatal neurodevelopment is subjected to temporally modulated water and Ca2+ dynamics likely to be those sustaining the biochemical and physiological mechanisms responsible for astrocyte differentiation during brain and retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cibelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Mola
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasqua Abbrescia
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro-Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Guido Mogni
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - David C Spray
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eliana Scemes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, NY Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Genome Engineering and Model Development Lab (GEMD), IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Diletta Spennato
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Svelto
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Frigeri
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro-Medical School, Bari, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bologna, Italy
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Bologna, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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3
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Thormann M, Traube N, Yehia N, Koestler R, Galabova G, MacAulay N, Toft-Bertelsen TL. Toward New AQP4 Inhibitors: ORI-TRN-002. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:924. [PMID: 38255997 PMCID: PMC10815436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral edema is a life-threatening condition that can cause permanent brain damage or death if left untreated. Existing therapies aim at mitigating the associated elevated intracranial pressure, yet they primarily alleviate pressure rather than prevent edema formation. Prophylactic anti-edema therapy necessitates novel drugs targeting edema formation. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), an abundantly expressed water pore in mammalian glia and ependymal cells, has been proposed to be involved in cerebral edema formation. A series of novel compounds have been tested for their potential inhibitory effects on AQP4. However, selectivity, toxicity, functional inhibition, sustained therapeutic concentration, and delivery into the central nervous system are major challenges. Employing extensive density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, we identified a previously unreported thermodynamically stable tautomer of the recently identified AQP4-specific inhibitor TGN-020 (2-(nicotinamide)-1,3,4-thiadiazol). This novel form, featuring a distinct hydrogen-bonding pattern, served as a template for a COSMOsim-3D-based virtual screen of proprietary compounds from Origenis™. The screening identified ORI-TRN-002, an electronic homologue of TGN-020, demonstrating high solubility and low protein binding. Evaluating ORI-TRN-002 on AQP4-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes using a high-resolution volume recording system revealed an IC50 of 2.9 ± 0.6 µM, establishing it as a novel AQP4 inhibitor. ORI-TRN-002 exhibits superior solubility and overcomes free fraction limitations compared to other reported AQP4 inhibitors, suggesting its potential as a promising anti-edema therapy for treating cerebral edema in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine Traube
- Origenis GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19A, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nasser Yehia
- Origenis GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19A, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Roland Koestler
- Origenis GmbH, Am Klopferspitz 19A, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine L. Toft-Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cha H, Choi JH, Jeon H, Kim JH, Kim M, Kim SJ, Park W, Lim JS, Lee E, Ahn JS, Kim JH, Hong SH, Park JE, Jung JH, Yoo HJ, Lee S. Aquaporin-4 Deficiency is Associated with Cognitive Impairment and Alterations in astrocyte-neuron Lactate Shuttle. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6212-6226. [PMID: 37436602 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment refers to notable declines in cognitive abilities including memory, language, and emotional stability leading to the inability to accomplish essential activities of daily living. Astrocytes play an important role in cognitive function, and homeostasis of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS) system is essential for maintaining cognitive functions. Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) is a water channel expressed in astrocytes and has been shown to be associated with various brain disorders, but the direct relationship between learning, memory, and AQP-4 is unclear. We examined the relationship between AQP-4 and cognitive functions related to learning and memory. Mice with genetic deletion of AQP-4 showed significant behavioral and emotional changes including hyperactivity and instability, and impaired cognitive functions such as spatial learning and memory retention. 18 F-FDG PET imaging showed significant metabolic changes in the brains of AQP-4 knockout mice such as reductions in glucose absorption. Such metabolic changes in the brain seemed to be the direct results of changes in the expression of metabolite transporters, as the mRNA levels of multiple glucose and lactate transporters in astrocytes and neurons were significantly decreased in the cortex and hippocampus of AQP-4 knockout mice. Indeed, AQP-4 knockout mice showed significantly higher accumulation of both glucose and lactate in their brains compared with wild-type mice. Our results show that the deficiency of AQP-4 can cause problems in the metabolic function of astrocytes and lead to cognitive impairment, and that the deficiency of AQP4 in astrocyte endfeet can cause abnormalities in the ANLS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeuk Cha
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Center, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Choi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanwool Jeon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Moinay Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhyoung Park
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seo Lim
- Clinical Research Center, Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyeup Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Center, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Ahn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ho Hong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuroradiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Jung
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Yoo
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Center, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Jazaeri SZ, Taghizadeh G, Babaei JF, Goudarzi S, Saadatmand P, Joghataei MT, Khanahmadi Z. Aquaporin 4 beyond a water channel; participation in motor, sensory, cognitive and psychological performances, a comprehensive review. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114353. [PMID: 37714320 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a protein highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as various other organs, whose different sites of action indicate its importance in various functions. AQP4 has a variety of essential roles beyond water homeostasis. In this article, we have for the first time summarized different roles of AQP4 in motor and sensory functions, besides cognitive and psychological performances, and most importantly, possible physiological mechanisms by which AQP4 can exert its effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AQP4 participates in pathology of different neurological disorders, various effects depending on the disease type. Since neurological diseases involve a spectrum of dysfunctions and due to the difficulty of obtaining a treatment that can simultaneously affect these deficits, it is therefore suggested that future studies consider the role of this protein in different functional impairments related to neurological disorders simultaneously or separately by targeting AQP4 expression and/or polarity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Zohreh Jazaeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Javad Fahanik Babaei
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Goudarzi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Saadatmand
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa University, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Zohreh Khanahmadi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Services, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Davoudi S, Rahdar M, Hosseinmardi N, Behzadi G, Janahmadi M. Chronic inhibition of astrocytic aquaporin-4 induces autistic-like behavior in control rat offspring similar to maternal exposure to valproic acid. Physiol Behav 2023:114286. [PMID: 37402416 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Social communication and interaction deficits, memory impairment, and anxiety-like behavior are characterized in many people identified with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A thorough understanding of the specific aspects that contribute to the deficiencies associated with ASD can aid research into the etiology of the disorder while also providing targets for more effective intervention. As part of the ASD pathophysiology, alterations in synaptogenesis and abnormal network connections were seen in high-order brain areas, which control social behavior and communication. The early emergence of microglia during nervous system development may contribute to synaptic dysfunction and the pathobiology of ASD. Since aquaporin-4 (AQP4) appears to be required for the basic procedures of synapse activation, certain behavioral and cognitive impairments as well as disturbance in water homeostasis might likely arise from AQP4 deficiency. Here, through the measurement of the water content of the hippocampus and behavioral experiments we aim to explore the contribution of astrocytic AQP4 to the autism-like behavior induced by prenatal valproic acid (VPA) exposure and whether inhibition of AQP4 per se can induce autistic-like behavior in control rats. Microinjection of TGN-020 (10µM, i.c.v), a specific AQP4 inhibitor, for 7 successive days before behavioral tasks from postnatal day 28 to 35 revealed that inhibition of AQP4 in the control offspring caused lower social interaction and locomotor activity, higher anxiety, and decreased ability to recognize novel objects, very similar to the behavioral changes observed in offspring prenatally exposed to VPA. However, VPA-exposed offspring treated with TGN-020, showed no further remarkable behavioral impairments than those detected in the autistic-like rats. Furthermore, both control offspring treated with TGN-020 and offspring exposed to VPA had a considerable accumulation of water in their hippocampi. But AQP4 inhibition did not affect the water status of the autistic-like rats. The findings of this study revealed that control offspring exhibited similar hippocampal water retention and behavioral impairments that were observed in maternal VPA-exposed offspring following inhibition of astrocytic AQP4, whereas, in autistic-like rats, it did not produce any significant change in water content and behaviors. Findings suggest that AQP4 deficiency could be associated with autistic disorder and may be a potential pharmaceutical target for treating autism in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Davoudi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Rahdar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Hosseinmardi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gila Behzadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Seblani M, Decherchi P, Brezun JM. Edema after CNS Trauma: A Focus on Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087159. [PMID: 37108324 PMCID: PMC10138956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Edema after spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the first observations after the primary injury and lasts for few days after trauma. It has serious consequences on the affected tissue and can aggravate the initial devastating condition. To date, the mechanisms of the water content increase after SCI are not fully understood. Edema formation results in a combination of interdependent factors related to mechanical damage after the initial trauma progressing, along with the subacute and acute phases of the secondary lesion. These factors include mechanical disruption and subsequent inflammatory permeabilization of the blood spinal cord barrier, increase in the capillary permeability, deregulation in the hydrostatic pressure, electrolyte-imbalanced membranes and water uptake in the cells. Previous research has attempted to characterize edema formation by focusing mainly on brain swelling. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the differences in edema formation in the spinal cord and brain, and to highlight the importance of elucidating the specific mechanisms of edema formation after SCI. Additionally, it outlines findings on the spatiotemporal evolution of edema after spinal cord lesion and provides a general overview of prospective treatment strategies by focusing on insights to prevent edema formation after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Seblani
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, CEDEX 09, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, CEDEX 09, France
| | - Jean-Michel Brezun
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, CEDEX 09, France
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Siyanaki MRH, Azab MA, Lucke-Wold B. Traumatic Optic Neuropathy: Update on Management. ENCYCLOPEDIA 2023; 3:88-101. [PMID: 36718432 PMCID: PMC9884099 DOI: 10.3390/encyclopedia3010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic optic neuropathy is one of the causes of visual loss caused by blunt or penetrating head trauma and is classified as both direct and indirect. Clinical history and examination findings usually allow for the diagnosis of traumatic optic neuropathy. There is still controversy surrounding the management of traumatic optic neuropathy; some physicians advocate observation alone, while others recommend steroid therapy, surgery, or both. In this entry, we tried to highlight traumatic optic neuropathy's main pathophysiologic mechanisms with the most available updated treatment. Recent research suggests future therapies that may be helpful in traumatic optic neuropathy cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed A. Azab
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Endothelial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032909. [PMID: 36769234 PMCID: PMC9918222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral vascular system stringently regulates cerebral blood flow (CBF). The components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) protect the brain from pathogenic infections and harmful substances, efflux waste, and exchange substances; however, diseases develop in cases of blood vessel injuries and BBB dysregulation. Vascular pathology is concurrent with the mechanisms underlying aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD), which suggests its involvement in these mechanisms. Therefore, in the present study, we reviewed the role of vascular dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD and VaD. During the development of the aforementioned diseases, changes occur in the cerebral blood vessel morphology and local cells, which, in turn, alter CBF, fluid dynamics, and vascular integrity. Chronic vascular inflammation and blood vessel dysregulation further exacerbate vascular dysfunction. Multitudinous pathogenic processes affect the cerebrovascular system, whose dysfunction causes cognitive impairment. Knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of vascular dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and the underlying molecular mechanisms may lead to the discovery of clinically relevant vascular biomarkers, which may facilitate vascular imaging for disease prevention and treatment.
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Xiao M, Hou J, Xu M, Li S, Yang B. Aquaporins in Nervous System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:99-124. [PMID: 36717489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) mediate water flux between the four distinct water compartments in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present chapter, we mainly focus on the expression and function of the nine AQPs expressed in the CNS, which include five members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, AQP6, and AQP8; three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3, AQP7, and AQP9; and one member of superaquaporin subfamily: AQP11. In addition, AQP1, AQP2, and AQP4 expressed in the peripheral nervous system are also reviewed. AQP4, the predominant water channel in the CNS, is involved both in the astrocyte swelling of cytotoxic edema and the resolution of vasogenic edema and is of pivotal importance in the pathology of brain disorders such as neuromyelitis optica, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, AQP4 has been demonstrated as a functional regulator of recently discovered glymphatic system that is a main contributor to clearance of toxic macromolecule from the brain. Other AQPs are also involved in a variety of important physiological and pathological process in the brain. It has been suggested that AQPs could represent an important target in treatment of brain disorders like cerebral edema. Future investigations are necessary to elucidate the pathological significance of AQPs in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaoyu Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Basic Medical College, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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11
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Sucha P, Hermanova Z, Chmelova M, Kirdajova D, Camacho Garcia S, Marchetti V, Vorisek I, Tureckova J, Shany E, Jirak D, Anderova M, Vargova L. The absence of AQP4/TRPV4 complex substantially reduces acute cytotoxic edema following ischemic injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1054919. [PMID: 36568889 PMCID: PMC9773096 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1054919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Astrocytic Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels form a functional complex that likely influences cell volume regulation, the development of brain edema, and the severity of the ischemic injury. However, it remains to be fully elucidated whether blocking these channels can serve as a therapeutic approach to alleviate the consequences of having a stroke. Methods and results In this study, we used in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantify the extent of brain lesions one day (D1) and seven days (D7) after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) in AQP4 or TRPV4 knockouts and mice with simultaneous deletion of both channels. Our results showed that deletion of AQP4 or TRPV4 channels alone leads to a significant worsening of ischemic brain injury at both time points, whereas their simultaneous deletion results in a smaller brain lesion at D1 but equal tissue damage at D7 when compared with controls. Immunohistochemical analysis 7 days after pMCAO confirmed the MRI data, as the brain lesion was significantly greater in AQP4 or TRPV4 knockouts than in controls and double knockouts. For a closer inspection of the TRPV4 and AQP4 channel complex in the development of brain edema, we applied a real-time iontophoretic method in situ to determine ECS diffusion parameters, namely volume fraction (α) and tortuosity (λ). Changes in these parameters reflect alterations in cell volume, and tissue structure during exposure of acute brain slices to models of ischemic conditions in situ, such as oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), hypoosmotic stress, or hyperkalemia. The decrease in α was comparable in double knockouts and controls when exposed to hypoosmotic stress or hyperkalemia. However, during OGD, there was no decrease in α in the double knockouts as observed in the controls, which suggests less swelling of the cellular components of the brain. Conclusion Although simultaneous deletion of AQP4 and TRPV4 did not improve the overall outcome of ischemic brain injury, our data indicate that the interplay between AQP4 and TRPV4 channels plays a critical role during neuronal and non-neuronal swelling in the acute phase of ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sucha
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Chmelova
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sara Camacho Garcia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | - Valeria Marchetti
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ivan Vorisek
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eyar Shany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Daniel Jirak
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia,First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czechia,*Correspondence: Miroslava Anderova,
| | - Lydia Vargova
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czechia
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12
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The Water Transport System in Astrocytes–Aquaporins. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162564. [PMID: 36010640 PMCID: PMC9406552 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highlights (AQPs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for fast water movement across cell membranes, including those of astrocytes. The expression and subcellular localization of AQPs in astrocytes are highly dynamic under physiological and pathological conditions. Besides their primary function in water homeostasis, AQPs participate in many ancillary functions including glutamate clearance in tripartite synapses and cell migration.
Abstract Astrocytes have distinctive morphological and functional characteristics, and are found throughout the central nervous system. Astrocytes are now known to be far more than just housekeeping cells in the brain. Their functions include contributing to the formation of the blood–brain barrier, physically and metabolically supporting and communicating with neurons, regulating the formation and functions of synapses, and maintaining water homeostasis and the microenvironment in the brain. Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for fast water movement across cell membranes. Various subtypes of AQPs (AQP1, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, AQP8 and AQP9) have been reported to be expressed in astrocytes, and the expressions and subcellular localizations of AQPs in astrocytes are highly correlated with both their physiological and pathophysiological functions. This review describes and summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of astrocytes and AQPs in regard to controlling water homeostasis in the brain. Findings regarding the features of different AQP subtypes, such as their expression, subcellular localization, physiological functions, and the pathophysiological roles of astrocytes are presented, with brain edema and glioma serving as two representative AQP-associated pathological conditions. The aim is to provide a better insight into the elaborate “water distribution” system in cells, exemplified by astrocytes, under normal and pathological conditions.
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13
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Birla H, Xia J, Gao X, Zhao H, Wang F, Patel S, Amponsah A, Bekker A, Tao YX, Hu H. Toll-like receptor 4 activation enhances Orai1-mediated calcium signal promoting cytokine production in spinal astrocytes. Cell Calcium 2022; 105:102619. [PMID: 35780680 PMCID: PMC9928533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been implicated in pathological conditions including chronic pain. Activation of astrocytic TLRs leads to the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-α), which can cause pathological inflammation and tissue damage in the central nervous system. However, the mechanisms of TLR4-mediated cytokine releases from astrocytes are incomplete understood. Our previous study has shown that Orai1, a key component of calcium release activated calcium channels (CRACs), mediates Ca2+ entry in astrocytes. How Orai1 contributes to TLR4 signaling remains unclear. Here we show that Orai1 deficiency drastically attenuated lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced TNF-α and IL-6 production in astrocytes. Acute LPS treatment did not induce Ca2+ response and had no effect on thapsigargin (Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor)-induced store-dependent Ca2+ entry. Inhibition or knockdown of Orai1 showed no reduction in LPS-induced p-ERK1/2, p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase, or p-p38 MAPK activation. Interestingly, Orai1 protein level was significantly increased after LPS exposure, which was blocked by inhibition of NF-κB activity. LPS significantly increased basal Ca2+ level and SOCE after exposure to astrocytes. Moreover, elevating extracellular Ca2+ concentration increased cytosolic Ca2+ level, which was almost eliminated in Orai1 KO astrocytes. Our study reports novel findings that Orai1 acts as a Ca2+ leak channel regulating the basal Ca2+ level and enhancing cytokine production in astrocytes under the inflammatory condition. These findings highlight an important role of Orai1 in astrocytic TRL4 function and may suggest that Orai1 could be a potential therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory disorders including chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hareram Birla
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Jingsheng Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Fengying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Shivam Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Akwasi Amponsah
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Alex Bekker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103,Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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14
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Szu JI, Binder DK. Mechanisms Underlying Aquaporin-4 Subcellular Mislocalization in Epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:900588. [PMID: 35734218 PMCID: PMC9207308 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.900588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder characterized by unprovoked seizures. Mechanisms underlying seizure activity have been intensely investigated. Alterations in astrocytic channels and transporters have shown to be a critical player in seizure generation and epileptogenesis. One key protein involved in such processes is the astrocyte water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4). Studies have revealed that perivascular AQP4 redistributes away from astrocyte endfeet and toward the neuropil in both clinical and preclinical studies. This subcellular mislocalization significantly impacts neuronal hyperexcitability and understanding how AQP4 becomes dysregulated in epilepsy is beginning to emerge. In this review, we evaluate the role of AQP4 dysregulation and mislocalization in epilepsy.
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15
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Rana T, Behl T, Shamsuzzaman M, Singh S, Sharma N, Sehgal A, Alshahrani AM, Aldahish A, Chidambaram K, Dailah HG, Bhatia S, Bungau S. Exploring the role of astrocytic dysfunction and AQP4 in depression. Cell Signal 2022; 96:110359. [PMID: 35597427 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the water regulating channel found in the terminal processes of astrocytes in the brain and is implicated in regulating the astrocyte functions, whereas in neuropathologies, AQP4 performs an important role in astrocytosis and release of proinflammatory cytokines. However, several findings have revealed the modulation of the AQP4 water channel in the etiopathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric diseases. In the current article, we have summarized the recent studies and highlighted the implication of astrocytic dysfunction and AQP4 in the etiopathogenesis of depressive disorder. Most of the studies have measured the AQP4 gene or protein expression in the brain regions, particularly the locus coeruleus, choroid plexus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus, and found that in these brain regions, AQP4 gene expression decreased on exposure to chronic mild stress. Few studies also measured the peripheral AQP4 mRNA expression in the blood and AQP4 autoantibodies in the blood serum and revealed no change in the depressed patients in comparison with normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarapati Rana
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Md Shamsuzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Asma M Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Aldahish
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Ghaleb Dailah
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine of Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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16
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Köse B, Özkan M, Sur-Erdem İ, Çavdar S. Does astrocyte gap junction protein expression level differ during development in the absence epileptic rats? Synapse 2022; 76:e22225. [PMID: 35137459 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular communication via gap junctions (GJ) has a wide variety of complex and essential functions in the CNS. In the present developmental study, we aimed to quantify the number of astrocytic GJ protein connexin 30 (Cx30) of genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) at postnatal P10, P30, and P60 days in the epileptic focal areas involved in the cortico-thalamic circuit. We compared the results with Wistar rats using immunohistochemistry and Western Blotting. The number of Cx30 immunopositive astrocytes in per unit area were quantified for the somatosensory cortex (SSCx), ventrobasal (VB), and lateral geniculate (LGN) of the two strains and Cx30 Western Blot was applied to the tissue samples from the same regions. Both immunohistochemical and Western Blot results revealed the presence of Cx30 in all regions studied at P10 in both Wistar and GAERS animals. The SSCx, VB, and LGN of Wistar animals showed progressive increase in the number of Cx30 immunopositive labelled astrocytes from P10 to P30 and reached a peak at P30; then a significant decline was observed from P30 to P60 for the SSCx and VB. However, in GAERS Cx30 immunopositive labelled astrocytes showed a progressive increase from P10 to P60 for all brain regions studied. The immunohistochemical data highly corresponded with Western Blotting results. We conclude that the developmental disproportional expression of Cx30 in the epileptic focal areas in GAERS may be related to the onset of absence seizures or may be related to the neurogenesis of absence epilepsy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Köse
- Department of Anatomy, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mazhar Özkan
- Department of Anatomy, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İlknur Sur-Erdem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safiye Çavdar
- Department of Anatomy, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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17
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Aquaporin-4 deletion attenuates opioid-induced addictive behaviours associated with dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology 2022; 208:108986. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Tureckova J, Kamenicka M, Kolenicova D, Filipi T, Hermanova Z, Kriska J, Meszarosova L, Pukajova B, Valihrach L, Androvic P, Zucha D, Chmelova M, Vargova L, Anderova M. Compromised Astrocyte Swelling/Volume Regulation in the Hippocampus of the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:783120. [PMID: 35153718 PMCID: PMC8829436 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.783120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to disclose the impact of amyloid-β toxicity and tau pathology on astrocyte swelling, their volume recovery and extracellular space (ECS) diffusion parameters, namely volume fraction (α) and tortuosity (λ), in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (3xTg-AD). Astrocyte volume changes, which reflect astrocyte ability to take up ions/neurotransmitters, were quantified during and after exposure to hypo-osmotic stress, or hyperkalemia in acute hippocampal slices, and were correlated with alterations in ECS diffusion parameters. Astrocyte volume and ECS diffusion parameters were monitored during physiological aging (controls) and during AD progression in 3-, 9-, 12- and 18-month-old mice. In the hippocampus of controls α gradually declined with age, while it remained unaffected in 3xTg-AD mice during the entire time course. Moreover, age-related increases in λ occurred much earlier in 3xTg-AD animals than in controls. In 3xTg-AD mice changes in α induced by hypo-osmotic stress or hyperkalemia were comparable to those observed in controls, however, AD progression affected α recovery following exposure to both. Compared to controls, a smaller astrocyte swelling was detected in 3xTg-AD mice only during hyperkalemia. Since we observed a large variance in astrocyte swelling/volume regulation, we divided them into high- (HRA) and low-responding astrocytes (LRA). In response to hyperkalemia, the incidence of LRA was higher in 3xTg-AD mice than in controls, which may also reflect compromised K+ and neurotransmitter uptake. Furthermore, we performed single-cell RT-qPCR to identify possible age-related alterations in astrocytic gene expression profiles. Already in 3-month-old 3xTg-AD mice, we detected a downregulation of genes affecting the ion/neurotransmitter uptake and cell volume regulation, namely genes of glutamate transporters, α2β2 subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase, connexin 30 or Kir4.1 channel. In conclusion, the aged hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice displays an enlarged ECS volume fraction and an increased number of obstacles, which emerge earlier than in physiological aging. Both these changes may strongly affect intercellular communication and influence astrocyte ionic/neurotransmitter uptake, which becomes impaired during aging and this phenomenon is manifested earlier in 3xTg-AD mice. The increased incidence of astrocytes with limited ability to take up ions/neurotransmitters may further add to a cytotoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Tureckova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Jana Tureckova,
| | - Monika Kamenicka
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Kolenicova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tereza Filipi
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Kriska
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Meszarosova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Pukajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Peter Androvic
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Daniel Zucha
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czechia
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Chmelova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lydia Vargova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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19
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Ericek OB, Akillioglu K, Saker D, Cevik I, Donmez Kutlu M, Kara S, Yilmaz DM. Distribution of Aquaporin-4 channels in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in mk-801-treated balb/c mice. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:63-79. [PMID: 35014582 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2021.2024633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional disorders of the glymphatic system and Aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) channels take part in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution of AQP-4 channels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in a mouse model of NMDA receptor blocking agent-induced schizophrenia-like behavior model. NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 was used to produce the experimental schizophrenia model. MK-801 injections were administered for eleven days to Balb/c mice intraperitoneally. Beginning from the sixth day of injection, the spatial learning and memory of the mice were tested by the Morris water maze (MWM) task. A group of mice was injected with MK-801 for ten days without the MWM task. Hippocampus and prefrontal specimens were collected from this group. Tissue samples were stained immunohistochemically and AQP-4 channels were examined by electron microscope. Time to find the platform was significantly longer at MK-801 injected group than the control group at the MWM task. Also, time spent at the target quadrant by the MK-801 group was shorter compared to the control group. AQP-4 expression increased significantly at MK-801 group glial cells, neuronal perikaryon, perineuronal and pericapillary spaces. In the MK-801 group, there was remarkable damage in neurons and glial cells. Increased AQP-4 channel expression and neurodegeneration at the MK-801 group induced with schizophrenia-like behavior model. MK-801 induced NMDA receptor blockade causes a decline in cognitive and memory functions. Increased AQP-4 expression at the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus to elicit and transport products of synaptic neurotransmitters and end metabolites is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Burak Ericek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Nigde Omer Halisdemir, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Kübra Akillioglu
- Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Dilek Saker
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Cevik
- Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Meltem Donmez Kutlu
- Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Samet Kara
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Dervis Mansuri Yilmaz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
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20
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Zubiaurre-Elorza L, Cerdán S, Uribe C, Pérez-Laso C, Marcos A, Rodríguez del Cerro MC, Fernandez R, Pásaro E, Guillamon A. The Effects of Testosterone on the Brain of Transgender Men. ANDROGENS: CLINICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPEUTICS 2021; 2:252-260. [PMID: 35024694 PMCID: PMC8744429 DOI: 10.1089/andro.2021.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Transgender men (TM) experience an incongruence between the female sex assigned when they were born and their self-perceived male identity. Some TM seek for a gender affirming hormone treatment (GAHT) to induce a somatic transition from female to male through continuous administration of testosterone. GAHT seems to be relatively safe. However, testosterone produces structural changes in the brain as detected by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. Mainly, it induces an increase in cortical volume and thickness and subcortical structural volume probably due to the anabolic effects. Animal models, specifically developed to test the anabolic hypothesis, suggest that testosterone and estradiol, its aromatized metabolite, participate in the control of astrocyte water trafficking, thereby controlling brain volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sebastian Cerdán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carme Uribe
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Pérez-Laso
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Marcos
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rosa Fernandez
- Departamento de Psicología, Facultade de Ciencias da Educación, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eduardo Pásaro
- Departamento de Psicología, Facultade de Ciencias da Educación, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Guillamon
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Muñoz Y, Cuevas-Pacheco F, Quesseveur G, Murai KK. Light microscopic and heterogeneity analysis of astrocytes in the common marmoset brain. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3121-3147. [PMID: 34716617 PMCID: PMC9541330 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are abundant cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and are involved in processes including synapse formation/function, ion homeostasis, neurotransmitter uptake, and neurovascular coupling. Recent evidence indicates that astrocytes show diverse molecular, structural, and physiological properties within the CNS. This heterogeneity is reflected in differences in astrocyte structure, gene expression, functional properties, and responsiveness to injury/pathological conditions. Deeper investigation of astrocytic heterogeneity is needed to understand how astrocytes are configured to enable diverse roles in the CNS. While much has been learned about astrocytic heterogeneity in rodents, much less is known about astrocytic heterogeneity in the primate brain where astrocytes have greater size and complexity. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a promising non‐human primate model because of similarities between marmosets and humans with respect to genetics, brain anatomy, and cognition/behavior. Here, we investigated the molecular and structural heterogeneity of marmoset astrocytes using an array of astrocytic markers, multi‐label confocal microscopy, and quantitative analysis. We used male and female marmosets and found that marmoset astrocytes show differences in expression of astrocytic markers in cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. These differences were accompanied by intra‐regional variation in expression of markers for glutamate/GABA transporters, and potassium and water channels. Differences in astrocyte structure were also found, along with complex interactions with blood vessels, microglia, and neurons. This study contributes to our knowledge of the cellular and molecular features of marmoset astrocytes and is useful for understanding the complex properties of astrocytes in the primate CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorka Muñoz
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francisco Cuevas-Pacheco
- Department of Mathematics, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile.,Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Gaël Quesseveur
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Keith K Murai
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Quantitative Life Sciences Graduate Program, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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22
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Hart CG, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Recent insights on astrocyte mechanisms in CNS homeostasis, pathology, and repair. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2427-2462. [PMID: 34259342 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play essential roles in development, homeostasis, injury, and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). Their development is tightly regulated by distinct spatial and temporal cues during embryogenesis and into adulthood throughout the CNS. Astrocytes have several important responsibilities such as regulating blood flow and permeability of the blood-CNS barrier, glucose metabolism and storage, synapse formation and function, and axon myelination. In CNS pathologies, astrocytes also play critical parts in both injury and repair mechanisms. Upon injury, they undergo a robust phenotypic shift known as "reactive astrogliosis," which results in both constructive and deleterious outcomes. Astrocyte activation and migration at the site of injury provides an early defense mechanism to minimize the extent of injury by enveloping the lesion area. However, astrogliosis also contributes to the inhibitory microenvironment of CNS injury and potentiate secondary injury mechanisms, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and glutamate excitotoxicity, which facilitate neurodegeneration in CNS pathologies. Intriguingly, reactive astrocytes are increasingly a focus in current therapeutic strategies as their activation can be modulated toward a neuroprotective and reparative phenotype. This review will discuss recent advancements in knowledge regarding the development and role of astrocytes in the healthy and pathological CNS. We will also review how astrocytes have been genetically modified to optimize their reparative potential after injury, and how they may be transdifferentiated into neurons and oligodendrocytes to promote repair after CNS injury and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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23
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Abstract
Our brains consist of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different compartments and cell types during physiological and pathophysiological processes. Disturbances in brain water homeostasis occur with pathologies such as brain oedema and hydrocephalus, in which fluid accumulation leads to elevated intracranial pressure. Targeted pharmacological treatments do not exist for these conditions owing to our incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing brain water transport. Historically, the transmembrane movement of brain water was assumed to occur as passive movement of water along the osmotic gradient, greatly accelerated by water channels termed aquaporins. Although aquaporins govern the majority of fluid handling in the kidney, they do not suffice to explain the overall brain water movement: either they are not present in the membranes across which water flows or they appear not to be required for the observed flow of water. Notably, brain fluid can be secreted against an osmotic gradient, suggesting that conventional osmotic water flow may not describe all transmembrane fluid transport in the brain. The cotransport of water is an unconventional molecular mechanism that is introduced in this Review as a missing link to bridge the gap in our understanding of cellular and barrier brain water transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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van Putten MJ, Fahlke C, Kafitz KW, Hofmeijer J, Rose CR. Dysregulation of Astrocyte Ion Homeostasis and Its Relevance for Stroke-Induced Brain Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5679. [PMID: 34073593 PMCID: PMC8198632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and chronic disability. Either recovery or progression towards irreversible failure of neurons and astrocytes occurs within minutes to days, depending on remaining perfusion levels. Initial damage arises from energy depletion resulting in a failure to maintain homeostasis and ion gradients between extra- and intracellular spaces. Astrocytes play a key role in these processes and are thus central players in the dynamics towards recovery or progression of stroke-induced brain damage. Here, we present a synopsis of the pivotal functions of astrocytes at the tripartite synapse, which form the basis of physiological brain functioning. We summarize the evidence of astrocytic failure and its consequences under ischemic conditions. Special emphasis is put on the homeostasis and stroke-induced dysregulation of the major monovalent ions, namely Na+, K+, H+, and Cl-, and their involvement in maintenance of cellular volume and generation of cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J.A.M. van Putten
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.J.A.M.v.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Christoph Fahlke
- Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, Molekular-und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
| | - Karl W. Kafitz
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Jeannette Hofmeijer
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.J.A.M.v.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Christine R. Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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25
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McCann MS, Maguire-Zeiss KA. Environmental toxicants in the brain: A review of astrocytic metabolic dysfunction. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 84:103608. [PMID: 33556584 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxicants is linked to long-term adverse outcomes in the brain and involves the dysfunction of glial and neuronal cells. Astrocytes, the most numerous cell type, are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases of the central nervous system, including neurodegenerative diseases. Astrocytes are critical for proper brain function in part due to their robust antioxidant and unique metabolic capabilities. Additionally, astrocytes are positioned both at the blood-brain barrier, where they are the primary responders to xenobiotic penetrance of the CNS, and at synapses where they are in close contact with neurons and synaptic machinery. While exposure to several classes of environmental toxicants, including chlorinated and fluorinated compounds, and trace metals, have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, their impact on astrocytes represents an important and growing field of research. Here, we review existing literature focused on the impact of a range of synthetic compounds on astrocytic function. We focus specifically on perturbed metabolic processes in response to these compounds and consider how perturbation of these pathways impacts disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondona S McCann
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States.
| | - Kathleen A Maguire-Zeiss
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States
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26
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Charvériat M, Guiard BP. Serotonergic neurons in the treatment of mood disorders: The dialogue with astrocytes. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 259:197-228. [PMID: 33541677 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes were traditionally regarded as cells important to neuronal activity, providing both metabolic and structural supports. Recent evidence suggests that they may also play a crucial role in the control of higher brain functions. In keeping with this hypothesis, it is now well accepted that astrocytes contribute to stress but also react to antidepressant drugs as they express serotonergic transporters and receptors. However, the downstream mechanisms leading to the fine-tuned regulation of mood are still unknown. This chapter pays attention to the role of astrocytes in the regulation of emotional behavior and related serotonergic neurotransmission. In particular, it gives a current state of the clinical and preclinical evidence showing that astrocytes respond to environmental conditions and antidepressant drugs through the release of gliotransmitters and neurotrophic factors which in turn, influence serotonergic tone in discrete brain areas. This state-of-the-art review aims at demonstrating the remarkable potential for novel therapeutic antidepressant strategies targeting these glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno P Guiard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
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27
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Silva I, Silva J, Ferreira R, Trigo D. Glymphatic system, AQP4, and their implications in Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Res Pract 2021; 3:5. [PMID: 33499944 PMCID: PMC7816372 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-021-00102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacking conventional lymphatic system, the central nervous system requires alternative clearance systems, such as the glymphatic system, which promotes clearance of interstitial solutes. Aquaporin-4 water channels (AQP4) are an integral part of this system and related to neuropathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The clearance of Alzheimer's associated proteins amyloid β and tau is diminished by glymphatic system impairment, due to lack of AQP4. Even though AQP4 mislocalisation (which affects its activity) is a phenotype of AD, it remains a controversial topic, as it is still unclear if it is a phenotype-promoting factor or a consequence of this pathology. This review provides important and updated knowledge about glymphatic system, AQP4 itself, and their link with Alzheimer's disease. Finally, AQP4 as a therapeutic target is proposed to ameliorate Alzheimer's Disease and other neuropathologies AQP4-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Silva
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Silva
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo Trigo
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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28
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Aquaporin 4 expression is downregulated in large bovine ovarian follicles. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.12750/jarb.35.4.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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29
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Wang N, Zhang SN, Xing RJ, Liu MQ, Huang CN, Jiang SM, Li T, Yang CS, Yang L, Zhang LJ. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate level in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a hint on differential diagnosis and possible immunopathogenesis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 47:102629. [PMID: 33232908 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) may be similar to each other in clinical features. The differential diagnosis between them remains challenging in clinical practice. This retrospective study is aimed to describe the difference of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate level between aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-Ab) positive NMOSD and MS, to discuss the possible explanation upon immunopathogenesis and the significance in differential diagnosis. METHOD We retrospectively analysed cerebral biochemical results from 60 AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD and 55 MS Asian patients. To assess the diagnostic ability of cerebrospinal fluid lactate for distinguishing AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD from MS using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS The cerebrospinal fluid lactate level is significantly higher in AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD than in MS based on multiple linear regression (P<0.0001). The differential diagnostic efficacy of cerebrospinal fluid lactate distinguishing AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD from MS reached an area under ROC curve (AUC) of 0.8842 (95% CI 0.82-0.95, P<0.0001), using 1.50 as the diagnostic critical point of the cerebrospinal fluid lactate level, the sensitivity was 88.3%, the specificity was 78.2%. CONCLUSION The cerebrospinal fluid lactate level differs between AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD and MS, which also contributes in differential diagnosis. The distinct patterns of cerebral biochemical results may cast a light on the immunopathogenesis of AQP4-Ab positive NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Rong-Jun Xing
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ming-Qi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chen-Na Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Shu-Min Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lin-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No.154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300052, China.
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30
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Park SH, Lee JY, Jhee KH, Yang SA. Amyloid-ß peptides inhibit the expression of AQP4 and glutamate transporter EAAC1 in insulin-treated C6 glioma cells. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1083-1089. [PMID: 32953460 PMCID: PMC7484518 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic aquaporin 4 (AQP4) facilitates glutamate clearance via regulation of the glutamate transporter function, involved in the modulation of brain plasticity and cognitive function to prevent neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In in vitro studies, the C6 rat glioma cell line is a widely applied aging model system to investigate changes in glial cells associated with aging or AD. However, the neurotoxicity mechanism whether AQP4 mediate glutamate uptake in Aβ-stimulated C6 cell remain uncertain. In this study, we examined the effects of Aβ on the expression of AQP4, Glu transporters, Glu uptake, and cell viability in insulin-treated C6 cells. Our results showed that the expression of AQP4 mRNA and protein was significantly enhanced by insulin in older cultures (passage 45), and the expression was inhibited by Aβ at 10 μM. In addition, the cell viability and glutamate uptake in Aβ-treated C6 cells were decreased in dose-dependent manners. GFAP showed similar changes in gene and protein expression patterns as AQP4, but no significant alterations were seen in GLAST expression. In C6 cells, the glutamate transport was found to be EAAC1, not GLT-1. EAAC1 expression was decreased by the treatment of Aβ. Taken together, our findings suggest that C6 cells may have astrocytic characteristics, and the astrocytic cytotoxicity induced by Aβ was mediated by reduction of glutamate uptake through AQP4/EAAC1 pathway in C6 cells. This indicates that C6 glioma cells could be used to study the roles of AQP4 on astrocyte function in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeul Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Natural Science, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Jhee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Seun-Ah Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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31
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Thoman ME, McKarns SC. Metabolomic Profiling in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Biomarker Discovery. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10090374. [PMID: 32961928 PMCID: PMC7570337 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no specific test for diagnosing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), a disabling autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Instead, diagnosis relies on ruling out other related disorders with overlapping clinical symptoms. An urgency for NMOSD biomarker discovery is underscored by adverse responses to treatment following misdiagnosis and poor prognosis following the delayed onset of treatment. Pathogenic autoantibiotics that target the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) contribute to NMOSD pathology. The importance of early diagnosis between AQP4-Ab+ NMOSD, MOG-Ab+ NMOSD, AQP4-Ab− MOG-Ab− NMOSD, and related disorders cannot be overemphasized. Here, we provide a comprehensive data collection and analysis of the currently known metabolomic perturbations and related proteomic outcomes of NMOSD. We highlight short chain fatty acids, lipoproteins, amino acids, and lactate as candidate diagnostic biomarkers. Although the application of metabolomic profiling to individual NMOSD patient care shows promise, more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxton E. Thoman
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
- Laboratory of TGF-β Biology, Epigenetics, and Cytokine Regulation, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Susan C. McKarns
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
- Laboratory of TGF-β Biology, Epigenetics, and Cytokine Regulation, Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Correspondence:
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32
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Stevenson R, Samokhina E, Rossetti I, Morley JW, Buskila Y. Neuromodulation of Glial Function During Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:278. [PMID: 32973460 PMCID: PMC7473408 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glia, a non-excitable cell type once considered merely as the connective tissue between neurons, is nowadays acknowledged for its essential contribution to multiple physiological processes including learning, memory formation, excitability, synaptic plasticity, ion homeostasis, and energy metabolism. Moreover, as glia are key players in the brain immune system and provide structural and nutritional support for neurons, they are intimately involved in multiple neurological disorders. Recent advances have demonstrated that glial cells, specifically microglia and astroglia, are involved in several neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). While there is compelling evidence for glial modulation of synaptic formation and regulation that affect neuronal signal processing and activity, in this manuscript we will review recent findings on neuronal activity that affect glial function, specifically during neurodegenerative disorders. We will discuss the nature of each glial malfunction, its specificity to each disorder, overall contribution to the disease progression and assess its potential as a future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stevenson
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Evgeniia Samokhina
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ilaria Rossetti
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - John W. Morley
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yossi Buskila
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- International Centre for Neuromorphic Systems, The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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33
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Toft-Bertelsen TL, Larsen BR, Christensen SK, Khandelia H, Waagepetersen HS, MacAulay N. Clearance of activity-evoked K + transients and associated glia cell swelling occur independently of AQP4: A study with an isoform-selective AQP4 inhibitor. Glia 2020; 69:28-41. [PMID: 32506554 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian brain consists of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different compartments and cellular structures by mechanisms that are, to a large extent, unresolved. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is abundantly expressed in glia and ependymal cells of the mammalian brain and has been proposed to act as a gatekeeper for brain water dynamics, predominantly based on studies utilizing AQP4-deficient mice. However, these mice have a range of secondary effects due to the gene deletion. An efficient and selective AQP4 inhibitor has thus been sorely needed to validate the results obtained in the AQP4-/- mice to quantify the contribution of AQP4 to brain fluid dynamics. In AQP4-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes monitored by a high-resolution volume recording system, we here demonstrate that the compound TGN-020 is such a selective AQP4 inhibitor. TGN-020 targets the tested species of AQP4 with an IC50 of ~3.5 μM, but displays no inhibitory effect on the other AQPs (AQP1-AQP9). With this tool, we employed rat hippocampal slices and ion-sensitive microelectrodes to determine the role of AQP4 in glia cell swelling following neuronal activity. TGN-020-mediated inhibition of AQP4 did not prevent stimulus-induced extracellular space shrinkage, nor did it slow clearance of the activity-evoked K+ transient. These data, obtained with a verified isoform-selective AQP4 inhibitor, indicate that AQP4 is not required for the astrocytic contribution to the K+ clearance or the associated extracellular space shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Lisberg Toft-Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Roland Larsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie Kjellerup Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Himanshu Khandelia
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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34
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Shchepareva ME, Zakharova MN. Functional Role of Aquaporins in the Nervous System under Normal and Pathological Conditions. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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MacAulay N. Molecular mechanisms of K + clearance and extracellular space shrinkage-Glia cells as the stars. Glia 2020; 68:2192-2211. [PMID: 32181522 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) associates with release of K+ into the extracellular space resulting in transient increases in [K+ ]o . This elevated K+ is swiftly removed, in part, via uptake by neighboring glia cells. This process occurs in parallel to the [K+ ]o elevation and glia cells thus act as K+ sinks during the neuronal activity, while releasing it at the termination of the pulse. The molecular transport mechanisms governing this glial K+ absorption remain a point of debate. Passive distribution of K+ via Kir4.1-mediated spatial buffering of K+ has become a favorite within the glial field, although evidence for a quantitatively significant contribution from this ion channel to K+ clearance from the extracellular space is sparse. The Na+ /K+ -ATPase, but not the Na+ /K+ /Cl- cotransporter, NKCC1, shapes the activity-evoked K+ transient. The different isoform combinations of the Na+ /K+ -ATPase expressed in glia cells and neurons display different kinetic characteristics and are thereby distinctly geared toward their temporal and quantitative contribution to K+ clearance. The glia cell swelling occurring with the K+ transient was long assumed to be directly associated with K+ uptake and/or AQP4, although accumulating evidence suggests that they are not. Rather, activation of bicarbonate- and lactate transporters appear to lead to glial cell swelling via the activity-evoked alkaline transient, K+ -mediated glial depolarization, and metabolic demand. This review covers evidence, or lack thereof, accumulated over the last half century on the molecular mechanisms supporting activity-evoked K+ and extracellular space dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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36
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Wang C, Wu Q, Wang Z, Hu L, Marshall C, Xiao M. Aquaporin 4 knockout increases complete freund's adjuvant-induced spinal central sensitization. Brain Res Bull 2020; 156:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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37
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Vandebroek A, Yasui M. Regulation of AQP4 in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1603. [PMID: 32111087 PMCID: PMC7084855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the main water channel protein expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). AQP4 is densely expressed in astrocyte end-feet, and is an important factor in CNS water and potassium homeostasis. Changes in AQP4 activity and expression have been implicated in several CNS disorders, including (but not limited to) epilepsy, edema, stroke, and glioblastoma. For this reason, many studies have been done to understand the various ways in which AQP4 is regulated endogenously, and could be regulated pharmaceutically. In particular, four regulatory methods have been thoroughly studied; regulation of gene expression via microRNAs, regulation of AQP4 channel gating/trafficking via phosphorylation, regulation of water permeability using heavy metal ions, and regulation of water permeability using small molecule inhibitors. A major challenge when studying AQP4 regulation is inter-method variability. A compound or phosphorylation which shows an inhibitory effect in vitro may show no effect in a different in vitro method, or even show an increase in AQP4 expression in vivo. Although a large amount of variability exists between in vitro methods, some microRNAs, heavy metal ions, and two small molecule inhibitors, acetazolamide and TGN-020, have shown promise in the field of AQP4 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Vandebroek
- Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
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38
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Valenza M, Facchinetti R, Steardo L, Scuderi C. Altered Waste Disposal System in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on Astrocytic Aquaporin-4. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1656. [PMID: 32063858 PMCID: PMC7000422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse cell types included in the general population named glia, astrocytes emerge as being the focus of a growing body of research aimed at characterizing their heterogeneous and complex functions. Alterations of both their morphology and activities have been linked to a variety of neurological diseases. One crucial physiological need satisfied by astrocytes is the cleansing of the cerebral tissue from waste molecules. Several data demonstrate that aquaporin-4 (AQP-4), a protein expressed by astrocytes, is crucially important for facilitating the removal of waste products from the brain. Aquaporins are water channels found in all district of the human organism and the most abundant isoform in the brain is AQP-4. This protein is involved in a myriad of astrocytic activities, including calcium signal transduction, potassium buffering, synaptic plasticity, astrocyte migration, glial scar formation and neuroinflammation. The highest density of AQP-4 is found at the astrocytic domains closest to blood vessels, the endfeet that envelop brain vessels, with low to zero expression in other astrocytic membrane regions. Increased AQP-4 expression and loss of polarization have recently been documented in altered physiological conditions. Here we review the latest findings related to aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) on this topic, as well as the available knowledge on pharmacological tools to target AQP-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenza
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Epitech Group SpA, Saccolongo, Italy
| | - Roberta Facchinetti
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Università Telematica Giustino Fortunato, Benevento, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Hindeya Gebreyesus H, Gebrehiwot Gebremichael T. The Potential Role of Astrocytes in Parkinson's Disease (PD). Med Sci (Basel) 2020; 8:E7. [PMID: 32012713 PMCID: PMC7151567 DOI: 10.3390/medsci8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are multi-functional cells, now recognized as critical participants in many brain functions. They play a critical physiological role in the clearance of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and in the regulation of K+ from the space of synaptic clefts. Astrocytes also express the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel, which are involved in both physiological functions and neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Some of the ND are the Alzheimer's (AD), Huntington's (HD), Parkinson's diseases (PD), Cerebral edema, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and epilepsy pathological conditions in specific regions of the CNS. Parkinson's disease is the second most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). These project to the striatum, forming an important pathway within the basal ganglia. Mostly, PD has no clear etiology, and the mechanism of dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss is not well illustrated. The results of various studies suggest that astrocytes are involved in the pathophysiology of PD. Evidence has shown that the down-regulation of EAAT-2/GLT-1 and AQP4 expression is associated with PD pathogenesis. However, controversial results were reported in different experimental studies about the expression and function of EAAT-2/GLT-1 and AQP4, as well as their colocalization in different brain regions, and their involvement in PD development. Therefore, under neurological disorders, Parkinson's disease is related to the genetic and phenotypic change of astrocytes' biology. In this review, the authors summarized recent their research findings, which revealed the involvement of EAAT-2/GLT-1 and AQP4 expression, the physical interaction between EAAT-2/GLT-1 and AQP4 in astrocyte function, and their potential role in the development of PD in SNpc and Subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the basal ganglia nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiluf Hindeya Gebreyesus
- School of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O. Box: 1871 Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Xie Y, Niu M, Ji C, Huang TY, Zhang C, Tian Y, Shi Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Luo H, Can D, Xu H, Zhang YW, Zhang X. SNX8 Enhances Non-amyloidogenic APP Trafficking and Attenuates Aβ Accumulation and Memory Deficits in an AD Mouse. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:410. [PMID: 31551717 PMCID: PMC6743354 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of various APP trafficking components in the endosome has been previously implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although single nucleotide polymorphisms within the gene locus encoding the endosomal component, SNX8 have been previously associated with AD, how SNX8 levels are altered and its contribution to AD onset is currently unknown. Here, we observe decreased expression of SNX8 in human AD and AD mouse brain. SNX8 predominantly localized to early and late endosomes, where SNX8 overexpression enhanced total APP levels, cell surface APP distribution and consequent soluble APPα cleavage. SNX8 depletion resulted in elevated β-amyloid (Aβ) levels, while SNX8 overexpression reduced Aβ levels in cells and in an APP/PS1 AD mouse model. Importantly, SNX8 overexpression rescued cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Together, these results implicate a neuroprotective role for SNX8 in enhancing non-amyloidogenic APP trafficking and processing pathways. Given that endosomal dysfunction is an early event in AD, restoration of dysfunctional endosomal components such as SNX8 may be beneficial in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhuang Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengxi Niu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chengxiang Ji
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cuilin Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhun Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Luo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dan Can
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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41
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Zhang R, Liu Y, Chen Y, Li Q, Marshall C, Wu T, Hu G, Xiao M. Aquaporin 4 deletion exacerbates brain impairments in a mouse model of chronic sleep disruption. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:228-239. [PMID: 31364823 PMCID: PMC6978250 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS As a normal physiological process, sleep has recently been shown to facilitate clearance of macromolecular metabolic wastes from the brain via the glymphatic system. The aim of the present study was to investigate pathophysiological roles of astroglial aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a functional regulator of glymphatic clearance, in a mouse model of chronic sleep disruption (SD). METHODS Adult AQP4 null mice and wild-type (WT) mice were given 7 days of SD using the improved rotating rod method, and then received behavioral, neuropathological, and neurochemical analyses. RESULTS Aquaporin 4 deletion resulted in an impairment of glymphatic transport and accumulation of β-amyloid and Tau proteins in the brain following SD. AQP4 null SD mice exhibited severe activation of microglia, neuroinflammation, and synaptic protein loss in the hippocampus, as well as decreased working memory, compared with WT-SD mice. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that AQP4-mediated glymphatic clearance ameliorates brain impairments caused by abnormal accumulation of metabolic wastes following chronic SD, thus serving as a potential target for sleep-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Charles Marshall
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center of Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY, USA
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Pharmacotherapy for Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: Current Management and Future Options. Drugs 2019; 79:125-142. [PMID: 30623348 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-1039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although the prevalence of NMO is low, the rapid and severe impairment observed in patients has led to extensive development of research in the fields of diagnostic criteria and therapy in the past 15 years. With improved understanding of the pathophysiology of NMO and the role of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies, numerous therapeutic approaches have been proposed and are currently undergoing evaluation. In this review, we describe the rationale for existing therapeutics and their benefit/risk ratio. We also discuss the pharmacological and clinical interest of future approaches targeting, among others, B or T cells, the blood-central nervous system barrier, complement, polynuclear cells, AQP4-antibody linkage and AQP4 activity. The numerous agents under development are the result of a major collaborative effort all over the world. After the considerable progress on diagnosis, we are now close to class I evidence for a therapeutic effect of several drugs in NMO spectrum disorders, most notably with the anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody (satralizumab) and anti-complement-5 antibody (eculizumab).
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Hua J, Yin N, Xu S, Chen Q, Tao T, Zhang J, Ding J, Fan Y, Hu G. Enhancing the Astrocytic Clearance of Extracellular α-Synuclein Aggregates by Ginkgolides Attenuates Neural Cell Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:1017-1028. [PMID: 31165943 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of aggregated forms of the α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and the efficient clearance of aggregated α-Syn represents a potential approach in PD therapy. Astrocytes are the most numerous glia cells in the brain and play an essential role in supporting brain functions in PD state. In the present study, we demonstrated that cultured primary astrocytes engulfed and degraded extracellular aggregated recombinant human α-Syn. Meanwhile, we observed that the clearance of α-Syn by astrocytes was abolished by proteasome inhibitor MG132 and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA). We further showed that intracellular α-Syn was reduced after ginkgolide B (GB) and bilobalide (BB) treatment, and the decrease was reversed by MG132 and 3MA. More importantly, GB and BB reduced indirect neurotoxicity to neurons induced by α-Syn-stimulated astrocytic conditioned medium. Together, we firstly find that astrocytes can engulf and degrade α-Syn aggregates via the proteasome and autophagy pathways, and further show that GB and BB enhance astrocytic clearance of α-Syn, which gives us an insight into the novel therapy for PD in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurology & Psychology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 1 Fuhua Road, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Nuo Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China. .,Neuroprotective Drug Discovery Key Laboratory of Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China. .,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhou X, Xiao Q, Xie L, Yang F, Wang L, Tu J. Astrocyte, a Promising Target for Mood Disorder Interventions. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:136. [PMID: 31231189 PMCID: PMC6560156 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders have multiple phenotypes and complex underlying biological mechanisms and, as such, there are no effective therapeutic strategies. A review of recent work on the role of astrocytes in mood disorders is thus warranted, which we embark on here. We argue that there is tremendous potential for novel strategies for therapeutic interventions based on the role of astrocytes. Astrocytes are traditionally considered to have supporting roles within the brain, yet emerging evidence has shown that astrocytes have more direct roles in influencing brain function. Notably, evidence from postmortem human brain tissues has highlighted changes in glial cell morphology, density and astrocyte-related biomarkers and genes following mood disorders, indicating astrocyte involvement in mood disorders. Findings from animal models strongly imply that astrocytes not only change astrocyte morphology and physiological characteristics but also influence neural circuits via synapse structure and formation. This review pays particular attention to interactions between astrocytes and neurons and argues that astrocyte dysfunction affects the monoaminergic system, excitatory–inhibitory balance and neurotrophic states of local networks. Together, these studies provide a foundation of knowledge about the exact role of astrocytes in mood disorders. Importantly, we then change the focus from neurons to glial cells and the interactions between the two, so that we can understand newly proposed mechanisms underlying mood disorders, and to identify more diagnostic indicators or effective targets for treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xie
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Tu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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da Silva APB, Souza DG, Souza DO, Machado DC, Sato DK. Role of Glutamatergic Excitotoxicity in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:142. [PMID: 31031597 PMCID: PMC6473164 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory disorder mediated by immune-humoral responses directed against central nervous system (CNS) antigens. Most patients are positive for specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) auto-antibodies for aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a water channel present in astrocytes. Antigen-antibody binding promotes complement system cascade activation, immune system cell infiltration, IgG deposition, loss of AQP4 and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) expression on the astrocytic plasma membrane, triggering necrotic destruction of spinal cord tissue and optic nerves. Astrocytes are very important cells in the CNS and, in addition to supporting other nerve cells, they also regulate cerebral homeostasis and control glutamatergic synapses by modulating neurotransmission in the cleft through the high-affinity glutamate transporters present in their cell membrane. Specific IgG binding to AQP4 in astrocytes blocks protein functions and reduces EAAT2 activity. Once compromised, EAAT2 cannot take up free glutamate from the extracellular space, triggering excitotoxicity in the cells, which is characterized by overactivation of glutamate receptors in postsynaptic neurons. Therefore, the longitudinally extensive myelitis and optic neuritis lesions observed in patients with NMOSD may be the result of primary astrocytic damage triggered by IgG binding to AQP4, which can activate the immune-system cascade and, in addition, downregulate EAAT2. All these processes may explain the destructive lesions in NMOSD secondary to neuroinflammation and glutamatergic excitotoxicity. New or repurposed existing drugs capable of controlling glutamatergic excitotoxicity may provide new therapeutic options to reduce tissue damage and permanent disability after NMOSD attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Bornes da Silva
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Medical School, Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Débora Guerini Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Denise Cantarelli Machado
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Medical School, Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Gerontology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Douglas Kazutoshi Sato
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Aquaporin-4 Water Channel in the Brain and Its Implication for Health and Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020090. [PMID: 30691235 PMCID: PMC6406241 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a water channel expressed on astrocytic endfeet in the brain. The role of AQP4 has been studied in health and in a range of pathological conditions. Interest in AQP4 has increased since it was discovered to be the target antigen in the inflammatory autoimmune disease neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Emerging data suggest that AQP4 may also be implicated in the glymphatic system and may be involved in the clearance of beta-amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this review, we will describe the role of AQP4 in the adult and developing brain as well as its implication for disease.
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Alves Do Rego C, Collongues N. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: Features of aquaporin-4, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and double-seronegative-mediated subtypes. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2018; 174:458-470. [PMID: 29685427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The new diagnostic classification of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in 2015 highlights the central role of biomarkers, such as antibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-Ab), in diagnosis. Also, in approximately 20-25% of patients without AQP4-Ab (NMOSDAQP4-) the presence of an antibody directed against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) characterizes a specific population of NMOSD patients (NMOSDMOG+), according to their demographic and clinical data and prognoses. While double-seronegative cases (NMOSDNEG) have not been fully described, they may correspond to the very first patients with opticospinal demyelination reported by Devic and Gault in 1894. The present report reviews the current knowledge of the pathophysiology and clinical features of NMOSDAQP4+, NMOSDMOG+ and NMOSDNEG patients, and also discusses the relationship between the extended spectrum of MOG disease and NMOSDMOG+. Finally, the current treatments for acute relapses and relapse prevention are described, with a focus on serological-based therapeutic responses and the promising new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alves Do Rego
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - N Collongues
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM U1434, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Biopathology of Myelin, Neuroprotection and Therapeutic Strategies, INSERM U1119, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Du RH, Zhou Y, Xia ML, Lu M, Ding JH, Hu G. α-Synuclein disrupts the anti-inflammatory role of Drd2 via interfering β-arrestin2-TAB1 interaction in astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:258. [PMID: 30200997 PMCID: PMC6131810 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background α-Synuclein (α-Syn)-induced neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Dopamine D2 receptor (Drd2) has been regarded as a potential anti-inflammatory target in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effect of astrocytic Drd2 in α-Syn-induced neuroinflammation remains unclear. Methods The effect of Drd2 on neuroinflammation was examined in mouse primary astrocyte in vitro and A53T transgenic mice in vivo. The inflammatory responses of astrocyte were detected using immunofluorescence, ELISA, and qRT-PCR. The details of molecular mechanism were assessed using Western blotting and protein-protein interaction assays. Results We showed that the selective Drd2 agonist quinpirole suppressed inflammation in the midbrain of wild-type mice, but not in α-Syn-overexpressed mice. We also found that Drd2 agonists significantly alleviated LPS-induced inflammatory response in astrocytes, but failed to suppress α-Syn-induced inflammatory response. The anti-inflammation effect of Drd2 was dependent on β-arrestin2-mediated signaling, but not classical G protein pathway. α-Syn reduced the expression of β-arrestin2 in astrocytes. Increased the β-arrestin2 expression restored in the anti-inflammation of Drd2 in α-Syn-induced inflammation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that α-Syn disrupted the anti-inflammation of Drd2 via inhibiting the association of β-arrestin2 with transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-binding protein 1 (TAB1) and promoting TAK1-TAB1 interaction in astrocytes. Conclusions Our study illustrates that astrocytic Drd2 inhibits neuroinflammation through a β-arrestin2-dependent mechanism and provides a new strategy for treatment of PD. Our findings also reveal that α-Syn disrupts the function of β-arrestin2 and inflammatory pathways in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Hong Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ling Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Nongmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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Lv Y, Dai W, Ge A, Fan Y, Hu G, Zeng Y. Aquaporin-4 knockout mice exhibit increased hypnotic susceptibility to ketamine. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00990. [PMID: 29745050 PMCID: PMC5991570 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines anesthetic/hypnotic effects of ketamine in AQP4 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice with the particular focus on neurotransmission. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ketamine (100 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected in 16 WT and 16 KO mice. The hypnotic potencies were evaluated by the loss of the righting reflex (LORR). The amino acids neurotransmitter levels in prefrontal cortex were measured by microdialysis. RESULTS This study demonstrated that AQP4 knockout significantly shortened the latency compared with WT mice (98.0 ± 4.2 vs. 138.1 ± 15.0 s, p < .05) and prolonged duration of LORR (884.7 ± 58.6 vs. 562.0 ± 51.7 s, p < .05) compared with WT mice in LORR induced by ketamine. Microdialysis showed that lack of AQP4 markedly decreased glutamate level within 20 min (p < .05) and increased γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level within 30-40 min (p < .05) after use of ketamine. Moreover, the levels of taurine were remarkably higher in KO mice than in WT mice, but no obvious differences in aspartate were observed between two genotypes. CONCLUSION AQP4 deficiency led to more susceptibility of mice to ketamine, which is probably due to the modulation of specific neurotransmitters, hinting an essential maintenance of synaptic activity mediated by AQP4 in the action of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunluo Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangshu Dai
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ai Ge
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinming Zeng
- Jiangsu Province Institute of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Zhu J, Hu Z, Han X, Wang D, Jiang Q, Ding J, Xiao M, Wang C, Lu M, Hu G. Dopamine D2 receptor restricts astrocytic NLRP3 inflammasome activation via enhancing the interaction of β-arrestin2 and NLRP3. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:2037-2049. [PMID: 29786071 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are involved in the neuroinflammation of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Among the numerous inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) produced by astrocytic Nod-like receptor protein (NLRP) inflammasome is crucial in the pathogenesis of PD. β-arrestin2-mediated dopamine D2 receptor (Drd2) signal transduction has been regarded as a potential anti-inflammatory target. Our previous study revealed that astrocytic Drd2 suppresses neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. However, the role of Drd2 in astrocytic NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β production remains unclear. In the present study, we used 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced PD mouse model to investigate whether Drd2 could suppress astrocytic NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We showed that Drd2 agonist inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation, evidenced by decreased caspase-1 expression and reduced IL-1β release in the midbrain of wild type mice. The anti-inflammasome effect of Drd2 was abolished in β-arrestin2 knockout and β-arrestin2 small interfering RNA-injected mice, suggesting a critical role of β-arrestin2 in Drd2-regulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We also found that Drd2 agonists suppressed the upregulation of caspase-1 and IL-1β expression in primary cultured mouse astrocytes in response to the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome induced by lipopolysaccharide plus adenosine triphosphate. Furthermore, we demonstrated that β-arrestin2 mediated the inhibitory effect of Drd2 on NLRP3 inflammasome activation via interacting with NLRP3 and interfering the inflammasome assembly. Collectively, our study illustrates that astrocytic Drd2 inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation through a β-arrestin2-dependent mechanism, and provides a new strategy for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Zhaoli Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xiaojuan Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Dongshuo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Qingling Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jianhua Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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