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You SH, Lee CN. Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Beta-Agonist Residues in Commercial Beef and Pork in Taiwan. Foods 2023; 12:4052. [PMID: 38002110 PMCID: PMC10670263 DOI: 10.3390/foods12224052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-agonists (β-agonists) in meat products in one's diet raise concerns about the possibility of foodborne illness. It may also lead to discomfort, such as headaches and occasional irregular heartbeats, which might be linked to a heightened concern for cardiovascular issues. Taiwan's high demand for meat and reliance on imported meat products from certain countries where β-agonists are permitted has raised concerns. Recent import border checks and monitoring of meat products in the market have revealed the concentration of non-compliance with β-agonist residue regulations, which is ten ppb. This study aims to analyze the concentration of β-agonist residues in meat products sold in Taiwan and assess the current levels of exposure and dietary risk for consumers. The study analyzed 1415 samples of domestically produced and imported livestock products from supermarkets, traditional markets, and bulk stores in New Taipei City between 2019 and 2023. The samples were analyzed using the method for detecting 21 β-agonists based on the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration's specifications. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of β-agonists for different age groups and the target hazard quotient (THQ) were used to assess dietary exposure and risk. The results showed that all 1415 samples were compliant with regulations. Among them, 43 beef samples showed residues of ractopamine originating from the United States, with residue concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 μg/kg and an average residue concentration of 3.3 ± 1.9 μg/kg. Under average consumption, the highest EDI for the exposed population was observed in the 6-12 age group, with values of 0.1469 μg/kg/day, 0.0734 μg/kg/day, and 0.0242 μg/kg/day for the three residue concentrations (maximum detected residue, maximum allowable residue, and average detected residue, respectively). The THQs for ractopamine in imported beef samples were all less than 1, indicating no health hazards at the current intake levels of each age group and the residue concentrations in commercially available beef. Despite the findings, traders need to acknowledge regulatory variations between Taiwan and exporting countries when importing meat products. Traders should provide inspection reports to monitor β-agonist residue levels in imports or explore sourcing beef from countries with β-agonist bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Han You
- Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ning Lee
- Master Program of Food Safety Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City 20224, Taiwan;
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Liang Y, Wang L, Zhang R, Pan J, Wu W, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Zhao R. Determination of the Metabolites and Metabolic Pathways for Three β-Receptor Agonists in Rats Based on LC-MS/MS. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151885. [PMID: 35892535 PMCID: PMC9332168 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper developed a universal detection method by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to detect three typical clenbuterols, CLB, SAL, and RAC, and to investigate the metabolism of β-agonists in vivo. The parent ions and daughter ions of the three β-receptor agonist standards and the residues in the muscle, liver, and blood samples of rats were obtained by Total Ions Scan mode. The metabolites produced in different tissues at a specific time were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, and the corresponding metabolic pathways were inferred. The results showed that the three β-receptor agonists mainly existed in the form of prototype drugs in rats, with a small amount of clenbuterol methyl compound and albuterol methyl compound. There were significant differences in residual metabolism between different tissues of the same species. In addition, different β-receptor agonists have different absorption and utilization rates in rats.
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Feddern V, Aroeira CN, Molognoni L, Gressler V, Daguer H, Dalla Costa OA, Castillo CJC, de Lima GJMM. Ractopamine analysis in pig kidney, liver and lungs: A validation of the method scope extension using QuEChERS as a sample preparation step. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1091:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Fabrication of Metal-Substituted Polyoxometalates for Colorimetric Detection of Dopamine and Ractopamine. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11050674. [PMID: 29701649 PMCID: PMC5978051 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel colorimetric detection method based on the peroxidase-like activity of metal-substituted polyoxometalates (POMs) of SiW9M3 (M = Co2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Mn2+) has been established. POMs can catalyze oxidation of dopamine (DA) and ractopamine (RAC) by H2O2 in aqueous solutions. SiW9Co3-based POMs detect DA at concentrations as low as 5.38 × 10−6 mol·L−1 simply by observation of the color change from colorless to orange using the naked eye. RAC is detected by observing the change from colorless to slight red by SiW9Cu3 with a detection limit of 7.94 × 10−5 mol·L−1. This study shows that colorimetric DA and RAC detection using SiW9Co3 and SiW9Cu3 is highly selective and sensitive as well as visually observable.
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Chang KC, Chang YT, Tsai CE. Determination of ractopamine and salbutamol in pig hair by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:725-730. [PMID: 29567243 PMCID: PMC9322239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the determination of two β-agonists (ractopamine and salbutamol) in pig hair samples. An isotope of ractopamine-d5 or salbutamol-d6 as an internal standard was used to carry out quantitative analysis. Concentrated sodium hydroxide was used to pretreat hair samples and then purified by the solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure. The extracted solution was evaporated and reconstituted for injection in the instrument with electrospray ionization (ESI) operating in a positive multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode. Ractopamine and salbutamol separation were performed on C18 analytical column under gradient condition. The internal standard calibration curve was linear in the range of concentration from 0.5 to 100 ng mL−1 (R2 > 0.995). Recoveries of this method estimated at three spiked concentrations of 100, 250 and 500 ng mL−1 in pig hair samples, were 79–82% for ractopamine and 77–96% for salbutamol. The corresponding inter-day and intra-day precisions expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD %) were 3.8–6.4% and 3.8–8.6%, respectively. The analytical time for one sample was 8 min. The detection limit of this method was 0.6 and 8.3 ng mL−1 for ractopamine and salbutamol, respectively. This developed method can be applied for monitoring the use of the β-agonists salbutamol and ractopamine in swine feed incurred pig hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Chang
- Division of Animal Industry, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli,
Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chang
- Division of Animal Industry, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli,
Taiwan
| | - Chin-En Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung,
Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Fax: +886 8 7740312. E-mail address: (C.-E. Tsai)
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Sun X, Tang Q, Du X, Xi C, Tang B, Wang G, Zhao H. Simultaneous Determination of Ractopamine, Chloramphenicol, and Zeranols in Animal-Originated Foods by LC-MS/MS Analysis with Immunoaffinity Clean-up Column. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hu LM, Luo K, Xia J, Xu GM, Wu CH, Han JJ, Zhang GG, Liu M, Lai WH. Advantages of time-resolved fluorescent nanobeads compared with fluorescent submicrospheres, quantum dots, and colloidal gold as label in lateral flow assays for detection of ractopamine. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 91:95-103. [PMID: 28006689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Label selection is a critical factor for improving the sensitivity of lateral flow assay. Time-resolved fluorescent nanobeads, fluorescent submicrospheres, quantum dots, and colloidal gold-based lateral flow assay (TRFN-LFA, FM-LFA, QD-LFA, and CG-LFA) were first systematically compared for the quantitative detection of ractopamine in swine urine based on competitive format. The limits of detection (LOD) of TRFN-LFA, FM-LFA, QD-LFA, and CG-LFA were 7.2, 14.7, 23.6, and 40.1pg/mL in swine urine samples, respectively. The sensitivity of TRFN-LFA was highest. In the quantitative determination of ractopamine (RAC) in swine urine samples, TRFN-LFA exhibited a wide linear range of 5pg/mL to 2500pg/mL with a reliable coefficient of correlation (R2=0.9803). Relatively narrow linear ranges of 10-500pg/mL (FM-LFA) and 25-2500pg/mL (QD-LFA and CG-LFA) were acquired. Approximately 0.005µg of anti-RAC poly antibody (pAb) was used in each TRFN-LFA test strip, whereas 0.02, 0.054, and 0.15µg of pAb were used in each of the FM-LFA, QD-LFA, and CG-LFA test strips, respectively. In addition, TRFN-LFA required the least RAC-BSA antigens and exhibited the shortest detection time compared with the other lateral flow assays. Analysis of the RAC in swine urine samples showed that the result of TRFN-LFA was consistent with that of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Kai Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Jiangxi Institute of Veterinary Drug and Feedstuff Control, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Guo-Mao Xu
- Jiangxi Institute of Veterinary Drug and Feedstuff Control, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Gang-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Miao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wei-Hua Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Gressler V, Franzen AR, de Lima GJ, Tavernari FC, Dalla Costa OA, Feddern V. Development of a readily applied method to quantify ractopamine residue in meat and bone meal by QuEChERS-LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1015-1016:192-200. [PMID: 26927879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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A method for multiple identification of four β2-Agonists in goat muscle and beef muscle meats using LC-MS/MS based on deproteinization by adjusting pH and SPE for sample cleanup. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Ding G, Li D, Qin J, Zhu J, Wang B, Geng Q, Guo M, Punyapitak D, Cao Y. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of ractopamine residue in pork samples by solid phase extraction and pre-column derivatization. Meat Sci 2015; 106:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chen X, Luo Y, Shi B, Gao Z, Du Y, Liu X, Zhao W, Lin B. Determination of beta-agonists in swine hair by μFIA and chemiluminescence. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:986-93. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian China
| | - Yong Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian China
| | - Bo Shi
- Feed Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhigang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian China
| | - Yuguang Du
- Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Xianming Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
| | - Weijie Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian China
| | - Bingcheng Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian China
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Sairi M, Arrigan DW. Electrochemical detection of ractopamine at arrays of micro-liquid | liquid interfaces. Talanta 2015; 132:205-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Suo D, Zhao G, Wang R, Su X. Determination of ractopamine in animal hair: Application to residue depletion in sheep and residue monitoring. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 972:124-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang J, Shao X, Yue J, Li D, Chen Z. Preparation of ractopamine-tetraphenylborate complexed nanoparticles used as sensors to rapidly determine ractopamine residues in pork. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:639. [PMID: 25489290 PMCID: PMC4256977 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we reported a simple, fast, and sensitive determination of ractopamine (RAC) residues in pork by using novel ractopamine-tetraphenylborate complexed nanoparticles (RT NPs) as sensors. The prepared RT NPs exhibited a fast response time of 10 s, a wide linear range from 0.1 to 1.0 × 10(-7) mol/L, and a very low detection limit of 7.4 × 10(-8) mol/L. The prepared sensor also presents a high selectivity for ractopamine under different pH conditions ranged from 2.85 to 7.18. These results reveal that the fabricated RT NPs can be used as efficient electrochemical sensors to determine ractopamine in animal productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xintian Shao
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingli Yue
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Donghui Li
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang G, Tang Y, Shang J, Wang Z, Yu H, Du W, Fu Q. Flow-injection chemiluminescence method to detect a β2 adrenergic agonist. LUMINESCENCE 2014; 30:102-9. [PMID: 24830367 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the detection of β2 adrenergic agonists was developed based on the chemiluminescence (CL) reaction of β2 adrenergic agonist with potassium ferricyanide-luminol CL. The effect of β2 adrenergic agonists including isoprenaline hydrochloride, salbutamol sulfate, terbutaline sulfate and ractopamine on the CL intensity of potassium ferricyanide-luminol was discovered. Detection of the β2 adrenergic agonist was carried out in a flow system. Using uniform design experimentation, the influence factors of CL were optimized. The optimal experimental conditions were 1 mmol/L of potassium ferricyanide, 10 µmol/L of luminol, 1.2 mmol/L of sodium hydroxide, a flow speed of 2.6 mL/min and a distance of 1.2 cm from 'Y2 ' to the flow cell. The linear ranges and limit of detection were 10-100 and 5 ng/mL for isoprenaline hydrochloride, 20-100 and 5 ng/mL for salbutamol sulfate, 8-200 and 1 ng/mL for terbutaline sulfate, 20-100 and 4 ng/mL for ractopamine, respectively. The proposed method allowed 200 injections/h with excellent repeatability and precision. It was successfully applied to the determination of three β2 adrenergic agonists in commercial pharmaceutical formulations with recoveries in the range of 96.8-98.5%. The possible CL reaction mechanism of potassium ferricyanide-luminol-β2 adrenergic agonist was discussed from the UV/vis spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Institute of Analytical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Electrochemical determination of toxic ractopamine at an ordered mesoporous carbon modified electrode. Food Chem 2014; 145:619-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Development of a highly sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of phenylethanolamine A in tissue and feed samples and confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Talanta 2013; 115:624-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pleadin J, Vulic A, Persi N, Terzic S, Andrisic M, Zarkovic I, Sandor K, Perak E, Mihaljevic Z. Accumulation of Ractopamine Residues in Hair and Ocular Tissues of Animals during and after Treatment. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:117-21. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pleadin J, Vulić A, Perši N, Terzić S, Andrišić M, Žarković I, Šandor K, Perak E. Comparison of ractopamine residue depletion from internal tissues. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 35:88-92. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2012.702115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Liu Z, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Cheng Q, Wu K. Enhanced oxidation and detection of toxic ractopamine using carbon nanotube film-modified electrode. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Vulić A, Pleadin J, Perši N, Milić D, Radeck W. UPLC–MS/MS determination of ractopamine residues in retinal tissue of treated food-producing pigs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 895-896:102-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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