Principal component analysis of consumer palatability scores of beef strip steaks in relation to trained panel descriptors, volatile flavor compounds, free amino acids, and reducing sugars

Effect of Supplementary Levels of Rumen-Protected Lysine and Methionine on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality in Feedlot Yaks (Bos grunniens)

Simple Summary

Yak is an indigenous ruminant on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its meat is known as the “beef crown”. Traditionally, yak graze on the rangeland all year round and without any supplementation, and weight loss would occur in the cold season, which leads to rather low productive performance. In recent years, the strategy of intensive feedlot fattening was introduced to the yak raising industry. However, the results were not as encouraging as in the cattle steers, a fact that can be attributed to yak malnutrition due to differences in feed varieties supply and nutrients requirement between yaks and cattle. Consequently, this study was conducted to examine the effect of the first two limiting amino acids on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in feedlot yaks. The animals were offered total mixed ration with supplementary four levels of rumen-protected lysine and methionine throughout the whole experiment. The results showed that the average daily gain, feed to gain ratio, meat color, drip loss, and shear force were improved when yaks were supplemented with rumen-protected amino acid while the medium level was most promising. These results indicated that supplementary rumen-protected amino acid improved the growth performance and meat quality characteristics of fattening yaks in feedlot.

Abstract

Yak, a unique bovine species on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, has provided pastoralists with the basic materials of production and life for thousands of years. Existing literature showed that yak meat is of high nutritional value for humans whereas the growth performance is relatively low. As it has been demonstrated, lysine and methionine are the two key limiting amino acids in ruminants. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementary levels of rumen-protected lysine (RPL) and methionine (RPM) on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in feedlot yaks. Thirty-two male yaks, with initial body weight (IBW) of 237.5 ± 13.99 kg were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (n = 8), including control group (CON; basal diet without adding rumen-protected amino acid (RPAA)), low RPAA supplementation group (Group Low; basal diet supplemented with RPL (30.0 g/animal/day) and RPM (7.5 g/animal/day)), medium RPAA supplementation group (Group Medium; basal diet supplemented with RPL (50.0 g/animal/day) and RPM (12.5 g/animal/day)), and high RPAA supplementation group (Group High; basal diet supplemented with RPL (70.0 g/animal/day) and RPM (17.5 g/animal/day)). The average daily gain was increased linearly (p < 0.001) and quadratically (p < 0.01) while feed to gain ratio was decreased linearly (p < 0.001) and quadratically (p < 0.001) with the increasing RPAA supplementation, and the average daily gain was higher while feed to gain ratio was lower in RPAA than CON (p < 0.001). Meat color L* values and b* were decreased linearly (p < 0.01) with the increase of RPAA supplementation, and b* was lower in RPAA than CON (p < 0.05). Meat color a* value was increased linearly (p < 0.05) with the increasing RPAA supplementation, and a* was higher in RPAA than CON (p < 0.05). The 24 h drip loss and shear force were decreased quadratically (p < 0.01) with the increasing RPAA supplementation, and drip loss and shear force values were lower in RPAA than CON (p < 0.05). The glycine concentration in longissimus dorsi (LD) increased linearly (p < 0.05) with the increasing RPAA supplementation. These results demonstrated that both the growth performance and meat quality characteristics were improved in feedlot yaks as an effect of the dietary supplementation with RPL and RPM, and the medium supplementary level is recommended, since it showed the most promising results.