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Guo Q, Yen CN, Scheffler TL, Richert BT, Schinckel AP, Grant AL, Gerrard DE. Ractopamine does not rescue Halothane and Rendement Napole metabolism postmortem. Meat Sci 2023; 198:109075. [PMID: 36641987 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if ractopamine (RAC) impacts postmortem muscle metabolism and subsequent pork quality in Halothane (HAL) and Rendement Napole (RN) mutant pigs. All RAC fed pigs had increased (P < 0.04) L* values. HAL and RN mutants muscle had lower (P < 0.01) pH values but RAC feeding had no effect. RN mutants had higher and lower (P < 0.05) muscle pH and temperatures, respectfully at 15 min and RN mutant pigs had greater (P < 0.0001) glycogen initially but lactate levels similar to wild type (WT) pigs at 24 h. RAC lowered (P < 0.05) glycogen in RN mutants but not in HAL mutated or WT pig muscle. These data show RAC feeding changes postmortem energy metabolism but does not change pH and pork quality hallmark of two major pig gene mutations and supports our contention that ultimate meat quality traits and their biochemical drivers may be more complex than originally reasoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Guo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - C-N Yen
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24601, United States of America
| | - T L Scheffler
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - B T Richert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - A P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America
| | - A L Grant
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24601, United States of America
| | - D E Gerrard
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24601, United States of America.
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Ji C, You L, Luo R. Proteomics and metabolomics combined study on endopathic changes of water-soluble precursors in Tan lamb during postmortem aging. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:1564-1578. [PMID: 35592284 PMCID: PMC9094463 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tan lamb is highly recommended breed in China. It is of great significance to understand the underlying mechanism of how water‐soluble flavor precursors metabolize in Tan lamb muscles during the postmortem aging period. In this study, we investigated the muscle pH, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and the variations in water‐soluble flavor‐related metabolites. The proteome changes were profiled to provide insights into the biochemical changes affecting accumulation of water‐soluble flavor precursors in different aging stages (days 0, 4, and 8). The results indicated that pH value considerably decreased from day 0 to day 4, and increased from day 4 to day 8 (p < .05). The activity of LDH significantly increased from day 0 to day 4, and decreased from day 4 to day 8 (p < .05). Postmortem glycolysis was activated in 4 days, which directly affected the variations in metabolic enzymes and triggered the accumulation of flavor‐related carbohydrates. The free amino acids accumulated due to hydrolysis of structural proteins, with 3‐hydroxy‐L‐proline, aspartic acid, and methionine increasing from day 0 to day 4, and aspartic acid, serine, threonine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and D‐phenylalanine from day 4 to day 8. The inosine and hypoxanthine accumulated due to the degradation of ATP. The results of the present study provide insightful information, revealing the differences in biochemical attributes in Tan lamb muscles caused by postmortem aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ji
- School of Agriculture Ningxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Liqin You
- School of Biological Science and Engineering North Minzu University Yinchuan China
| | - Ruiming Luo
- School of Agriculture Ningxia University Yinchuan China
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3
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The Influence of Hypothermia Hibernation Combined with CO2 Anesthesia on Life and Storage Quality of Large Yellow Croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea). Foods 2022; 11:foods11040514. [PMID: 35205999 PMCID: PMC8871444 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We explore the feasibility of the long-term transportation of live large yellow croakers (Pseudosciaena crocea) using the combined method of CO2 anesthesia and hypothermia hibernation, and its effect on the quality of recovered fish stored at 4 °C. Fish treated with CO2 anesthesia at a 2 ppm/s aeration rate were cooled at 3 °C/h to hibernate survived for 36 h at 8 °C in seawater. This method resulted in better survival rates and time, and a lower operational time than hypothermia hibernation or CO2 anesthesia methods. The results of a blood analysis indicated that the stress experienced by the fish during hibernation was mitigated, but existent after recovery. The drip loss rate of the ordinary muscle of hibernated fish was significantly different from that of the control group at 4 °C, but there was no significant difference in the pH, lactic acid content, and color during early storage. Furthermore, hibernation did not affect springiness and chewiness. Thus, the combination of CO2 anesthesia and hibernation may improve the survival and operation efficiency of fish in long-term transportation. However, this method affects the quality of fish after long-term storage. Thus, hibernated fish should be consumed after appropriate domestication or immediately after recovery.
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Sánchez-Macías D, Cevallos-Velastegui L, Nuñez-Valle D, Morales-delaNuez A. First report of postmortem pH evolution and rigor mortis in guinea pigs. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Early differential gene expression in beef Longissimus thoracis muscles from carcasses with normal (<5.8) and high (>5.9) ultimate pH. Meat Sci 2019; 153:117-125. [PMID: 30927683 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate early postmortem (0.5 h) gene expression in beef Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscles from carcasses with NORMAL (<5.8) and HIGH (>5.9) ultimate pH (pHu). A total of 53 transcripts were differentially expressed (P-value <.05): 40 showed up-regulation and 13 showed down-regulation in HIGH pHu carcasses. Four up-regulated (PDK4, GADD45B, MAOA, METTL21C) genes were confirmed (P < .05) by q-PCR. HIGH pHu samples resulted with lower values in glycolytic potential and AMP-activated protein kinase activity compared to NORMAL at 0.5 and 24 h postmortem (P < .05). Functional pathway analysis showed that calcium transport and GADD45 signaling pathways are associated with the development of HIGH pH meat. Genes involved in stress-related signaling, such as GADD45B, METTL21C and MAOA were overexpressed. These genes are involved in stress signaling that might be affecting Ca2+ transport and oxidative metabolism pathways in HIGH pH muscles.
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England EM, Matarneh SK, Mitacek RM, Abraham A, Ramanathan R, Wicks JC, Shi H, Scheffler TL, Oliver EM, Helm ET, Gerrard DE. Presence of oxygen and mitochondria in skeletal muscle early postmortem. Meat Sci 2018; 139:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Apaoblaza A, Strobel P, Ramírez-Reveco A, Jeréz-Timaure N, Monti G, Gallo C. Effect of season, supplementation and fasting on glycolytic potential and activity of AMP-activated protein kinase, glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen debranching enzyme in grass-fed steers as determined in Longissimus lumborum muscle. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Przybylski W, Kaczor D, Żelechowska E, Jaworska D, Kajak-Siemaszko K, Boruszewska K, Jankiewicz U. Sarcoplasmic Protein Profile from Drip Loss in Relation to Pork Quality. J Food Sci 2016; 81:C2320-C2326. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiesław Przybylski
- Dept. of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw Univ. of Life Sciences - SGGW; Nowoursynowska 159C St. 02-776 Warsaw Poland
| | - Damian Kaczor
- Dept. of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw Univ. of Life Sciences - SGGW; Nowoursynowska 159C St. 02-776 Warsaw Poland
| | - Elżbieta Żelechowska
- Dept. of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw Univ. of Life Sciences - SGGW; Nowoursynowska 159C St. 02-776 Warsaw Poland
| | - Danuta Jaworska
- Dept. of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw Univ. of Life Sciences - SGGW; Nowoursynowska 159C St. 02-776 Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kajak-Siemaszko
- Dept. of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw Univ. of Life Sciences - SGGW; Nowoursynowska 159C St. 02-776 Warsaw Poland
| | - Kinga Boruszewska
- Dept. of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences; Warsaw Univ. of Life Sciences - SGGW; Nowoursynowska 159C St. 02-776 Warsaw Poland
| | - Urszula Jankiewicz
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology; Warsaw Univ. of Life Sciences - SGGW; Nowoursynowska 159C St. 02-776 Warsaw Poland
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10
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The application of biosensors for drip loss analysis and glycolytic potential evaluation. Meat Sci 2016; 117:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Acevedo CA, Tomic G, Santander R, Creixell W, Osorio F, Sánchez E. A chemometrics approach to analyze volatile molecules released by post-mortembovine fast-twitch muscles. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2015.1114973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Li Y, Li J, Zhang L, Yu C, Lin M, Gao F, Zhou G, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Nuldnali L. Effects of Dietary Energy Sources on Post Mortem Glycolysis, Meat Quality and Muscle Fibre Type Transformation of Finishing Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131958. [PMID: 26125946 PMCID: PMC4488424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary energy source can influence muscle glycogen storage at slaughter. However, few studies have demonstrated whether the diet-induced change of muscle glycogen is achieved by the transformation of muscle fibre type. This study investigated the effects of dietary energy sources on meat quality, post mortem glycolysis and muscle fibre type transformation of finishing pigs. Seventy-two barrows with an average body weight of 65.0 ± 2.0 kg were selected and were allotted to three iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets A, B or C, and each treatment consisted of three replicates (pens) of eight pigs each. Diet A contained 44.1% starch, 5.9% crude fat and 12.6% neutral detergent fiber (NDF); diet B contained 37.6% starch, 9.5% crude fat and 15.4% NDF; and diet C contained 30.9% starch, 14.3% crude fat and 17.8% NDF. The duration of the experiment was 28 days. After feed withdrawal 12 h, 24 pigs (eight per treatment) were slaughtered, samples from M. longissimus lumborum (LL) were collected for subsequent analysis. The results showed that pigs fed diet C had lesser average daily gain, average daily feed intake and back fat depth than those fed diet A (P<0.05). Diet C increased pH45min (P<0.05) and decreased drip loss (P<0.05) in LL muscles compared with diet A. Meat from pigs fed diet A showed increased contents of lactate and greater glycolytic potential (GP) compared with those fed diet C (P<0.05). Greater mRNA expression of myosin heavy-chain (MyHC)-I and IIa and lesser expression of MyHC-IIx and IIb (P<0.05) in LL muscles were found in pigs fed diet C, than in pigs fed diet A. In addition, pigs fed diet C resulted in downregulation of miR23a and upregulation of miR409 and miR208b (P<0.05), associated with conserved changes of their corresponding targets. These findings indicated that diets containing low starch and high fibre were beneficial in reducing muscle glycolysis, improving meat quality of finishing pigs. This reduction of GP may be partially associated with the improvement of oxidative fibre composition in LL muscle, and the change in myofibre type may be correlated with the change in the miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jiaolong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Changning Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Meng Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yuanfang Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lina Nuldnali
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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Apaoblaza A, Galaz A, Strobel P, Ramírez-Reveco A, Jeréz-Timaure N, Gallo C. Glycolytic potential and activity of adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK), glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE) in steer carcasses with normal (<5.8) or high (>5.9) 24h pH determined in M. longissimus dorsi. Meat Sci 2014; 101:83-9. [PMID: 25462384 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Muscle glycogen concentration (MGC) and lactate (LA), activity of glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE), glycogen phosphorylase (GP) and adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) were determined at 0.5h (T0) and 24h (T24) post-mortem in Longissimus dorsi samples from 38 steers that produced high pH (>5.9) and normal pH (<5.8) carcasses at 24h postmortem. MGC, LA and glycolytic potential were higher (P<0.05) in normal pH carcasses. GDE activity was similar (P>0.05) in both pH categories. GP activity increased between T0 and T24 only in normal pH carcasses. AMPK activity was four times higher in normal pH v/s high pH carcasses, without changing its activity over time. Results reinforce the idea that differences in postmortem glycogenolytic/glycolytic flow in L. dorsi of steers showing normal v/s high muscle pH at 24h, could be explained not only by the higher initial MGC in normal pH carcasses, but also by a high and sustained activity of AMPK and an increased GP activity at 24h postmortem.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Apaoblaza
- Programa Doctorado en Ciencias Veterinarias, Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - A Galaz
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - P Strobel
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - A Ramírez-Reveco
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - N Jeréz-Timaure
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia Núcleo Agropecuario, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - C Gallo
- Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
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Anderson M, Lonergan S, Huff-Lonergan E. Differences in phosphorylation of phosphoglucomutase 1 in beef steaks from the longissimus dorsi with high or low star probe values. Meat Sci 2014; 96:379-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Silva TS, Matos E, Cordeiro OD, Colen R, Wulff T, Sampaio E, Sousa V, Valente LMP, Gonçalves A, Silva JMG, Bandarra N, Nunes ML, Dinis MT, Dias J, Jessen F, Rodrigues PM. Dietary tools to modulate glycogen storage in gilthead seabream muscle: glycerol supplementation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:10613-10624. [PMID: 22994592 DOI: 10.1021/jf3023244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The quality and shelf life of fish meat products depend on the skeletal muscle's energetic state at slaughter, as meat decomposition processes can be exacerbated by energy depletion. In this study, we tested dietary glycerol as a way of replenishing muscle glycogen reserves of farmed gilthead seabream. Two diets were tested in duplicate (n = 42/tank). Results show 5% inclusion of crude glycerol in gilthead seabream diets induces increased muscle glycogen, ATP levels and firmness, with no deleterious effects in terms of growth, proximate composition, fatty acid profile, oxidative state, and organoleptic properties (aroma and color). Proteomic analysis showed a low impact of glycerol-supplementation on muscle metabolism, with most changes probably reflecting increased stress coping capacity in glycerol-fed fish. This suggests inclusion of crude glycerol in gilthead seabream diets (particularly in the finishing phase) seems like a viable strategy to increase glycogen deposition in muscle without negatively impacting fish welfare and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomé S Silva
- CIMAR/CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences of Algarve, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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16
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Acevedo CA, Cornejo MJ, Olguín YA, Vallejos R, Brown DI. Dehydrogenase Enzymes Associated to Glycolysis in Beef Carcasses Stored at 0 °C. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-012-0814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Ylä-Ajos M, Puolanne E. Temperature shows greater impact on bovine Longissimus dorsi muscle glycogen debranching enzyme activity than does salt concentration. Meat Sci 2007; 77:587-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Ylä-Ajos MS, Lindahl G, Young JF, Theil PK, Puolanne E, Enfält AC, Andersen HJ, Oksbjerg N. Post-mortem activity of the glycogen debranching enzyme and change in the glycogen pools in porcine M. longissimus dorsi from carriers and non-carriers of the RN− gene. Meat Sci 2007; 75:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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