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Sakur SGJ, Williamson SL, Pavic A, Gao YK, Harris T, Kotiw M, Muir WI, Groves PJ. Developing a selective culturing approach for Campylobacter hepaticus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302861. [PMID: 38820282 PMCID: PMC11142446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter hepaticus, the causative agent of Spotty Liver Disease (SLD) is an important disease in cage-free egg producing chickens causing mortality and production drops. C. hepaticus is a slow growing Campylobacter easily overgrown by fecal bacteria. It is currently only reliably isolatable from bile samples. A selective media for isolation from feces or environment would assist diagnosis and impact assessment. Growth of five Australian C. hepaticus isolates was studied using Horse blood agar (HBA), sheep blood agar (SBA), Bolton, Preston and Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) base media. Blood and/or bile were added to Bolton, Preston and BHI medias. C. jejuni was used as a positive control. Plates were incubated in duplicate under microaerophilic conditions at 42°C for 10 days and examined at days 3-5 and 7-10 of incubation. Each isolate was examined for sensitivity to 14 antimicrobials using HBA sensitivity plates. Growth was inhibited by BHI and by added bile, while blood improved growth. Further replicates using SBA, HBA, Bolton and Preston media showed best growth on Bolton agar with blood. All five C. hepaticus isolates were resistant to trimethoprim and vancomycin, while four were also resistant to rifampicin and bacitracin. Media based upon Bolton plus blood supplemented with vancomycin and trimethoprim might be used as the most appropriate media for selective growth of C. hepaticus. The addition of bile to media for C. hepaticus isolation and growth will inhibit growth and is not advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheaaz G. J. Sakur
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- Birling Laboratories, Bringelly, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Anthony Pavic
- Birling Laboratories, Bringelly, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuanshuo K. Gao
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Taha Harris
- Birling Laboratories, Bringelly, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Kotiw
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Wendy Isabelle Muir
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter John Groves
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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Morgan AE, Salcedo-Sora JE, Mc Auley MT. A new mathematical model of folate homeostasis in E. coli highlights the potential importance of the folinic acid futile cycle in cell growth. Biosystems 2024; 235:105088. [PMID: 38000545 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Folate (vitamin B9) plays a central role in one-carbon metabolism in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This pathway mediates the transfer of one-carbon units, playing a crucial role in nucleotide synthesis, methylation, and amino acid homeostasis. The folinic acid futile cycle adds a layer of intrigue to this pathway, due to its associations with metabolism, cell growth, and dormancy. It also introduces additional complexity to folate metabolism. A logical way to deal with such complexity is to examine it by using mathematical modelling. This work describes the construction and analysis of a model of folate metabolism, which includes the folinic acid futile cycle. This model was tested under three in silico growth conditions. Model simulations revealed: 1) the folate cycle behaved as a stable biochemical system in three growth states (slow, standard, and rapid); 2) the initial concentration of serine had the greatest impact on metabolite concentrations; 3) 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase (5-FCL) activity had a significant impact on the levels of the 7 products that carry the one-carbon donated from folates, and the redox couple NADP/NADPH; this was particularly evident in the rapid growth state; 4) 5-FCL may be vital to the survival of the cells by maintaining low levels of homocysteine, as high levels can induce toxicity; and 5) the antifolate therapeutic trimethoprim had a greater impact on folate metabolism with higher nutrient availability. These results highlight the important role of 5-FCL in intracellular folate homeostasis and mass generation under different metabolic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Morgan
- School of Health & Sport Sciences, Hope Park, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK.
| | - J Enrique Salcedo-Sora
- Liverpool Shared Research Facilities, GeneMill, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Mark T Mc Auley
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4NT, UK
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Antibacterial apple cider vinegar eradicates methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and resistant Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1854. [PMID: 33473148 PMCID: PMC7817673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and resistant Escherichia coli (rE.coli) infections can spread rapidly. Further they are associated with high morbidity and mortality from treatment failure. Therapy involves multiple rounds of ineffective antibiotics alongside unwanted side effects, alternative treatments are crucial. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is a natural, vegan product that has been shown to have powerful antimicrobial activity hence we investigated whether ACV could ameliorate these resistant bacteria. The minimum dilution of ACV required for growth inhibition was comparable for both bacteria (1/25 dilution of ACV liquid and ACV tablets at 200 µg/ml were effective against rE. coli and MRSA). Monocyte co-culture with microbes alongside ACV resulted in an increase in monocyte phagocytosis by 21.2% and 33.5% compared to non-ACV treated but MRSA or rE. coli stimulated monocytes, respectively. Label free quantitative proteomic studies of microbial protein extracts demonstrated that ACV penetrated microbial cell membranes and organelles, altering the expression of key proteins. This resulted in significant reductions in total protein expression, moreover we could only detect ribosomal proteins; 50 s 30 s, enolase, phosphenol pyruvate and the ATP synthase subunit in rE. coli. Elongation factor iNOS and phosphoglycerate kinase OS were the only proteins present in MRSA samples following ACV treatment.
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Sweet E, Yang B, Chen J, Vickerman R, Lin Y, Long A, Jacobs E, Wu T, Mercier C, Jew R, Attal Y, Liu S, Chang A, Lin L. 3D microfluidic gradient generator for combination antimicrobial susceptibility testing. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:92. [PMID: 34567702 PMCID: PMC8433449 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic concentration gradient generators (µ-CGGs) have been utilized to identify optimal drug compositions through antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections. Conventional µ-CGGs fabricated via photolithography-based micromachining processes, however, are fundamentally limited to two-dimensional fluidic routing, such that only two distinct antimicrobial drugs can be tested at once. This work addresses this limitation by employing Multijet-3D-printed microchannel networks capable of fluidic routing in three dimensions to generate symmetric multidrug concentration gradients. The three-fluid gradient generation characteristics of the fabricated 3D µ-CGG prototype were quantified through both theoretical simulations and experimental validations. Furthermore, the antimicrobial effects of three highly clinically relevant antibiotic drugs, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin, were evaluated via experimental single-antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and pairwise and three-way antibiotic combination drug screening (CDS) studies against model antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli bacteria. As such, this 3D µ-CGG platform has great potential to enable expedited combination AST screening for various biomedical and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sweet
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Brenda Yang
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Joshua Chen
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Reed Vickerman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Yujui Lin
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Alison Long
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Eric Jacobs
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Tinglin Wu
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Camille Mercier
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Ryan Jew
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Yash Attal
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Siyang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Andrew Chang
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Liwei Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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A novel iron quantum cluster confined in hemoglobin as fluorescent sensor for rapid detection of Escherichia coli. Talanta 2020; 218:121137. [PMID: 32797894 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new method based on fluorescent probe of iron quantum cluster has been proposed for rapid detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli). The iron quantum cluster was synthesized using hemoglobin as both a source of iron and a protective agent (Hb-FeQCs). The investigation of the sensitivity of Hb-FeQCs towards metal ions showed a highly selective turn off fluorescence for Cu2+. It suggests that Cu2+ can induce fluorescence quenching by binding to amino acids of Hb. The ability of E. coli bacteria to capture and reduce of Cu ions caused to efficient recovery of the fluorescence of Hb-FeQCs from Cu2+-caused quenching. This probe has a satisfactorily linear range of 0.35-35 μM for Cu2+ under the optimal iron quantum cluster concentration (500 μg/mL) with an 85 nM detection limit. Rapid and facile detection of E.coli bacteria with the limit of detection around 8.3 × 103 CFU/mL was successfully achieved in the artificially contaminated urine, tap water, and DMEM samples within 30 min. The fluorescence recovery was investigated by different types of bacteria and only E. coli revealed 56% recovery which related to its capability to Cu2+ reduction and the great potential of the fluorescent probe for rapid detection of pathogenic E. coli bacteria. Furthermore, the Hb-FeQCs can detect E. coli bacteria in an infected urine sample by retrieving up to 74% of its fluorescence which is helpful to accelerate the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI).
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